Dental Color Research Articles

Exploring the CIEDE2000 thresholds for lightness, chroma, and hue differences in dentistry

ObjectiveTo evaluate the perceptibility and acceptability CIEDE2000 (KL:KC:KH) thresholds for lightness, chroma and hue differences in dentistry. MethodA Python-based program was developed to conduct a psychophysical experiment based on visual assessments of computer-simulated images of human teeth. The experiment was performed on a calibrated display. A 40-observer panel: dentists and laypersons (male and female; n=10), evalu- ated three subsets of simulated human teeth: the lightness subset (%∆L00 ≥ 98 %), the chroma subset (%∆C00 ≥ 98 %) and the hue subset (%∆H00 ≥ 98 %), using ∆E00 ≥ 5 units. A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang Fuzzy Approximation model was used as fitting procedure, and 50:50 % lightness, chroma and hue CIEDE2000 (1:1:1) and CIEDE2000 (2:1:1) perceptibility (PT00) and accept- ability (AT00) thresholds were calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using t-test (p < 0.05). ResultsThe 50:50 % PT00 for KL=1 were ∆L00=1.04, ∆C00=1.58 and ∆E00=1.01; and for KL=2 were ∆L00=0.51, ∆C00=1.58 and ∆E00=0.71. The 50:50 % AT00 for KL=1 were ∆L00=2.82, ∆C00=3.04 and ∆E00=2.66; and for KL=2 were ∆L00=1.40, ∆C00=3.04 and ∆E00=1.78. PT00 and AT00 ∆H00 may be considered no computable. A significant difference was found between CIEDE2000(1:1:1) and CIEDE2000(2:1:1), between lightness and chroma metrics, and between observer groups. No differences for lightness and chroma PT00 were found between male and female groups. ConclusionsIt is important to use PT00 and AT00 for lightness, chroma and hue specific to evaluate perceptual sensitivity for color changes in the tooth color space. AT00 for lightness and chroma are influenced by the observer's experience and gender. Males and laypersons show more tolerance for changes in chroma (∆C00) and in lightness (∆L00). SignificanceHue and chroma mismatch are more difficult to be accepted in dental color space.

Introducing a novel approach to dental color reproduction using AI technology.

This article aims to describe a systematic method for tooth color reproduction with ceramics restorations employing artificial intelligence (AI) software named Matisse. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the entire process, beginning with shade-taking and extending to ceramic application in a complex clinical case in the anterior region-specifically, a single central restoration supported by an implant. The clinical case presented highlights the potential of Matisse software for generating ceramic (inSync-Jensen Dental, USA) and staining (Miyo-Jensen Dental, USA) recipes over a zirconia abutment (Katana-Noritake Dental, Japan). This approach achieves an optimal single central restoration utilizing CAD-CAM and layering techniques. The systematic method employing the Matisse software achieved accurate color reproduction for a single central restoration supported by an implant. This result was achieved by the dental ceramist within the first attempt and without seeing the patient in the entire process. The Matisse AI-assisted protocol offers a systematic and scientifically grounded method for color reproduction in dentistry for indirect restorations.

Parental perceptions and acceptance of silver diamine fluoride staining in Italy

AbstractBackgroundParental perceptions of staining due to silver diamine fluoride (SDF) could affect its utilization in paediatric dentistry. This study represents the second part of a wider project focused on SDF esthetic acceptability among Italian parents.AimTo evaluate parental acceptance of SDF staining in Italy and to assess whether the parent's level of acceptance depends on location, child's behavior, or demographic background.DesignA cross‐sectional study was conducted among Italian parents of children attending two university dental clinics. We used a validated Italian version of the questionnaire “Parental Perceptions of Silver Diamine Fluoride Dental Color Changes.”ResultsTwo hundred and thirty‐four parents took part in the survey. Of parents, 65.4% considered the staining on posterior teeth esthetically “acceptable” or “somewhat acceptable,” and 19.3% on anterior teeth (p = .001). In a scenario of positive cooperation, 48.5% of parents were “somewhat likely” or “very likely” to choose SDF to treat posterior teeth, and 17.6% on anterior teeth (p = .001). Level of acceptance increased as the difficulty the child would experience to receive conventional treatment increased.ConclusionStaining on posterior teeth is more acceptable to parents than staining on anterior teeth. Level of acceptance on anterior teeth increases when sedation or general anesthesia is the alternative for the child.

