Dental Education Research Articles

Master of Dental Surgery – Master of Public Health Dual Degree: Heralding of a New Era in Indian Public Health Dentistry Education?

Master of Dental Surgery – Master of Public Health Dual Degree: Heralding of a New Era in Indian Public Health Dentistry Education?

Evaluation of structural oral viva examination as an assessment tool in the subject of periodontology

ABSTRACT Background: To assess students’ knowledge, the assessment of students in dentistry has always remained a controversial topic. Student evaluations are crucial for two reasons: first, they help produce dental graduates of the highest caliber to satisfy societal demands; second, they give input to those involved in dentistry education policymaking. Aim: Hence, this study was planned to introduce a new structured method of viva examination to evaluate its effectiveness over the traditional method. Materials and Methods: Sixty students from IV BDS were selected randomly. These students were subjected to traditional and oral structured viva examinations (OSVEs) in periodontics and implantology. After obtaining informed consent for the study, an MCQ examination was conducted for all participants on the basics and etiopathogenesis of periodontology, and their scores were noted. Group A – 30 participants appeared for a traditional viva examination (TVE) of basic periodontics. Group B – participants appeared for OSVE on etiopathogenesis. Later the crossover was done for two regions in such a way that Group A - 30 participants appeared for OSVE of basic and Group B - TVE on etiopathogenesis. OSVE was conducted with the help of question cards. Both forms of viva examination had a set time limit of 5 min per student. Results: The performance scores of TVE and OSVE were compared which showed high significance (P < 0.001). Performance scores were also compared, and their MCQ correlation was done with the TVE score. Conclusions: Observation from the present study showed that TVE can be improved as an effective assessment tool.

Dental education toward 2050 in Korea

Modern dentistry began as a descendant of barber-surgeons. In 1728, Fauchard of France published Dentist (Le chirurgien dentiste au traité des dents), who defined the scope and nature of modern dentistry. In 1926, Gies of the United States proposed the standardization of the dental curriculum and set goals for dentist education. However, although the framework of the dental curriculum proposed by Gies was excellent, that was ahead of his time, nearly 100 years have already passed. Therefore, we would like to predict the changes in oral care in about 30 years from now in 2024, and look for clues to the direction of change in dental education in Korea accordingly.</br>Due to changes in technology, it is expected that teaching methods using virtual and augmented reality will be universally implemented in dental education. Artificial intelligence is expected to be widely applied in dental care system. The relationship between oral health and systemic health will become clearer, and the importance of preventive dentistry will be further emphasized. The use of digital dentistry and 3D printing is expected to increase, and related education is needed. The dental education system should go beyond the scope of barber dentists and consider further on periodontics and systemic health. As interest in overall health and quality of life will increase, cooperation not only between dentists but also among other professionals such as medical doctors and para-medical/dental specialists will become common and the composition of the Korean population is expected to become diverse. The importance of leadership, communication, and cultural sensitivity in clinical care should be emphasized and educated. Ethics and professionalism must be prioritized in dental care, and students must be educated to become dentists. I think it may be more efficient to focus on improving educational competences and educational content rather than revolutionary change in the curriculum.</br>However, the current society is changing rapidly, and dental medicine at the time when students currently attending dental school become active dentists, will be different from what it is now, and dental education in Korea should be provided to prepare for this.

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF RURAL PEOPLE ABOUT ORAL AND DENTAL HEALTH

Oral and dental health is concerned with a person’s teeth, gums and mouth. The goal is to prevent complications such as tooth decay (cavities) and gum disease, and to maintain the overall health of mouth. The main objective of this study was to assess knowledge, practice, thoughts and activity of rural people regarding oral and dental health, oral hygiene consciousness, and dentist assistance. This research work was a cross sectional type of descriptive study. Total 200 respondents participated from Bagura Sadar upazilla of Bagura district. A structured questionnaire was used for a face to face interview and the collected data ware analyzed by using SPSS 27.0.1.03.7. It was found that, 52.5% rural people are going to pharmacy when they feel any problem in their orofacial region, 59% of people do not know about dentist, 70% people do not have any idea of dentist degree BDS. But 61% are conscious about oral hygiene. 47% people use toothpaste and toothbrush to clean their teeth. 57 % are cleaning their teeth one time in a day. Majority of rural people have wrong idea towards attitude, activity, practice, and knowledge regarding oral and dental health. Therefore, it is urgent to promote oral and dental health education in the country.

