Dental Disorders Research Articles

Artificial intelligence applications in disease diagnosis and treatment: recent progress and outlook

The use of computers and other technologies to replicate human-like intelligent behaviour and critical thinking is known as artificial intelligence (AI).The development of AI-assisted applications and big data research has accelerated as a result of the rapid advancements in computing power, sensor technology, and platform accessibility that have accompanied advances in artificial intelligence. AI models and algorithms for planning and diagnosing endodontic procedures. The search engine evaluated information on artificial intelligence (AI) and its function in the field of endodontics, and it also incorporated databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct with the search criterion of original research articles published in English. Online appointment scheduling, online check-in at medical facilities, digitization of medical records, reminder calls for follow-up appointments and immunisation dates for children and pregnant women, as well as drug dosage algorithms and adverse effect warnings when prescribing multidrug combinations, are just a few of the tasks that already use artificial intelligence. Data from the review supported the conclusion that AI can play a significant role in endodontics, including the identification of apical lesions, classification and numbering of teeth, detection of dental caries, periodontitis, and periapical disease, diagnosis of various dental problems, aiding dentists in making referrals, and helping them develop more precise treatment plans for dental disorders. Although artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to drastically alter how medicine is practised in ways that were previously unthinkable, many of its practical applications are still in their infancy and need additional research and development. Over the past ten years, artificial intelligence in ophthalmology has grown significantly and will continue to do so as imaging techniques and data processing algorithms improve.

Interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of dentofacial deformities and speech disorders in preschoolers

Relevance. Maxillofacial deformities and speech disorders are common types of oral pathology detected in children under seven years. Comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with a combination of these forms of pathology is a difficult task since there is no situational analysis of their prevalence; motivated specialists work in different institutions (education, healthcare) and have different guidelines for the treatment (correction) of existing diseases (disorders), which complicates planning and administering treatment, and predicting results.Material and methods. To identify the nature of the relationship between various forms of orthodontic and speech disorders in children, we conducted a comprehensive clinical dental examination of 80 children aged 4-6 years in a preschool educational institution, where children with speech disorders receive speech therapy assistance.Results. Maxillofacial deformities appeared to be in 56.25% of children with some speech sound disorder. Children with identified speech sound disorders combined with dentofacial deformities showed not only skeletal but also soft tissue defects: shifted midline (86.67 ± 0.10%), distal occlusion (42.22 ± 0.30%), deep overbite (46.68%), as well as tongue and upper lip ties in 51.10% and 22.20% of cases, respectively. On examination, 44.45% of patients demonstrated clinical signs of mouth breathing, 32.5% – reverse swallowing, and 53.33% – inefficient chewing.Conclusion. Analysis of the results of a comprehensive speech pathology assessment and dental examination allowed us to conclude that there is a need to rethink the methodology of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of combined speech and dental disorders due to the high frequency of their comorbidity in preschool children.

Potential impact of natural conditions on the rostral oral health: a study of horses in Iceland.

In the context of a study of Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH), elderly Icelandic horses were examined in their originating country. The subject of this survey was the impact of dental treatment and keeping and feeding management on the health of the rostral oral cavity. A total of 170 horses (aged ≥ 15) located in different areas of Northwest, West, and South Iceland. The horse owners completed a questionnaire about keeping, feeding, and preventative dental care. The horses were clinically examined with particular attention to gingival and dental disorders of the rostral mouth, such as gingivitis, fistula, gingiva retraction, enlargement of the roots and dental calculus as well as integrity of incisors, bite angle, and tooth mobility. Most of the horses were kept on pasture all year with little supplementary feeding. The frequency of dental treatment in Iceland was low. Only a few horses were affected by tooth loss, gingivitis, gingival recession, and incisor calculus. Calculus occurred more frequently and more severely in canines than in incisors. The findings did not depend on the location of the horse. Assuming that the remarkable health of the rostral oral cavity in elderly Icelandic horses was not caused by preventive dental care, it is likely that it was due to living conditions in Iceland. Continuity, intensity of chewing, and nativeness of forage might promote the health of incisors and tissue surrounding the tooth even in elderly horses.

МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ДИАГНОСТИКЕ И ЛЕЧЕНИЮ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ДИСФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫМ СОСТОЯНИЕМ ВИСОЧНО-НИЖНЕЧЕЛЮСТНОГО СУСТАВА

The article is devoted to improving the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of a dysfunctional state of the TMJ from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach. The nature and prevalence of dental disorders, postural imbalance, and neuropsychiatric changes were determined. The algorithm of diagnosis and treatment of this group of patients is described.
 Purpose: to improve algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with a dysfunctional TMJ condition.
 Materials and methods. 136 patients with a dysfunctional state of the TMJ were examined, including 25 men (18.38%), 111 women (81.62%), aged 18 to 81 years. The median age was 43.17 years. Dental examination, registration of neuropsychiatric status and postural status of patients were carried out on the basis of diagnostic algorithms developed by us.
 Results. The examination revealed a high need for dental treatment of dentists of different profiles in patients with a dysfunctional state of the TMJ. The analysis of the postural status revealed deformities of the trunk in the neck, shoulder blades and pelvis, which led to moderate (59.18%) and severe violations (24.19%) of the postura. In this group of patients, the quality of life decreases, the mental (60%) and physical components of health are at an average level (80%), there is high personal anxiety (80%), with an average (60%) and high (40%) level of situational anxiety.
 Conclusions. The multifactorial and multi-morbidity of dysfunctional TMJ conditions requires an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from this pathology. Dental treatment of patients should be carried out with the correction of neuropsychiatric status and postural status, which significantly increases the effectiveness of therapy and allows achieving more stable results.

Evaluation of the impact of tragacanth/xanthan gum interpolymer complexation with chitosan on pharmaceutical performance of gels with secnidazole as potential periodontal treatment

Periodontitis consists a group of dental disorders that affect about 70 % of the world population. The therapy mainly relies on mechanical removing bacterial biofilm, nevertheless, local or systemic antibacterial agents play a key role in treating the acute conditions. Secnidazole is a newer derivative of commonly used metronidazole with high safety profile and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the applicability of polyelectrolyte complex-based hydrogels composed of anionic tragacanth with addition of xanthan gum and cationic chitosan as carriers for buccal/intra pocket delivery of secnidazole. Prepared hydrogels with 5 % and 10 % (w/w) drug content were evaluated pharmaceutically towards inter alia physicomechanical, rheological and thermal properties, drug release kinetics, swelling behavior or antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity against human primary umbilical vein endothelial cells was also assessed with two independent method. Stable compositions with secnidazole were obtained, however, various miscibility of the drug with the polymers was noted. By adding chitosan, antibacterial activity and swelling performance of the gels were improved, nevertheless, drop of the mucoadhesiveness was also recorded. Hydrogels with 5 % secnidazole were selected as effective antimicrobial compositions with the highest cytocompatibility. They might be considered as promising for oromucosal application with special attention given to SEC as an alternative locally administered antimicrobial agent.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Chewing Manalagi Apples (Malus sylvestris) and Green Melon (Cucumis melo L.) as Self-Cleansing Regarding Changes in the Debris Index on Dentistry Students of Universitas Prima Indonesia

Introduction: Problems regarding dental and oral health have an important influence on overall health. Accumulation of food waste is a key factor in this influence on dental and oral health, and poor oral hygiene can cause periodontal problems and dental tissue disorders. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chewing manalagi apples and green melons in cleaning dental debris on dentistry students of Universitas Prima Indonesia.
 Methods: The research used various materials such as disclosing solutions to identify debris, biscuits chewed by the samples, and two types of fruit, namely manalagi apples and green melons. The research design involved a pre-test and post-test with an experiment for the sample group, without a comparison group.
 Results: The study showed that consuming manalagi apples was more effective in cleaning dental debris than green melons. This difference is significant with a value of p = 0.000.
 Conclusion: Manalagi apples have better potential to improve self-cleaning of the oral cavity, which contributes to overall dental and oral health.

