Density Values Research Articles

Parametric Analysis of Indium Gallium Arsenide Wafer-based Thin Body (5 nm) Double-gate MOSFETs for Hybrid RF Applications.

The electrical behavior of a high-performance Indium Gallium Arsenide (In- GaAs) wafer-based n-type Double-Gate (DG) MOSFET with a gate length (LG1= LG2) of 2 nm was analyzed. The relationship of channel length, gate length, top and bottom gate oxide layer thickness, a gate oxide material, and the rectangular wafer with upgraded structural characteristics and the parameters, such as switch current ratio (ION/IOFF) and transconductance (Gm) was analyzed for hybrid RF applications. This work was carried out at 300 K utilizing a Non-Equilibrium Green Function (NEGF) mechanism for the proposed DG MOSFET architecture with La2O3 (EOT=1 nm) as gate dielectric oxide and source-drain device length (LSD) of 45 nm. It resulted in a maximum drain current (IDmax) of 4.52 mA, where the drain-source voltage (VDS) varied between 0 V and 0.5 V at the fixed gate to source voltage (VGS) = 0.5 V. The ON current(ION), leakage current (IOFF), and (ION/IOFF) switching current ratios of 1.56 mA, 8.49Í10-6 μA, and 18.3Í107 μA were obtained when the gate to source voltage (VGS) varied between 0 and 0.5 V at fixed drain-source voltage (VDS)=0.5V. The simulated result showed the values of maximum current density (Jmax), one and twodimensional electron density (N1D and N2D), electron mobility (μn), transconductance (Gm), and Subthreshold Slope (SS) are 52.4 μA/m2, 3.6Í107 cm-1, 11.36Í1012 cm-2, 1417 cm2V-1S-1, 3140 μS/μm, and 178 mV/dec, respectively. The Fermi-Dirac statistics were employed to limit the charge distribution of holes and electrons at a semiconductor-insulator interface. The flat-band voltage (VFB) of - 0.45 V for the fixed threshold voltage greatly impacted the breakdown voltage. The results were obtained by applying carriers to the channels with the (001) axis perpendicular to the gate oxide. The sub-band energy profile and electron density were well implemented and derived using the Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism. Further, a few advantages of the proposed heterostructure-based DG MOSFET structure over the other structures were observed. This proposed patent design, with a reduction in the leakage current characteristics, is mainly suitable for advanced Silicon-based solid-state CMOS devices, Microelectronics, Nanotechnologies, and future-generation device applications.

Mechanisms of coexistence: Exploring species sorting and character displacement in woody plants to alleviate belowground competition.

Rarely do we observe competitive exclusion within plant communities, even though plants compete for a limited pool of resources. Thus, our understanding of the mechanisms sustaining plant biodiversity might be limited. In this study, we explore two common ecological strategies, species sorting and character displacement, that promote coexistence by reducing competition. We assess the degree to which woody plants may implement these two strategies to lower belowground competition for nutrients which occurs via nutritional (mostly mycorrhizal) mutualisms. First, we compile data on plant traits and the mycorrhizal association state of woody angiosperms using a global inventory of indigenous flora. Our analysis reveals that species in locations with high mycorrhizal diversity exhibit distinct mean values in leaf area and wood density based on their mycorrhizal type, indicating species sorting. Second, we reanalyse a large dataset on leaf area to demonstrate that in areas with high mycorrhizal diversity, trees maintain divergent leaf area values, showcasing character displacement. Character displacement among plants is considered rare, making our observation significant. In summary, our study uncovers a rare occurrence of character displacement and identifies a common mechanism employed by plants to alleviate competition, shedding light on the complexities of plant coexistence in diverse ecosystems.

Comparative analysis of static and vibration characteristics of glass fiber reinforced epoxy mono composite leaf spring and conventional steel leaf spring