Evolving Oral Diagnostics: Cone-beam Computed Tomography's (CBCT) Importance in Contemporary Dentistry

Recent improvements in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) have transformed maxillofacial imaging, which formerly depended on 2D imaging. This review highlights the benefits of CBCT in many dental specialties, including implant dentistry, endodontics, orthodontics, and temporomandibular joint examination. CBCT provides remarkable diagnostic accuracy while reducing radiation exposure, making it an invaluable tool in the dental practice. Artificial Intelligence and machine learning integration in CBCT technology offers numerous benefits, including automated image analysis, pathology detection, treatment planning, radiation dose reduction, image enhancement, workflow optimization, predictive analytics, personalized treatment plans, tele dentistry, and dental education. AI's role in dentistry is expected to improve diagnostic and therapeutic capacities while optimizing CBCT scans, resulting in better patient care.

Early Intervention in pediatric Dentistry: Nurturing lifelong Oral health Habits

Early intervention in pediatric dentistry is crucial in influencing children’s oral health trajectory and establishing habits that may last a lifetime. Pediatric dentists strive to develop good dental hygiene habits in young children via early detection, treatment, education, and prevention (Happykidsdental, 2024). To foster good dental hygiene habits for life, this study explores the many aspects of early intervention in pediatric dentistry. Pediatric dentistry is essential for youngsters to have healthy teeth and gums. It considers the specific requirements and difficulties during infancy and goes beyond regular dental checkups (Wang, 2023). Pediatric dentists provide the groundwork for optimal dental health throughout a child’s life by concen trating on early intervention, individualized treatments, and preventative care (Krol and Whelan, 2022). They make the dentist’s office a fun place for kids, encouraging them to have good experiences there and teaching their parents how to care for their teeth better (Happykidsdental, 2024). Issues such as thumb-sucking, teething, and assisting youngsters with orthodontic troubles are also part of a pediatric dentist’s expertise (Lin, 2022). Pediatric dentists are medical professionals who focus on children’s oral and dental health (dentalcare.com, 2023). They help children maintain good teeth and jaw development, which benefits their general health. Pediatric dentistry is a subspecialty of general dentistry that focuses on the specific problems and requirements of dental health in children. It covers a lot of ground, from general dental checkups and education to more precise treatments for common problems in children and teenagers (Clinical Affairs Committee, 2012). Dental treatment for children goes beyond just fixing cavities; pediatric dentists also work to alleviate anxiety and promote a good attitude toward the dentist from a young age (Happykidsdental, 2024). Building a solid foundation for excellent dental health throughout a child’s life begins in the early years (Baker, Lee and Wright, 2019). The importance of early interventions in establishing excellent oral hygiene habits and avoiding dental disorders before they happen is acknowledged in this particular area (Krol and Whelan, 2022). Pediatric dentists play a dual role as healthcare practitioners and educators, helping children and their families maintain good oral health and wellness. The field of pediatric dentistry focuses on the dental health and welfare of children from the time they are infants until they reach puberty (Wang, 2023). Encouraging youngsters to form good habits with their teeth and gums is integral to this niche field’s mission to promote dental health (Lin, 2022). The formative years are essential to provide the groundwork for excellent dental health throughout a child’s life.

Are we straining to succeed? Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in teaching hospitals.