Ethno-Dentistry of Medicinal Plants Used in North Waziristan, Pakistan

ObjectiveThis study aimed at recording therapeutic plant species used by inhabitants to treat dental disorders in the district of North Waziristan, Pakistan. The indigenous people of the studied area are dependent on medicinal plants for their basic health care needs including dental care. MethodsEthnomedicinal data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaires, and in addition 130 local informants were interviewed. The collected data were evaluated using various quantitative indices, including use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL%), and Jaccard Index (JI). ResultsA total of 69 plants belonging to 48 plant families used in dental disorders were identified. The Lamiaceae was the leading family that shared 7 species, followed by Solanaceae (4 spp).The dominant life form used was herbs (47.83%), folowed by leaves (43.90%) in preparing remedies for different dental disorders. Decoction was the most common mode of preparation (34.21%), followed by pastes (21.05%). The highest RFC (0.36) was reported for Bergenia ciliata, followed by Salvadora oleoides (0.35). The majority of the plants (36 spp) were utilised as herbal medicine to treat toothache, followed by 13 species for periodontal (gum) infections, 11 species used for teeth cleaning, and 9 species for halitosis (bad breath). ConclusionsThis study is the first-ever record of ethnomedicinal applications for the treatment of dental diseases from Pakistan. Some of the forgeoing hebal medications should be further evalauted for the development of pahrmaceutical bio-products for the treatment of dental disorders.

A Novel Periodontal Disease Grade Classification Methodology using Convolutional Neural Network

With the advancement of artificial intelligence, the demand of automated assistance in the domain of medical imaging has become important to reduce time and inaccuracy in physical examination. Modern lifestyle choices are resulting in a variety of dental diseases which led to multiple researches challenges which are carried out for pre-emptive detection in order to deal with these diseases within time. Periodontal diseases (PD) is a type of dental disorder which is rapidly increasing and being the major cause of early teeth loss. The machine learning based convolutional neural network (CNN) model is carried out in detecting grade wise classification of the periodontal disease. A dataset containing 350 dental images in Radio Visio Graphy (RVG) format belonging to an age group of 18-75 years is used for both training as well as testing. This method has successfully detected mild periodontitis, moderate periodontitis and severe periodontitis by achieving a satisfactory accuracy of as high as 94% with minimum loss, precision value, recall and F1score of 0.41, 0.93-0.95 and 0.91-0.94 respectively for all the three classes of Periodontitis.

Self-assessment and clinical diagnosis of periodontal status among patients visiting dental institution in Bangalore city: a cross-sectional study

Background: Periodontal diseases are a group of lesions affecting tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. Periodontal diseases are considered as a group of highly prevalent infectious, inflammatory conditions of the supporting structures of the teeth which affects more than 50% of the world’s adult population. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the extent of agreement between clinical and self-assessed periodontal health status among patients visiting the outpatient department of Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 250 patients who attended the outpatient department of Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore. The study population was subjected to a self-administered questionnaire which was followed by periodontal examination. The clinical examination included an assessment of the periodontal condition using CPI and mobility. Results: There was a marked discrepancy between the two values of self-assessed and clinically diagnosed periodontal health status which shows that the self-assessed periodontal tool was a poor indicator of the periodontal health status. Conclusions: The present study showed that there is a discrepancy between the subjectively and objectively assessed periodontal health status. Increasing people’s awareness and knowledge of their own dental disorders and changing their attitudes and behavior towards oral health care will help in improving oral as well as general health.