Effect of weight satisfaction on adolescent facial and dental satisfaction.

To investigate if facial and dental satisfaction is related to body fat percentage and body weight satisfaction. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to adolescents from a Private School in Southern Brazil containing sociodemographic (sex and age) and self-perception variables. Adolescents were asked about their perceptions concerning dental problems. Body fat percentage was collected using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A total of 372 adolescents were examined. Most adolescents were satisfied with their dental (81.7%) and facial appearance (87.6%), while 39% of adolescents were satisfied with their body weight. Poisson regression model showed that adolescents who expressed satisfaction with their body weight (PR = 1.12, 95%CI1.06-1.19) and were satisfied with their dental appearance (PR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.41) exhibited a positive association with facial satisfaction. Adolescents dissatisfied with dental color (PR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.80-0.97), those reporting dental pain (PR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.80-0.97), and individuals with obesity (PR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.83-0.99) demonstrated a decrease in facial satisfaction. Adolescents aged 16 to 19years (PR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15) and those satisfied with their facial appearance (PR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.01-1.43) exhibited a higher prevalence of dental satisfaction. Conversely, adolescents dissatisfied with dental color (PR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.66-0.82) and those with misaligned teeth (PR = 0.63, 95%CI 0.55-0.73) reported lower levels of dental satisfaction. Parametric g-formula analysis found that the association between body fat and facial satisfaction was mediated by body weight satisfaction (p = 0.001). While dental satisfaction was not influenced by corporeal characteristics, facial satisfaction was influenced by dental and body weight satisfaction. Obese adolescents had low facial satisfaction.

Tooth Colour and Facial Attractiveness: Study Protocol for Self-Perception with a Gender-Based Approach.

(1) Background. The aim of the present protocol is to assess whether self-perception of tooth colour and facial attractiveness correlates with gender and mood state. (2) Study protocol. The protocol foresees a cross-sectional clinical study, developed by Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, Department of Oral and MaxilloFacial Sciences, and 15 UNID (Unione Nazionale Igienisti Dentali-National Union of Dental Hygienists)-affiliated clinical centers in Italy. The protocol consists of a clinical visit, during which photographic documentation of the face and smile is collected with spectrophotometric evaluation of tooth colour. During the visit, two validated questionnaires are filled in. The first one is filled by the operator for the collection of data on: i) patient's face and smile colorimetric characteristics; ii) patient's and operator's evaluations of the dental colour and smile attractiveness. The second one is completed by the patient for the assessment of his/her mood state. (3) Conclusions. This protocol highlights the importance in aesthetic dentistry of a gender-specific approach and the limitations of gender-neutral models, revealing the existing gender differences in aesthetic self-perception. In addition, the colour-matching relationships between facial and dental colour characteristics will be explored. This approach improves the accuracy and personalization of aesthetic assessments in dentistry, by addressing personalized and gender-specific needs. A gender-inclusive methodology that takes a more nuanced and culturally aware approach to aesthetic dentistry is a useful adjunct to modern clinical practices.

Dental color measurement to estimate age in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Age estimation is a major challenge in anthropology and forensic odontology laboratories, as well as in judicial settings, as one of the tools used in human identification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of age estimation methods based on the accurate measurement of tooth color changes. A systematic review was carried out following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and in compliance with Cochrane criteria recommendations (PROSPERO registration number CRD 42022343371). An electronic search was performed in the following databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Medline, Current Contents Connect, SciELO, KCI-Korean Journal Database, Derwent Innovations Index and Russian Citation Index. The search strategy yielded a total of 18 articles. A randomized meta-analysis model of the results for the CIE L*a*b* color variables stratified by age (less than 30 years, 30-60 years, 60 years and older) was performed with 9 of the 18 studies included in this systematic review. According to our results, sex and location of color measurement are the most influential factors in color estimation. All studies were carried out in healthy anterior teeth by spectrophotometry as the most commonly used method for color measurement, with CIE L*a*b* being the most commonly analyzed parameters. Studies based on age as a dependent variable showed R2 values between 0.28 and 0.56, being higher in ex vivo teeth. Studies based on age as an independent variable showed R2 values ranging from 0.10 to 0.48. The random model showed high heterogeneity for the L*, a* and b* parameters in all age groups, which is explained by discrepancies in age range and non-standardized conditions for color measurement. This systematic review highlights the need to protocolize age estimation studies that measure tooth color, in order to apply this method in different forensic settings.