Leaf springs play a vital role in heavy-duty vehicles by offering substantial load support, durability, and convenient maintenance. Lightweight leaf springs enhance vehicle performance, offering benefits like improved fuel efficiency and a smoother ride. Glass fiber reinforced composites enhance fuel efficiency and durability, providing corrosion resistance. Their design flexibility improves ride comfort, and damping properties enhance vehicle stability. The examination conducted through finite element analysis, utilizing ANSYS software, demonstrated a substantial 75.32% decrease in weight for the E-Glass-Epoxy composite leaf spring (GECLS), affirming its efficacy in enhancing strength, reducing weight, and enhancing stiffness. This underscores its superiority as a viable alternative to traditional steel leaf springs (SLS) in vehicular applications. The mono-GECLS exhibited a natural frequency that was found to be 1.9 times higher than that observed in the traditional SLS. It indicates the potential to mitigate resonance issues. After analysing the SLS and GECLS using ANSYS, it was observed that the GECLS exhibits greater values in deflection, natural frequency, and strain energy, measuring 4.659 mm, 29.98 Hz, and 440.68 mJ, respectively, compared to its steel counterpart. Conversely, the SLS demonstrates elevated values in stress, mass, and density, with readings of 283.84 MPa, 3.7695 kg, and 5920 kg/m³, respectively.

Evolution of cosmic filaments in the MTNG simulation

We present a study of the evolution of cosmic filaments across redshift with an emphasis on some important properties: filament lengths, growth rates, and radial profiles of galaxy densities. Following an observation-driven approach, we built cosmic filament catalogues at z = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the galaxy distributions of the large hydro-dynamical run of the MilleniumTNG project. We employed the extensively used DisPerSE cosmic web finder code, for which we provide a user-friendly guide, including the details of a physics-driven calibration procedure, with the hope of helping future users. We performed the first statistical measurements of the evolution of connectivity in a large-scale simulation, finding that the connectivity of cosmic nodes (defined as the number of filaments attached) globally decreases from early to late times. The study of cosmic filaments in proper coordinates reveals that filaments grow in length and radial extent, as expected from large-scale structures in an expanding Universe. But the most interesting results arise once the Hubble flow is factored out. We find remarkably stable comoving filament length functions and over-density profiles, showing only little evolution of the total population of filaments in the past ∼12.25 Gyr. However, by tracking the spatial evolution of individual structures, we demonstrate that filaments of different lengths actually follow different evolutionary paths. While short filaments preferentially contract, long filaments expand along their longitudinal direction with growth rates that are the highest in the early, matter-dominated Universe. Filament diversity at a fixed redshift is also shown by the different (∼5σ) density values between the shortest and longest filaments. Our results hint that cosmic filaments can be used as additional probes for dark energy, but further theoretical work is still needed.

The visible and thermal light curve of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar

Recent stellar occultations have allowed accurate instantaneous size and apparent shape determinations of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar and the detection of two rings with spatially variable optical depths. In this paper we present new visible range light curve data of Quaoar from the Kepler/K2 mission, and thermal light curves at 100 and 160 µm obtained with Herschel/PACS. The K2 data provide a single-peaked period of 8.88 h, very close to the previously determined 8.84 h, and it favours an asymmetric double-peaked light curve with a 17.76 h period. We clearly detected a thermal light curve with relative amplitudes of ~ 10% at 100 and at 160 µm. A detailed thermophysical modelling of the system shows that the measurements can be best fit with a triaxial ellipsoid shape, a volume-equivalent diameter of 1090 km, and axis ratios of a/b = 1.19 and b/c = 1.16. This shape matches the published occultation shape, as well as visual and thermal light curve data. The radiometric size uncertainty remains relatively large (±40 km) as the ring and satellite contributions to the system-integrated flux densities are unknown. In the less likely case of negligible ring or satellite contributions, Quaoar would have a size above 1100 km and a thermal inertia ≤ 10 J m−2K−1s−1/2. A large and dark Weywot in combination with a possible ring contribution would lead to a size below 1080 km in combination with a thermal inertia ≳10 J m−2K−1s−1/2, notably higher than that of smaller Kuiper belt objects with similar albedo and colours. We find that Quaoar’s density is in the range 1.67–1.77 g cm−3, significantly lower than previous estimates. This density value closely matches the relationship observed between the size and density of the largest Kuiper belt objects.

The Effect of Hydrodistillation Times and Cold Pressing on Yield and Composition of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Essential Oil

Within the scope of the study, the effect of hydro-distillation times on Citrus sinensis (Navelina) fresh peel essential oil composition was investigated. For this purpose, five different distillation times (10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min.) were evaluated. Research findings showed that the distillation time was not effective on the orange essential oil composition. It was determined that the most important components of C.sinensis peel essential oil were limonene (96.52-96.61%) and myrcene (2.03-2.06%). In addition, hydrodistillation (HD) and cold press (CP) essential oils were compared in terms of yield and some physical and chemical properties. In terms of oil yield and optical activity, the values of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation method were higher than those obtained by cold press, and the refractive index and density values were found to be lower. In terms of component ratios, it was seen that there was no significant difference between the two methods.