To determine the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists. The cross-sectional study was conducted in Islamabad, Pakistan, from January to March 2023 after approval from the ethics review committee of the Islamic International Dental Hospital, Islamabad, and comprised dentists associated with 4 major dental teaching hospitals in the city. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire adapted from literature. Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders was explored along with its association with variables, like age, gender, experience, designation and history of injury. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Of the 250 forms distributed, 188 (75.2%) were returned duly filled, while the remaining participants either did not respond or partially filled out the forms. Among the respondents, 64(34%) were males and 124(66%) were females, and the overall prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders was 172(91.5%). There was no significant difference among the variables based on anatomic site-specific data, except the designation variable, with individuals having a history of injury to neck (p=0.027) or shoulder (p=0.001) and those designated as professor (p=0.040) were significantly at risk of developing pain due to work-related musculoskeletal disorders. A significantly high number of dentists were found to have some form of work-related musculoskeletal disorder.

Recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma in surgically treated patients at Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital retrospective cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn terms of survival rate, recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) after primary surgery is considered as a poor prognostic indicator.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the incidence of OSCC recurrence among patients treated at Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital (KTDH) and possible risk factors associated with it.MethodsRecords of 303 patients with a history of radical surgery were retrieved from the hospital’s archives, and the histopathological records were retrieved from the archival specimens of Professor Ahmed Suleiman Oral Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, and University of Khartoum.ResultsAdvanced stages of OSCC (III, IV) were associated with higher recurrence rates, and the poorly differentiated OSCC was the commonest recurrent type.ConclusionThe condition of the surgical margin is a significant predictor of OSCC recurrence and tumor stage. The tumor site, the type of surgical resection, and the tumor differentiation were also identified as significant factors influencing the recurrence of OSCC.

Revolutionizing dental education: harnessing the power of ChatGPT for personalized learning in dentistry

With the advancements in modern technology, educators in the field of dentistry are exploring innovative and new ways to enhance the learning experience for students. Aim: This journal article integrates ChatGPT, a state-of-the-art language model OpenAI developed into dental education. By leveraging the capabilities of ChatGPT, educators can provide personalized and interactive learning experiences, fostering a deeper understanding of dental concepts and improving the overall educational outcomes in dentistry for both teachers and dental students. By embracing this transformative tool, dental education is poised to adopt a new era of engagement, adaptability, and efficacy in preparing future dental professionals for the challenges ahead. Method: This is an overview of current and future dental education strategies, limitations, and challenges. The data and information reflected and summarized in this article are gathered and extracted from recently published articles, especially a search of online databases. Conclusion: In conclusion, while using ChatGPT in dental education offers substantial benefits in personalized learning, virtual patient interactions, and knowledge reinforcement, ethical considerations and potential disadvantages highlight the need for a balanced and responsible integration.

Implementation of Patient-Individualized 3D-Printed Models in Undergraduate Students' Education for Various Prosthetic Treatments: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

Due to rapid changes in dental practice, digital technologies have become prominent in undergraduate dental education at German universities in recent years. This shift has prompted a re-evaluation of content as well as teaching methods, particularly in courses where students are prepared for patient treatment. Traditional training on standardized models with resin teeth cannot cover the complexity of individual dental arch configuration encountered in patient situations. This study explores the use of 3D printing technology to create individualized models for prosthetic treatment simulations, aiming to evaluate students' feedback towards their experience with this training setting. First, the study describes the design and fabrication of individualized models with exchangeable teeth based on intraoral scans, mounted on connected plates with distance holders that can be fixed to standard phantom heads. Second, students provided feedback through a questionnaire, assessing various aspects such as the effectiveness of the 3D-printed models compared to traditional frasaco models for preparation exercises. The results indicated that the design of the realized models was feasible for preparation training (question no. 4: 93% positive rating) and showed positive perceptions of the 3D-printed models, with students finding them effective for preparation exercises and beneficial in bridging the gap between simulation and real patient situations (question no. 6: 69% positive rating). The study suggests that 3D printing technology offers a valuable tool in dental education, providing realistic and patient-specific scenarios for students to enhance their skills and readiness for clinical practice. Further improvements in material properties in hand with cost-effective approaches are essential for widespread implementation.