E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products impact on dental color parameters

ObjectivesAbstaining from tobacco smoking may not only improve general health, but also reduce teeth staining and restore teeth whiteness. Compared with conventional cigarettes, E-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) may offer substantial reduction in exposure to pigmented tar-like compounds of cigarette smoke. It is possible that improvements in dental color indices may be observed in those who have stopped smoking combustible cigarettes by switching to tar-free nicotine delivery products. MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated and compared dental color parameters by digital spectrophotometry among five different groups: individuals who currently smoke ; individuals who used to smoke but have quit ; individuals who have never smoked ; exclusive users of electronic cigarettes (former smokers) ; and exclusive users of heated tobacco products (former smokers) . ResultsDental whiteness in current cigarette smokers was notably worse compared with never and former smokers, (13.38 Whiteness Index for Dentistry (WID) units vs. 19.96 and 16.79 WID units). Remarkably high WID values (i.e., whiter teeth) were also observed in ECs (16.72 WID units) and HTPs users (17.82 WID units). Compared to current smokers, difference in dental whiteness for ECs and HTPs users was visually noticeable (ΔWID difference being on average > 2.90 units). The colour differences measured as delta E*(ΔE*) were all visually detectable except for the comparison between ex-smokers and ECs users for which no perceptible color difference was observed (0.415). ConclusionExclusive use of ECs and HTPs is associated with better dental color measurements than current smoking, suggesting that tar-free nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have negative effects on dental appearance. Clinical significanceUse of alternative nicotine delivery systems may be associated with cosmetic benefits with important implications for those smokers perceiving dental aesthetics as a significant problem. For these an oral-based narrative may be a much more significant reason to refrain from smoking than the fear of developing smoking-related diseases in future.

Feasibility and Safety of Adopting a New Approach in Delivering a 450 nm Blue Laser with a Flattop Beam Profile in Vital Tooth Whitening. A Clinical Case Series with an 8-Month Follow-Up.

A prospective observational case series included six patients who presented with discoloured upper and lower teeth extending from the right second premolar to the left second premolar. The photoactivation dosimetry and treatment protocol were as follows: λ 450 nm, 1 W, CW; flattop beam profile; 1 cm2; 15 J/spot; 10 irradiated spots; an irradiation time of 15 s/spot; three whitening cycles in a single session. Blanc One ULTRA+ was the bleaching agent. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was utilised to evaluate the pain intensity and dental hypersensitivity during treatment immediately after complete treatment (T1), 24 h (T2), and 8 h (T3) postoperatively, and at an 8-month follow-up timepoint (T4), whereas the dental colour shade change was assessed using the VITA colour shade guide pre-treatment (T0), T1, and T4. The Gingival index and modified Wong Baker faces scale were utilised to evaluate gingival inflammation and patients' treatment satisfaction, respectively. Our findings revealed a reduction in the dental colour shade of the six cases between 2 and 10- fold (average of 3.5-fold) at T1 and maintained at T4, indicating significant improvement in the colour shade change with optimal outcomes. The percentage of this improvement for all the patients was ranged between 16.6% and 33.3%. At all timepoints, a "0" score was provided for pain intensity, dental hypersensitivity, and gingival inflammation. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of a λ 450 nm laser delivered with a flattop handpiece to achieve optimal whitening outcomes without adverse effects. This offers a useful guide for dental clinicians for vital in-office tooth whitening. Extensive clinical studies with large data are warranted to validate our study protocol.