Effect of modified titanium dioxide photoanode and agarose gel electrolyte on electrochemical studies of dye-sensitized solar cell

Recently, the study of new DSSC structures such as photoanodes, electrolytes, and counter electrodes (CE) have gained the attention of researchers. Combining these features allows DSSC to have a flexible and versatile way of working. Titanium dioxide-graphene (TiO2-G) nanocomposite containing 3 wt % graphene (G) was successfully fabricated and employed as the photoanode for the fabrication of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Agarose (3 wt %) together with potassium iodide (KI) were prepared as gel electrolytes and polyaniline-graphene oxide (PANI-GO) served as the counter electrode (CE). In UV–visible spectroscopy, doping of graphene on TiO2 led to a remarkable reduction of the band gap energy from 3.0 eV (TiO2) to 2.4 eV (TiO2-G). The presence of agarose in the KI solution facilitated the creation of fine channels, promoting ionic transfer in electrolytes, as revealed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Moreover, the current-voltage (I–V) curve for TiO2-G/3 wt % agarose gel electrolyte/PANI-GO demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 1.1324% with optimal values for short circuit current density (JSC), open circuit voltage (VOC), and fill factor (FF) of 34.48 mA/cm2, 0.1105 V, and 0.2972, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) illustrated redox potential occurrences at −0.2 V and +0.2 V, corresponding to oxidation and reduction processes, confirming the chemical stability of DSSC. The system demonstrated stability after 10 cycles, maintaining consistent current (μA) and voltage (V) patterns even after 20 cycles. These results demonstrate the efficient and cost-effective DSSC system's capacity to maintain stability and guarantee consistent energy conversion.

Identification of Road Black Spots Based on the Sliding Window Optimization and Safety Performance Function Development

The sliding window method is a road network screening approach commonly used for identifying black spots. Previous studies have indicated that the selection of window length significantly impacts the black spot identification process. This research proposes a new method that optimizes the sliding window framework by examining its characteristics. The optimization methodology employed in this study is as follows: Firstly, the road is segmented, and for each segment, different scenarios of window lengths are chosen using the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise algorithm. Next, a Safety Performance Function is developed to calculate the predicted and expected number of crashes, as well as the Potential Safety Improvement, for each window movement across all selected scenarios within the segment. Subsequently, the average differences are calculated using the analysis of variance, and the window length with the lowest dispersion of difference values from the mean is identified as the optimal length for each segment. The case study yielded noteworthy results, indicating that the utilization of the sliding window with optimal lengths led to the identification of 122 high-risk black spot-candidates. These points exhibit a higher crash density, effective length, and greater value in quantitative evaluation tests compared to the results obtained using windows with common fixed lengths.

Fracture density reconstruction using direct sampling multiple-point statistics and extreme value theory

The aim of this work is to present a methodology for the reconstruction of missing fracture density within highly fractured intervals, which can represent preferential fluid flow pathways. The lack of record can be very common due to the intense presence of fractures, dissolution processes, or data acquisition issues. The superposition of numerous fractures makes the definition of fracture surfaces impossible, as a consequence, modeling such zones is challenging. In order to address this issue, the usage of direct sampling multiple-point statistics to perform gap filling in well logs is demonstrated as an alternative to other techniques. It reproduces data patterns and provides several models representing uncertainty. The method was tested in intervals from a highly fractured well, by removing previously known fracture density data, and simulating different scenarios with direct sampling. Simulation results are compared to the observed data using cross-validation and continuous rank probability score. The reference scenario training data set consists in one well and two variables: fracture density and fracture occurrence. A sensitivity analysis is carried out considering additional variables, additional wells, different intervals, resampling with extremes, and other gap filling techniques. The auxiliary variable plays an important role in pattern matching, but adding wells and logs increases the complexity of the method without improving pattern retrieval. Best results are obtained applying extreme values theory for stochastic process with the enrichment of the fracture density data at the tail region, followed by resampling of the new values. The enriched data is used for the gap filling resulting in lower continuous rank probability score, and the achievement of extreme fracture density values.