The relationship between dental students' perceptions of their educational environment and their life satisfaction and psychological resilience

Aims: Students' positive perceptions of the learning environment increase learning efficiency by contributing to increased participation. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between students' perceptions of the educational environment and life satisfaction and psychological resilience. Methods: As part of the research, students were asked questions under 7 subheadings, including age, gender, parents' health status, education level, number of siblings, family income level, systemic diseases, if any, and their impressions of the faculty. In addition, life satisfaction and psychological resilience scales were administered face-to-face. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyse the data. The significance level was set at p = 0.05. Results: A majority of undergraduate students (90.8%) reported positive initial impressions of their educational institutions. Additionally, a considerable proportion (93.4%) indicated satisfaction with the physical infrastructure, including the number of classrooms and laboratories. While 68.4% of respondents indicated that the intensity and cost of the educational process was negative, 77.6% reported that dental education was stressful. The psychological resilience of the students was examined, and it was found that 44 (57.8%) exhibited low resilience, 23 (30.2%) exhibited medium resilience, and 9 (11.8%) exhibited high resilience. In terms of life satisfaction, 26 (34.2%) of the participants were found to be at a medium level, 13 (17.1%) at a high level, and 3 (3.9%) at a very high level. Nevertheless, 36 (47.3%) of the participants exhibited a low level of life satisfaction. Conclusion: Despite the generally positive perceptions of the faculty held by students, they perceive the cost of dentistry education as high and the stress associated with it as considerable. Given that students' life satisfaction is low and their psychological resilience is moderate to weak, it is necessary to review educational programmes and psychological support systems.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI SUBJEK PENELITIAN KESEHATAN DITINJAU DARI ETIKA DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB

Legal protection is everyone's right, including legal protection for research subjects. This research includes observational and experimental research. In these two types of research, students need to involve research subjects, both experimental animals and humans. In its implementation, it is necessary to obtain permission to be involved as a research subject in health research. This relates to fulfilling the rights and legal protection of health research subjects, especially in the field of dental education. This research is sociological juridical research, with analytical descriptive research specifications. This research uses sources from primary data and secondary data with data collection methods through field studies and literature studies to obtain the required data. The analysis method uses qualitative data analysis. Legal protection, both preventive and repressive, for health research subjects has not been realized even though there are legal provisions that regulate it, so firmness is needed in the implementation process.

Implementing online learning of Diagnostic Criteria for the Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) protocol in undergraduate dental education.

The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) is part of the undergraduate dental curriculum. Online teaching has nowadays become common also in dentistry. To compare undergraduate students' self-assessed ability and satisfaction with learning DC/TMD Axis I between traditional and online learning and to evaluate the possible gains of online teaching. Third-year undergraduate dental students in 2018 (traditional learning, Group 1, n = 43/50) and in 2019 (online learning, Group 2, n = 34/50) at the University of Oulu, Finland evaluated their self-assessed ability and satisfaction with learning DC/TMD clinical examination and diagnostics on a 10-point scale. Additionally, those participating in online courses answered to two open-ended questions; Group 2 (n = 50) and another group from the University of Eastern Finland in 2019 and 2020 (n = 75, Group 3). Total of 105/125 students (84%) responded. Content analysis was used to open-ended responses. The online course reported significantly higher self-assessed ability in measurements (p = 0.004), identifying referred pain (p = 0.043) and statement for the diagnostics (p = 0.017) and also higher self-assessed satisfaction in measurements (p = 0.046). According to the content analysis, essential gains of online teaching were efficient learning, videos and exercises, and adjustability to own timetable. The online learning course can be considered as a good option for traditional learning of the DC/TMD protocol.

A flipped classroom approach for dental undergraduate pre-clinical skills training in fixed prosthodontics

Proficiency in practical areas of pre-clinical dentistry must be demonstrated by students in a simulated environment before commencing treatments on patients. Time within simulation teaching laboratories is a finite resource, and this time pressure can lead to behaviours that are detrimental to fine motor skill development. The objective of this case study was to apply a flipped classroom approach for dental undergraduates during pre-clinical skills training to increase time for simulation. A flipped classroom method was implemented during the fixed prosthodontic (dental crown or ‘caps’) component, with lectures and instructional videos delivered in advance of practical sessions. A student evaluation questionnaire was completed by 64 of the 71 participating students (90.14%) and this was compared to the previous cohort who received the traditional didactic face-to-face demonstrations. Statistically significant improvements were identified by students in several areas. Simulation is a widespread teaching modality in healthcare education; adopting a flipped classroom approach can help educators deliver this training in a manner that enhances student development and the current case study is one such positive example in the field of undergraduate dental education. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 .