Interpretation of the effect of using whitening toothpastes through a literature review

Advertising and marketing play a crucial role in the perception of the effectiveness of whitening toothpastes. The study's aim was to interpret the effect of using whitening toothpastes through a literature review. This study adopted a hermeneutic perspective to interpret the collected data. The implemented methodology was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective. A search was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases in English, as well as SciELO, Scopus, and Elsevier in Spanish, using key terms in both languages. Ultimately, 25 articles offering valuable and relevant information for the study were analyzed. The study revealed that whitening toothpastes, specifically Colgate Maxwhite, Colgate Luminous White, and Crest with peroxide, stand out for their ability to significantly improve color and provide an effective polish to the dental surface, compared to other brands that do not achieve these results. Additionally, the importance of selecting toothpastes with a Relative Dentin Abrasivity (RDA) index of less than 250 to prevent dental sensitivity and enamel damage is emphasized. Although no significant differences were found in the enamel's microhardness among the pastes evaluated, Crest appears to offer superior resistance on the external surface of the dental tissue. The study's major conclusion underscores the need for an informed choice of whitening toothpastes, prioritizing those with evidence of efficacy in improving dental color and maintaining a low abrasivity index to protect dental health

Three-dimensional representation of the Vita Toothguide 3D-Master: An in vivo clinical study.

The Vita Toothguide 3D-Master (Vita Zahnfabrik) is considered the dental shade guide in which the three dimensions of color - lightness, hue, and chroma - are most well-ordered in the CIELAB color space. No research has yet explored how well the Vita Toothguide 3D-Master is ordered in the 3D color space by recording color coordinates in vivo. To evaluate the spatial color distribution of the Vita Toothguide 3D-Master's lightness, chroma, and hue groups and its 26 physical shade tabs. The dental color (L*, C*, h°, a*, and b* color coordinates) of a healthy maxillary central incisor was recorded for 1361 participants (aged between 18 and 89 years) using a Vita Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer (Vita Zahnfabrik). The R 2.7.2. statistics program was used to create the visual representations. The five lightness levels are those that are best distributed in the color space, in relation to the L* coordinates, followed by the chroma group and, finally, the hue group. The 5M1, 5M2, and 5M3 physical shade tabs are situated at a greater distance apart from the other tabs in the color space. The Vita Toothguide 3D-Master's 26 physical shade tabs are satisfactorily distributed in three-dimensional space, although strict mathematical criteria are not followed. The natural dental shades that fall lower on the lightness scale are the most poorly represented by the physical shade tabs. Darker teeth are poorly represented by the Vita Toothguide 3D-Master's physical shade tabs. The spatial distribution of dental shade guides needs to be improved to ensure they provide homogeneous coverage of the entire chromatic spectrum corresponding to natural teeth. This would help reduce the errors inherent to the subjective visual color selection process.

Chroma-dependence of CIEDE2000 acceptability thresholds for dentistry.

Determine visual 50:50% color difference acceptability thresholds (AT) for regions of the dental color space with varying chromaticity. A 40-observer panel belonging to two different groups (dentists and laypersons) evaluated 144 dental resin composites pairs (divided in three different sets of 48 pairs according to chroma value: Low Chroma (LC), Medium Chroma (MC) and High Chroma (HC) placed 40 cm away and inside of a viewing cabinet (D65 Standard light source; diffuse/0° geometry). A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy approximation was used for fitting the data points and calculate the 50:50% acceptability thresholds in CIEDE2000. A paired t-test was used to evaluate the statistical significance between thresholds differences and Bonferroni correction was applied. The CIEDE2000 50:50% AT were ∆E00 = 2.84, ∆E00 = 2.31 and ∆E00 = 1.80 for LC, MC and HC sets of sample pairs, respectively. The 50:50% AT values were statistically significant between the different sets of sample pairs, as well as the 50:50% AT values obtained for different observer groups. 50:50% CIEDE2000 acceptability thresholds for dentistry are significantly different depending on the chromaticity of the samples. Observers show higher acceptability for more achromatic samples (low chroma value) than for more chromatic samples. The difference in the AT for distinct regions of the dental color space can assist professionals as a quality control tool to assess clinical performance and interpret visual and instrumental findings in clinical dentistry, dental research, and subsequent standardization processes.