Analysis of NDVI and Plant Vegetation Diversity in the Traditional Zone, Mount Halimun Salak National Park, Bogor

Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP) traditional zone is a zone which is highly utilized by the local community to fulfill their daily needs by utilizing non-timber forest resources and implementing an agroforestry system with the main commodity is poh-pohan (Pilea melastomoides). Forest monitoring in the MHSNP traditional zone is very important to do as part of sustainable forest management and the realization of supporting Indonesia's Forestry And Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 program. This study aims to analyze the density of vegetation based on NDVI values; besides, analyze the level of plant species diversity and stand structure in the traditional zone of MHSNP. Furthermore, the data collection of plant species diversity at the area based on NDVI value of vegetation density. NDVI values ​​are obtained into three classes that have different land conditions. The class 1 value range from 0.147 to 0.273 has a low vegetation density. Class 2 from 0.273 to 0.319 has medium vegetation density. Meanwhile, class 3 has high vegetation density with a value of 0.319 to 0.433. Diversity of plant species has 60 different species from a total of three classes. The density of seedlings is lower than saplings and at the level of poles, trees is decreasing that is indicates a balanced stand structure. The low seedling level is caused by inhibition of seedling growth due to cleaning by the local community in preparation for planting understory since the community prefers to plant understory which harvest faster woody plant seedling.

Leveraging Variable Density Honeycomb Structures for Innovative Design in Mission-Critical Embedded Devices

The imperative for lightweighting technologies, paramount in mission-critical cyber-physical systems (CPSs) including aerospace, automotive and allied sectors, hinges upon optimizing energy efficiency and curbing product weight. Honeycomb structures, celebrated for their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, have indisputably guided the pursuit of lightweight design. This paper expounds upon the versatility of honeycomb structures by scrutinizing their in-plane mechanical attributes. Leveraging finite element simulations and polynomial fitting, we enhance the prevailing equivalent elastic modulus model for uniform honeycomb structures, expanding its domain to encompass a broader spectrum of relative density values. Deliberations ensue concerning the model’s constraints and its inapplicability to nonuniform honeycomb structures. The investigation introduces nodes as pivotal influencers in the mechanical comportment of nonuniform honeycomb structures, delineating the nexus between the equivalent elastic modulus and node dimensions through a fusion of finite element simulations and mechanical experimentation. Furthermore, this research delves into the tenets and constructs of density-based variable density methodologies within the ambit of topology optimization, with an overarching goal of maximizing stiffness. We furnish a holistic design protocol for optimizing honeycomb structures, underscored by a pragmatic instantiation of the density-based variable density approach. Scrutinizing the geometric interplay between honeycomb structures and design spaces, we posit an innovative paradigm employing concentric circles to approximate cellular envelopes, streamlining numerical cartography and the conversion of optimization outputs into variable density honeycomb configurations. Evaluation of the in-plane mechanical attributes of variable density honeycomb structures reveals that TPU material augments the resilience of both uniform and variable density honeycomb structures, whereas topology optimization amplifies specific stiffness and resilience modulus in variable density honeycomb structures relative to their uniform counterparts. This study sheds light on the complexities of honeycomb structures, providing valuable insights for their optimization in lightweight applications.

Dual-energy computed tomography and micro-computed tomography for assessing bone regeneration in a rabbit tibia model

To gain a more meaningful understanding of bone regeneration, it is essential to select an appropriate assessment method. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) is widely used for bone regeneration because it provides a substantially higher spatial resolution. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) ensure shorter scan time and lower radiation doses during quantitative evaluation. Therefore, in this study, DECT and Micro-CT were used to evaluate bone regeneration. We created 18 defects in the tibial plateau of the rabbits and filled them with porous polyetheretherketone implants to promote bone regeneration. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks, Micro-CT and DECT were used to assess the bone repair in the defect region. In comparison to Micro-CT (152 ± 54 mg/cm3), the calcium density values and hydroxyapatite density values obtained by DECT [DECT(Ca) and DECT(HAP)] consistently achieved lower values (59 ± 25 mg/cm3, 126 ± 53 mg/cm3). In addition, there was a good association between DECT and Micro-CT (R = 0.98; R2 = 0.96; DECT(Ca): y = 0.45x–8.31; DECT(HAP): y = 0.95x–17.60). This study highlights the need to use two different imaging methods, each with its advantages and disadvantages, to better understand the bone regeneration process.