The Effect of Dental Health Education through Leaflet Media on Student's Knowledge

Introduction: The children aged 6-14 years are an age group that is critical for the occurrence of dental caries and has special characteristics, namely the period of replacement of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth. This group has a fairly high prevalence rate of dental caries, reaching 60-80%. In general development, dental caries looks very active at ages 4-8 years and ages 11-19 years. Based on the initial inspection at Hang Tuah 6 Elementary School Surabaya, there were 43 students with DMF-T index amount 4.5 in the high category. And the remaining data was obtained from 37 students, only 2 students were caries free. And it can be seen that the DMF-T index of 8.1 is a problem in this research, namely the high percentage of dental caries in students in 5th and 6th grade at Hang Tuah 6 Elementary School Surabaya in 2023. Purpose: This study purposes to analyze the relationship between knowledge on dental health education using leaflet media. Materials and Methods: The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling. The criteria for this research sample were students in 5th and 6th grade at Hang Tuah 6 Elementary School Surabaya. Data analysis using a simple linear regression statistical test with the aim of comparing the average results of the pre-test with the post-test in the intervention group, the decision to test the research hypothesis is based on the significant level < 0,05. Results: The characteristic of the respondents who were research subjects included age, gender, and number of students in each class. there is a variable influence of providing education through leaflet media on student's knowledge of dental and oral health Hang Tuah 6 Elementary School Surabaya. The table also explains the magnitude of the correlation/relationship value (R), which is 0.208. From this output, a coefficient of determination (R square) of 0.043 is obtained, which means that the independent variable to the dependent variable is 4,3%. Conclusions: The effect of dental health education using leaflet media on dental and oral health knowledge among students at Hang Tuah 6 Elementary School, Surabaya in 2023, this is based on a ρ value of 0.000<0.05, where H0 rejected and Ha accepted.

Simulation in Dental Education: The Indian Scenario

Dental simulation technology has progressed at a very rapid pace, due to which preclinical training for dental students has been simulated as real to a clinical environment. Traditional phantom head simulators have been providing preclinical training for the students over a long period of time across most of the Dental Universities/Schools in the world. Currently dental schools around the globe have incorporated the VR based dental simulators for the training of students. This system is useful for students to gain confidence, revise the exercises repeatedly, and to minimise material waste, creating an eco-friendly environment in dental schools. The prospect of this literature review is to reveal the simulation system used for preclinical training of dental students in India and the most advanced VR dental simulation system adopted by the top dental universities/schools in the world. Key Words: Dental Students, Phantom head, Preclinical training, Simulation, Virtual Reality

Challenges in implementing community-based dental education programs in Australia: The lived experiences of program coordinators.

The benefits of community-based dental education (CBDE) are well documented and reach far beyond students' educational growth, encompassing advantages for both dental schools and their community partners. Nonetheless, barriers associated with administering CBDE programs can have a significant impact on program outcomes. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by dental school CBDE coordinators in implementing and managing their programs. This Interpretive Phenomenological study employed in-depth semi-structured interviews with CBDE program coordinators from Australian dental schools (n=6). Interviews, conducted between February and May 2023, via Microsoft Teams, were audio and video recorded and lasted an average of one hour each. Interviews were analyzed using NVivo 13. Questions explored administrative challenges, required resources, student management issues, and development goals for CBDE programs. Data analysis included deductive and inductive coding through a seven-step iterative process, organizing information into codes and sub-codes, forming emerging themes. Four major themes with subthemes emerged: 1) Program administration, encompassing challenges in scheduling, coordinating, and adapting to changes; 2) Funding, crucial for establishing and maintaining remote educational sites; 3) Student experience management, highlighting student supervision, student behavior, and exposure; and 4) Partner site relationships, particularly in clinical supervisor recruitment and training. The successful implementation requires meticulous planning, effective coordination, and recognition of CBDE as an educational activity that should be grounded in evidence-based pedagogy. Dental institutions are therefore encouraged to establish collaborative partnerships with local community organizations, allocate resources for outreach initiatives, and facilitate appropriate guidance to coordinators, students, and external clinical supervisors.