Hybrid light applied with 37% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent with or without titanium dioxide potentializes color change effectiveness

BackgroundThe effectiveness of dental color change was assessed by incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) into 37% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent associated with hybrid light. MethodologyFifty bovine incisors were selected to receive the bleaching treatment, and separated into five groups (n = 10): 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (Whiteness HP, FGM/HP); 37% carbamide peroxide (CP) (Whiteness SuperEndo, FGM/CP); CP + hybrid light (HL) (CP HL); CP + 1% TiO2 (CP TiO2); CP TiO2 + hybrid light (CP TiO2 HL). The bleaching gels were applied to the dental surface for 30 min. Hybrid light (Whitening Plus, DMC/infrared laser diodes + blue LEDs +violet LEDs) was applied with 1 min of active light, alternating with 1 min of pause. A spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade® Advance, Vita) was used to determine the color of the dental elements at baseline and time points after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd bleaching sessions. Color change effectiveness was evaluated using Vita Classical, CIEL*a*b*, WID and ΔEab, ΔE00 and ΔWID parameters. ResultsGeneralized mixed linear models for repeated measures (α = 5%) showed significant decrease in Vita Classical scores and a* and b* values, as well as an increase in L* and ∆WID values for all the groups. Higher color change values for ΔEab were observed for CP HL and CP TiO2 HL, while those of ΔE00 and ΔWID were higher for CP TiO2 HL at the end of the bleaching treatment. ConclusionHybrid light applied with TiO2 incorporated into CP potentiated the effectiveness of the color change in the tooth structure.

Vital Teeth Bleaching Treatments with In-Office Bleaching: The Case Reports

Dental bleaching is one of the preferred treatments by patients to improve facial attractiveness. It is a relatively simple and conservative technique that makes possible to change dental colour by removing discolorations. Four different patients applied to our Faculty for whitening treatment at different times. In clinical examinations, we detected extrinsic discoloration of the teeth. For this reason, we decided to apply office bleaching treatment (Opalescence BOOST, Ultradent Products INC., USA). First of all, measures were taken to protect the lips, gums and oral mucosa. Gums were covered with gingival barrier (OpalDam Green, Ultradent Products INC., USA). Isolation was provided with cotton pellets. 40% Hydrogen Peroxide was applied to the maxillary and mandibular teeth inculuding between the second premolars. After 20 minutes of application, hydrogen peroxide was carefully removed with water and cotton pellets have been replaced. After that, a second 20 minutes application was made with the whitening agent. When the application period was over, it was removed with water and the gingival barrier has been removed. Patients were advised to stay away from products containing coloring dark colors such as cigarettes, tea, coffee, chocolate, red wine, cherries, tomato paste for two weeks. At the controls two weeks later, it was seen that the aesthetic expectation of the patients was met.

Physicochemical evaluation of hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels containing titanium dioxide catalytic agent, and their influence on dental color change associated with violet LED.

The purpose of this study was: 1) to analyze the physical-chemical properties of hydrogen peroxide (HP) agents at 7.5% (HP7) and 35% (HP35), and the association with or without TiO2 nanotubes; 2) to evaluate dental bleaching effectiveness by using HP7 and HP35 together with or without TiO2 nanotubes, and applied with or without violet LED (VL). 80 bovine incisors were treated according to groups (n=10): HP35; HP35+VL; HP35T (HP35+TiO2); HP35T+VL; HP7; HP7+VL; HP7T (HP7+TiO2); HP7T+VL. Bleaching effectiveness was measured at 4 time points according to the Vita Classical, CIEL*a*b*, CIEDE2000, and WID parameters. HP35, HP35T, HP7, and HP7T were evaluated for mass change, pH, mean particle size (P), polydispersity (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP), over 6 months of storage. The pH of HP35 thickener was higher when associated to TiO2. At baseline, both of the bleaching gels containing TiO2 had lower P, PDI, and PZ (p<0.05). All groups showed a significant decrease in Vita Classical color scores (p=0.0037). There was a higher L* value, and lower b* values for HP7 when associated to VL after the 3rd session. (p<0.05). HP35T showed higher color change (ΔEab, ΔE00), and lower a* value in the presence of VL (p<0.05). ΔWID presented lower values for both gels, when TiO2 was incorporated (p≤0.05). The incorporation of TiO2 to the bleaching gel showed good stability with minimal variations in physical-chemical properties. The color change in HP35 was more effective than in HP7, but the VL boosted the bleaching effectiveness of HP7, whereas TiO2 did not increase bleaching effectiveness.