Evaluation of the mandibular condyles trabecular structure in patients with severe class III pattern: a computed tomography (CT) fractal analysis study

Class III malocclusion is a combination of dental and skeletal disorders that causes discrepancies in occlusion. Malocclusion can affect the structure of the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) resulting in many problems, one of which is affecting the internal structure of the bone. This study aimed to examine the morphological features of class III patients’ trabecular structure of the mandibular condyle in comparison with normal class I individuals using fractal analysis (FA). To study the internal structure of the mandibular condyle bone, Computed Tomography (CT) scans of 45 severe class III patients (age: 16–46) who were the candidates for orthognathic surgery were selected and matched by age and sex with 45 normal class I individuals. The trabecular bone structure of the left and right mandibular condyles in three CT planes of the study group and control group were evaluated employing the FA. The result of the present study indicated that the fractal dimensions (FD) values of class III patients were lower than those of the normal class I individuals in axial (class I: 1.31 ± 0.02, class III: 1.28 ± 0.02), sagittal (class I: 1.25 ± 0.03, class III: 1.19 ± 0.08), and coronal (class I: 1.5 ± 0.06, class III: 1.45 ± 0.07) planes (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the FD values of the males and females. The intra-group evaluation revealed that there was no correlation between age and FD values. No evidence of laterality was found regarding the FD values of the right and left condyles. Given the noticeable differences between the FD values, it can be implied that severe class III malocclusion may affect the trabecular pattern of the cancellous bone of the mandibular condyle compared to class I individuals. Therefore, due to the altered trabecular structure, clinicians should be cautious when planning treatments for these patients.

Circulating Metabolites and Dental Traits: A Mendelian Randomization Study

It is of great importance to uncover causal biomarkers to gain insight into the pathogenesis of oral diseases and identify novel treatment targets for prevention and treatment thereof. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the causal effects of hundreds of metabolites on 10 dental traits using a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Genetic variants from genome-wide association studies of 309 known metabolites were used as instrumental variables. We selected 10 dental traits, including clinical measures of dental diseases, from the Gene–Lifestyle Interactions in Dental Endpoints Consortium and self-reported oral health data from the UK Biobank. The causal relationships between metabolites and dental traits were inferred using the inverse variance–weighted approach and further controlled for horizontal pleiotropy using 5 additional MR methods. After correcting for multiple tests, 5 metabolites were identified as causal biomarkers. Genetically predicted increased levels of mannose were associated with lower risk of bleeding gums (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–0.85; P = 9.9 × 10−5). MR also indicated 4 metabolites on the causal pathway to dentures, with fructose (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.36–0.70; P = 5.2 × 10−5) and 1-palmitoleoyl-glycerophosphocholine (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.56–0.81; P = 4.8 × 10−5) as potential protective factors and glycine (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11–1.35; P = 5.6×10−5) and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14–1.52; P = 1.5 × 10−4) as risk factors. The causal associations were robust in various sensitivity analyses. We further observed some shared metabolites among different dental traits, implying similar biological mechanisms underlying the pathogenic processes. Finally, the pathway analysis revealed several significant metabolic pathways that may be involved in the development of dental disorders. Our study provides novel insights into the combination of metabolomics and genomics to reveal the pathogenesis of and therapeutic strategies for dental disorders. It highlighted 5 metabolites and several pathways as causal candidates, warranting further investigation.

Mouth and oral disease classification using InceptionResNetV2 method

Digital tools have greatly improved the detection and diagnosis of oral and dental disorders like cancer and gum disease. Lip or oral cavity cancer is more likely to develop in those with potentially malignant oral disorders. A potentially malignant disorder (PMD) and debilitating condition of the oral mucosa, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), can have devastating effects on one’s quality of life. Incorporating deep learning into diagnosing conditions affecting the mouth and oral cavity is challenging. Mouth and Oral Diseases Classification using InceptionResNetV2 Method was established in the current study to identify diseases such as gangivostomatitis (Gum), canker sores (CaS), cold sores (CoS), oral lichen planus (OLP), oral thrush (OT), mouth cancer (MC), and oral cancer (OC). The new collection, termed "Mouth and Oral Diseases" (MOD), comprises seven distinct categories of data. Compared to state-of-the-art approaches, the proposed InceptionResNetV2 model’s 99.51% accuracy is significantly higher.