DFT Mechanistic Investigation into Ni(II)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol by H2O2.

Introduction of oxygen into aromatic C-H bonds is intriguing from both fundamental and practical perspectives. Although the 3d metal-catalyzed hydroxylation of arenes by H2O2 has been developed by several prominent researchers, a definitive mechanism for these crucial transformations remains elusive. Herein, density functional theory calculations were used to shed light on the mechanism of the established hydroxylation reaction of benzene with H2O2, catalyzed by [NiII(tepa)]2+ (tepa = tris[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]amine). Dinickel(III) bis(μ-oxo) species have been proposed as the key intermediate responsible for the benzene hydroxylation reaction. Our findings indicate that while the dinickel dioxygen species can be generated as a stable structure, it cannot serve as an active catalyst in this transformation. The calculations allowed us to unveil an unprecedented mechanism composed of six main steps as follows: (i) deprotonation of coordinated H2O2, (ii) oxidative addition, (iii) water elimination, (iv) benzene addition, (v) ketone generation, and (vi) tautomerization and regeneration of the active catalyst. Addition of benzene to oxygen, which occurs via a radical mechanism, turns out to be the rate-determining step in the overall reaction. This study demonstrates the critical role of Ni-oxyl species in such transformations, highlighting how the unpaired spin density value on oxygen and positive charges on the Ni-O• complex affect the activation barrier for benzene addition.

Spark Plazma Sinterlenmiş Cu-SiC Kompozitlerinin Fiziko-Mekanik ve Elektriksel Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

In this study, SiC reinforced Cu matrix composites were produced by spark plasma sintering to provide rapid consolidation and to prevent weak interfacial bonding and grain growth, undesired phases at the interphase region. In addition, the influence of the reinforcement ratio (vol.% 10, 20, 30) and particle sizes (1, 11, 24 µm) on the physico-mechanical (density, hardness) and electrical characteristics of copper composite materials was aimed. The bulk density values were determined by Archimedes’ method, SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis were used to identify microstructural factors and phase analysis. It was found that the selection of the appropriate sintering regime is very important for composite samples to reach nearly fully dense Cu-SiC composites with proper interfacial bonding between Cu and SiC grains without the formation of any undesired phases, results in very high relative density (min. 99.48%), low total porosity (0,15-0,52), good hardness (HV 122-186) and electrical conductivity. When fine SiC grains (~1 micron) are used and the amount of SiC increases, the hardness value of the composites was effectively improved without much loss in electrical conductivity. In this respect, this study provides an effective solution for the production of Cu-SiC composites with excellent combined performance.

Identification of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Citrus in Dibrugarh District

The present investigation was carried out to determine the occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with citrus plants of different citrus orchards in Dibrugarh district. A total of 149 soil and root samples were collected randomly from the rhizosphere of citrus plants from the twenty four different citrus orchards of seven blocks from Dibrugarh district. Eight genera of plant parasitic nematodes were found to be associated with citrus plants of Dibrugarh district. Genera of plant parasitic nematodes recorded were namely Tylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Meloidogyne, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus and also nematodes genera found under criconematids. Among them Hoplolaimus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp. and T. semipenetrans were found to be present in most of the samples. Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes revealed that the genus Hoplolaimus ranked first in relative frequency, absolute frequency, absolute density, relative density and prominence value. Genus Helicotylenchus ranked second in absolute density, relative density and prominence value and genus Tylenchorhynchus ranked third in case of absolute density absolute frequency and prominence value. Results shown that Tylenchulus semipenetrans ranked second in absolute frequency and relative frequency and fourth in prominence value.

A novel LDVP-based anomaly detection method for data streams

Recently, some progress has been made in anomaly detection for data streams. However, these methods still exhibit deficiencies in effectively balancing computational efficiency and detection accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel anomaly detection method called Dynamic Window Anomaly Detection based on Local Density of Vector dot Product (DWAD-LDVP) for data streams. DWAD-LDVP uses an adaptive dynamic sliding window mechanism with a verification model to balance the relationship between computational efficiency and detection accuracy. By converting local density values measured by the vector dot product into outlier scores, DWAD-LDVP can improve the accuracy of anomaly detection compared to SOTA methods. Furthermore, an incremental computation module is adopted to process data streams efficiently, thereby reducing unnecessary computational overhead. Simulation experiments on synthetic data and real-world datasets validate the robustness and superior performance of the proposed DWAD-LDVP method. Specifically, the experimental results indicate that the proposed DWAD-LDVP achieves competitive performance measured by accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC AUC, confirming its effectiveness in anomaly detection tasks.