In vitro evaluation of dental color stability using various aesthetic restorative materials after immersion in different drinks

BackgroundCurrently, the demands for restorations have increased considerably; thus, improvements and modifications have been made in dental composite technologies especially using materials that have been claimed to improve color stability.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the effect of various solutions on the color stability of different restorative materials in vitro study.MethodsThis study used three types of esthetic restorative materials. The samples comprised 45 discs, including 15 micro-hybrids, 15 nano-hybrids, and 15 glass ionomers). These discs were immersed in various beverages an hour a day for one month at room temperature. The color stability was measured using a spectrophotometer before/after immersion (days 7 and 30).ResultsWe realized a significant difference in color change with Coca-Cola and tea-milk solution after seven days and 30 days (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the samples immersed in DM after seven days and 30 days (p > 0.05). The highest value of lightness (∆L) and stainability (∆a) was seen in micro-hybrid after 30 days of immersion in tea-milk solution (− 12.16 ± 1.74 and 11.4 ± 3.82, respectively), while most samples had a positive ∆b value.ConclusionAfter one month, the tea-milk solution affected the color stability of all used restorative materials. In addition, micro-hybrid had higher color stability than nano-hybrid and glass ionomer.

Effect of Activated Charcoal Toothpaste on Color Stability of Bleached Teeth Immersed in Different Drinks.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of activated charcoal toothpaste on the color stability of teeth subjected to tooth bleaching and pigmenting agents. A total of 120 bovine crowns were randomly divided into 12 groups (n=10) according to two study factors: staining solutions (three levels): saliva (control), coffee, and red wine; and toothpaste (four levels): BPC, Bianco Pro Clinical (Bianco Oral Care) (Control); BIW, Black is White (Curaprox); BCA, Bianco Carbon (Bianco Oral Care); and NAT, Natural Suavetex (Suavetex). The samples were subjected to office bleaching with a 35% hydrogen peroxide-based gel (Whiteness HP Blue, FGM), followed by immersion in the solution for 45 minutes per day and daily toothbrushing for 7 days. The color (ΔE) and luminosity changes (ΔL*) were measured using reflectance spectroscopy (Vita EasyShade). The CIE values (L*, a*, b*) were measured at baseline after bleaching (T0) and immediately after immersion in solution each day (Ti1-Ti7) and after all toothbrushing cycles (Tb1-Tb7). ΔE and ΔL were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The clinically unacceptable level of ΔE > 3.3 was used to evaluate the color change. The color change was significantly influenced by the staining solutions and toothpastes (p<0.001). The color change (ΔE) was significantly higher when immersed in wine than in coffee, and lower ΔE values were observed for artificial saliva (control), irrespective of the toothpaste used. In artificial saliva, BPC, BIW, and BCA resulted in significantly lower ΔE values than NAT, which presented a clinically unacceptable level of dental color change (ΔE>3.3). Coffee resulted in a lower (L*) reduction than wine, irrespective of the toothpaste used. Charcoal toothpastes resulted in a color change on the surface of the tooth enamel (ΔE). The bleaching effect of the charcoal toothpastes and control evaluated in this study partially reduced the color changes on the surface of the tooth enamel caused by staining solutions but was unable to reestablish the measured values to the baseline. For teeth immersed in artificial saliva, the color change was not noticeable in BCA, BIW, and control-BPC (ΔE≥3.3), except for NAT, which showed a significant color change.