Integrating root cause analysis in dental education for patient-centered and holistic care.

Integrating root cause analysis in dental education for patient-centered and holistic care.

Periodontal Health Knowledge Levels among Libyan Adult Patients Attending Public and Private Dental Clinics: A Comparative Study

Background: Periodontal diseases can result in premature tooth loss; However, early detection, adherence to oral hygiene practices, and regular prophylaxis can help prevent or minimize the severity of periodontal diseases. Additionally, increased awareness and knowledge about periodontal health can positively influence behaviors related to oral health. Objectives: This study aimed to assess and compare the level of knowledge about periodontal oral health among patients attending public and private dental clinics and to investigate the relationship of their knowledge with Socio-demographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess periodontal health knowledge among Libyan adults. Researchers interviewed 180 adults aged 18 years and older face-to-face. The study focused on demographic factors such as age, gender, education level, occupation, and clinic type. Additionally, a chi-square test was used to explore differences in periodontal health knowledge between patients attending public and private dental clinics, considering age, gender, education, and occupation Results: Socioeconomic status correlates with knowledge about periodontal signs, symptoms, etiology, and prevention. Females, those with higher education, and better economic status had significantly higher periodontal health knowledge. Knowledge increased with occupation level. The 41-60 age group and university-educated individuals demonstrated higher periodontal health knowledge. Females in public clinics were more aware of etiology than males. In private clinics, both genders showed an inverse association regarding the same question, with higher periodontal knowledge found among males. Conclusion: The study showed differences in periodontal knowledge among patients attending different types of dental clinics, with variations based on age, gender, education, and occupation. Better socio-economic status is associated with better knowledge.

Scientometric Analysis of the World Scientific Production on Augmented and Virtual Reality in Dental Education.

The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications in dental education. A cross-sectional research was carried out using a bibliometric methodology. This process entailed the assessment of metadata from scientific publications that are catalogued in the Scopus database, covering the period from January 2018 to August 2023. A variety of indicators were utilized to scrutinize scientific production and dissemination within the academic community. These encompassed elements such as the author, the publication itself, the number of citations, institutional and collaborative affiliations, geographical location, journal quartile ranking, h-index, Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI), SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), and the CiteScore. Several institutions from different countries and their academic output were found. Beihang University stands out with 16 scholarly articles, followed by Stanford University with 16 articles and 170 citations. The Q1 quartile has experienced a steady increase, reaching 87 scientific articles. The top 10 authors in scientific production on augmented and VR in dentistry include Joe Amal Cecil, Avinash Gupta, and Miguel A Pirela-Cruz. In terms of co-authorship by country, the United States, Germany, and China are the most predominant in the clusters represented. However, other clusters also have a significant presence. By analyzing the explored trends and themes of keyword co-occurrence, four main clusters were identified. The yellow cluster contained the largest amount of research with the keyword "virtual reality." In addition, the blue cluster was found to be best related to the green "simulation," purple "virtual reality (VR)," and light blue "human-centered computing" clusters. This study evidenced the availability and quality of the data used for the analysis. Future studies could consider the use of VR systems with integrated eye tracking and compare their effect in dentistry during dental procedures. The clinical importance of this study lies in its potential to improve dental education. The VR and AR can provide dental students with immersive, hands-on learning experiences, which can enhance their understanding and clinical skills. Furthermore, the translational value of this study extends beyond dental education. The insights gained from this research could be applicable to other fields of medical education where hands-on training is crucial. Thus, the findings of this study have the potential to influence the broader landscape of medical education, ultimately leading to improved healthcare outcomes. How to cite this article: Alvitez-Temoche D, Silva H, Aguila ED, et al. Scientometric Analysis of the World Scientific Production on Augmented and Virtual Reality in Dental Education. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):358-364.