Ascertainment of Contents in Soft Drinks and their Impact on Health

Abstract: The purpose of the project was to determine the content of soft drinks and their impacts on health. Soft drinks are very popular and highly noticeable around the world and all soft drinks contains different contents such as sugar, alcohol, phosphoric acid, malic acid, acetic acid, alkaloids, heavy metals like lead, and carbon dioxide. Consumption of soft drinks in large quantities has raised serious questions about their effects on health and play a major role in a variety of diseases like diabetes, dental and bone disorders and others which are more among in youth. So the examination is required by the way that the excessive use of soft drinks in daily life means large number of diseases due to their, only detrimental ingredients. In this paper we checked the effect of soft drinks consumption in high quantity on health of the people, since mostly people drinks soft drinks for refreshment, taste, color etc

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms in dental caries-induced pulp inflammation and regeneration of dentine-pulp complex: Future perspectives

Dental caries (DC)-induced pulp infections usually undergo the common endodontic treatment, root canal therapy (RCT). Endodontically treated teeth are devitalized, become brittle and susceptible for re-infection which eventually results in dental loss. These complications arise because the devitalized pulp losses its ability for innate homeostasis, repair and regeneration. Therefore, restoring the vitality, structure and function of the inflamed pulp and compromised dentin have become the focal points in regenerative endodontics. There are very few evidences, so far, that connect methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase single nucleotide polymorphisms (MTHFR-SNPs) and dental disorders. However, the primary consequences of MTHFR-SNPs, in terms of excessive homocysteine and folate deficiency, are well-known contributors to dental diseases. This article identifies the possible mechanisms by which MTHFR-SNP-carriers are susceptible for DC-induced pulp inflammation (PI); and discusses a cell-homing based strategy for in vivo transplantation in an orthotopic model to regenerate the functional dentine-pulp complex which includes dentinogenesis, neurogenesis and vasculogenesis, in the SNP-carriers.

Dental radiology: a convolutional neural network-based approach to detect dental disorders from dental images in a real-time environment

Dental radiology: a convolutional neural network-based approach to detect dental disorders from dental images in a real-time environment

Dental evaluation is helpful in the differentiation of functional heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Heartburn is identically the key symptom of both, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and functional heartburn (FHB), making the differential diagnosis resource-intensive. Oral manifestations of GERD can be easily examined; therefore, their exploration might be a cheap, widely available, and useful tool in the differentiation of GERD and FHB. To evaluate the prevalence of dental erosions (DE) and periodontal diseases (PD) in patients with heartburn and their association with GERD and FHB. A total of 116 [M/F: 51/65, mean age: 54 (17-80) years] consecutive patients with heartburn were enrolled for detailed esophageal function and orodental examinations. Dental disorders were detected in 89% (103/116). Patients with PD + DE had significantly more often pathologic reflux (90.0% vs 27.8%; P < 0.05), higher esophagitis scores (1.8 vs 0.9; P < 0.05), and a significantly different mean impedance curve (P = 0.04) than those without any dental diseases. The opposite approach established that patients with GERD had significantly higher prevalence of DE and PD, especially if both were present (28.9% vs 2.0%; P < 0.01), more severe PD (1.5 vs 1.0; P < 0.01), and longer history of heartburn (15 years vs 9 years; P < 0.01) than those with FHB. The dental evaluation of patients with heartburn seems to be useful in the differential diagnosis of GERD and FHB. Among the studied parameters, the co-appearance of DE and PD seems to be the best predictor of GERD, whereas the absence of dental disorders was mostly observed in FHB.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Toothpaste: To Overcome Oral Problems

Abstract: Polyherbal toothpaste with natural ingredients is more acceptable in public opinion than chemical-based synthetic formulations in the current oral dental care scenario due to their safety and efficacy in reducing dental caries and preventing other dental disorders to which this generation is prone. In this composition, we use, clove, Neem, pomegranate peel , all of which have never been used before in any research. These extracts have anti-ulcer, anti-caries, anti-bacterial, and remedial properties, as well as certain unique properties including anti-cancer and anti-fungal. Herbal toothpastes were evaluated to determine important physical characteristics such as pH, stability, extrudability, spread ability, foamability, and homogeneity to develop a more effective and stable product. The novelty of this project is to overcome teeth problems to minimizing adverse effect of synthetic drug by using polyherbal ingredients.