Dental Color Matching: A Comparison between Visual and Digital Shade Selection Repeatability in the Anterior and Posterior Region: A Clinical Study

Dental Color Matching: A Comparison between Visual and Digital Shade Selection Repeatability in the Anterior and Posterior Region: A Clinical Study

Spectrophotometers, Shade Guides, and Color Perception and its Relation to Digital Shade Matching in Restorative Dentistry

Achieving an aesthetically pleasing appearance in dental restorations is a complex task that depends on the accurate selection of tooth shade. The shade of a tooth is influenced by both intrinsic factors, such as light scattering within enamel and dentin, and extrinsic factors, such as the absorption of staining substances. As patient awareness and expectations regarding aesthetically attractive dental restorations have grown, so too has the pressure on dentists to deliver more naturally appearing results. Conventional approaches have often shifted towards artistic interpretation, but advances in materials and technology have prompted a shift towards more scientifically rigorous methods. Despite the availability of advanced devices for shade matching, their adoption remains low. Studies suggest that electronic tools can measure up to 100,000 dental shades, far surpassing the human eye's ability to detect only 1% of dental color variations. This paper calls for more research to examine the accuracy of various shade-selection techniques in meeting the rising aesthetic expectations in modern dentistry.

Titanium dioxide nanotubes in a hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agent: physicochemical properties and effectiveness of dental bleaching under the influence of a poliwave led light activation.

The effects of different concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO2) into 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) were evaluated as regards the effectiveness of dental color change either associated with activation by polywave LED light or not. TiO2 (0, 1, 5, or 10%) was incorporated into HP to be applied during in-office bleaching (3 sessions/40min each). Polywave LED light (Valo Corded/Ultradent) was applied or not in activation cycles of 15s (total time of 2min). The color of 80 third molars separated into groups according to TiO2 concentration and light activation (n = 10) was evaluated at baseline and at time intervals after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bleaching sessions. WID value was significantly higher when using HP with 5% TiO2 in the 2nd session than the values in the other groups (p < 0.05). After the 2nd and 3rd sessions, the ΔEab value was significantly higher when activated with light (p < 0.05) for all agents containing TiO2 or not. Zeta potential and pH of the agents were not modified by incorporating TiO2 at the different concentrations. The 5% TiO2 in the bleaching agent could enhance tooth bleaching, even without light application. Association with polywave LED light potentiated the color change, irrespective of the presence of TiO2 in the bleaching gel. HP with 5% TiO2 could lead to a greater tooth bleaching response in the 2nd clinical session, as well as the polywave light can enhance color change.

Validation of two clinical color measuring instruments for use in dental research

ObjectiveThere are several shade matching instruments developed for clinical use, but the validity of their use in dental research has not been thoroughly investigated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of using two clinical color measuring instruments, VitaEasyshade and Spectroshade, against a referent laboratory color measuring instrument (Spectroradiometer PR670). Methods and materialsThe validity and repeatability of the referent laboratory color measuring instrument was assessed using standard color patches with certified CIE L*a*b* values. 10% of the 240 color patches were randomly selected and measured ten times in a random order to test for repeatability. 16 metal ceramic specimens, fabricated from base metal alloy veneered with porcelain of different Vita Classic shades, were measured for L*a*b* values using the PR670, Vita EasyShade and the Spectroshade. The CIE L*a*b* values obtained from the three color measuring instruments were compared using repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc using the Bonferroni test. The color difference, CIEDE2000 (∆E00), between the gold standard (PR670) and the two color measuring instruments were also determined and compared against the known perceptible color difference. ResultsL*a*b* values varied significantly between the three instruments. When comparing the mean ΔE00, the differences in values between PR670 and Spectroshade were not clinically significantly. However, the mean ΔE00 values between PR670 and Vita Easyshade were both clinically and statistically significant. ConclusionThe lack of clinical significance in values obtained from the SpectroShade when compared to those obtained by the PR670 suggests that the SpectroShade may be recommended for use in dental color research. Clinical significanceThe SpectroShade instrument and PR670 spectroradiometer provided values that lacked clinical significance, suggesting that its use may be highly beneficial for clinical shade matching as well as color research.