Anticaries Potential of Temu Kunci-Serai Ethyl Acetate Extract Combination: In Vitro and Molecular Studies Approach

Dental caries is one of the problems in dental disorders suffered by many people. There have been many ways of handling such as using temu kunci and lemongrass plants. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of caries in vitro and predict the mechanism of action of the bacteria that cause caries Streptococcus mutans. Temu kunci and lemongrass were extracted using ethyl acetate solvent. antibacterial tests against Streptococcus mutans were carried out using diffusion tests with a combination treatment of temu kunci: serai extracts 5% b/v: 5% b/v, 5% b/v: 10% b/v, and 10% b/v: 5% b/v. The positive control used amoxicillin and DMSO as a negative control. Potency as an anticaries drug of drived compound from Temu Kunci and Serai were evaluated by molecular docking using glucosyltransferase (3AIC). The results showed that the combination of temu kunci and serai with concentration 10% b/v: 5% b/v has potential as anticaries against Streptococcus mutans. Molecular studies depicted that Panduratin A, Isopanduratin, and 1,3-O-di-p-coumaroylglycerol have great activity toward 3AIC, respectively. Especially for Panduratin A and Isopanduratin, those compound depicted great and similar binding affinity (-8.4 kcal mol-1) that lower than Acarbose as native ligand (-8.3 kcal mol-1). Furthermore, those compound binding similarity ilustrated activity mechanism similarly with native ligand toward receptor. Additionally, the profiling drug-target interaction suggested Temu Kunci’s derived compounds have great potential as anticaries treatment.

A clinical and statistical study on enamel hypomineralization of the first permanent molar in the period of mixed dentition.

The first permanent molar (FPM) is the first tooth in the permanent dentition that emerges in the oral cavity, at around the age of six and behind the deciduous teeth, thus converting the primary dentition into a mixed dentition. Its early formation represents a risk factor for the onset of hard dental tissues disorders, the most common being the molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). The aim of the study was to assess the hypomineralization type of developmental defects of enamel at FPM level during the mixed dentition stage, in a group of Romanian children. The research was conducted on 87 patients, 44 females and 43 males, divided into the following age groups: 5-6 years, 6-7 years, 7-8 years, 8-9 years, 9-10 years, 10-11 years, 11-12 years and older than 12 years. All children were examined in the dental office by a pediatric dentist. Of the subjects, 40.2% presented hypomineralization lesions on the FPM. Among the affected children, 62.9% were girls and 37.1% were boys. Mild forms were the most prevalent, being found in 71.4% of the affected subjects. Moderate forms were present in 22.9% and severe forms in 5.7% of the affected children. MIH prevalence significantly decreased with increasing age. Only two children belonging to the group 8-9 years and 10-11 years, respectively, showed severe MIH lesions. Statistically significant differences were determined in what regards the distribution of MIH children according to the severity of the lesions in relation to age (p=0.007). Children 6- to 7-year-old have been the most affected by FPM hypomineralization, which indicates the need for early management of the disease, through a thorough diagnosis, and preventive and interceptive therapeutic approaches.

Стоматиты у пожилых лиц, пользующихся зубными протезами

The diagnosis and treatment of oral mucosal diseases represents an independent section due to clinical manifestation diversity. The disease process can be worsened with wearing orthopedic constructions. The disorder most often results from epithelial injury followed bu inflammation: pain, bleeding, chewing impairment. Drugs affecting the links of inflammation and preventing secondary infection are required for treatment. In clinical settings, it seems optimal to use drugs with combined effects. Topical application of Cholisal gel is highly effective in treatment of dental disorders.