Effect of early preventive supplementation with calcium and phosphorus on metabolic bone disease in premature infants

ObjectiveThe objective was to study the effect of early preventive calcium and phosphorus supplementation on metabolic bone disease in preterm infants.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 234 preterm infants with a gestational age < 32 weeks or birth weight < 1500 g who were hospitalized in the Neonatology Department of the Second Hospital of Shandong University from 01.2018 to 12.2020 was conducted. One hundred thirty-two premature infants hospitalized from 01.2018 to 06.2019 did not receive prophylactic calcium and phosphorus supplementation in the early postnatal period. These infants received calcium or phosphorus supplementation at the time of hypocalcaemia or hypophosphatemia diagnosis. One hundred two premature infants hospitalized from 07.2019 to 12.2020 received early preventive calcium and phosphorus supplementation after birth. The levels of serum calcium and phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone at different time points and growth indicators at six months of age were compared between the two groups of infants. The number of cases of metabolic bone disease and fracture between the two groups was compared.Results1) A total of 12 infants (5.13%) among the 234 preterm infants were diagnosed with metabolic bone disease, including 2 (1.96%) in the prophylactic supplementation group and 10 (7.58%) in the nonprophylactic supplementation group. Fractures occurred in 3 premature infants (25.0%) with metabolic bone disease, all of whom were in the group that did not receive prophylactic supplementation. 2) There was no significant difference in serum calcium and calcitonin levels between the two groups. The levels of serum phosphorus and 25 hydroxyvitamin D in the prophylactic supplementation group were higher than those in the nonprophylactic supplementation group (P < 0.05). In comparison, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels were lower in the prophylactic supplementation group than in the nonprophylactic supplementation group (P < 0.05). Preterm infants in the prophylactic supplementation group had higher weight, length, head circumference, and bone density values than those in the nonprophylactic supplementation group (P < 0.05).ConclusionPreventive supplementation with calcium and phosphorus after birth can effectively improve calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and reduce the incidence of metabolic bone disease and fractures in premature infants. This can be further publicized and used clinically.

Comparison of the Quality of Ink Prints on the Market on Coated and Uncoated Paper

Printing inks of various brands are available in the field. Available colors include Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. Ink is an important parameter in determining print quality. Optical density is one of the important parameters used to control print quality. The optical density of the printed material is a form of ink–paper interaction. This research is oriented toward investigating the optical density value of Cyan printing ink on coated and non-coated paper. The main objective of this research is to analyze the effect of printing ink thickness on the optimal density value. Optical density values of Cyan prints were obtained using densitometer measurements, printed with the IGT method on coated and uncoated paper. The optical density values of several types of ink on the market that have been printed on coated and uncoated paper have never been reported before.&#x0D; Keywords: printing ink, coated paper, uncoated paper

Prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid tumor cell count in leptomeningeal disease from solid tumors.

Treatment decisions for leptomeningeal disease (LMD) rely on patient risk stratification, since clinicians lack objective prognostic tools. The introduction of rare cell capture technology for identification of cerebrospinal fluid tumor cells (CSF-TCs), such as CNSide assay, improved the sensitivity of LMD diagnosis, but prognostic value is unknown. This study assesses the prognostic value of CSF-TC density in patients with LMD from solid tumors. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed or previously treated LMD from a single institution who had CNSide assay testing for CSF-TCs from 2020 to 2023. Univariable and multivariable survival analyses were conducted with Cox proportional-hazards modeling. Maximally-selected rank statistics were used to determine an optimal cutpoint for CSF-TC density and survival. Of 31 patients, 29 had CSF-TCs detected on CNSide. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) CSF-TC density was 67.8 (4.7-639) TCs/mL. CSF cytology was positive in 16 of 29 patients with positive CNSide (CNSide diagnostic sensitivity = 93.5%, negative predictive value = 85.7%). Median (IQR) survival from time of CSF-TC detection was 176 (89-481) days. On univariable and multivariable analysis, CSF-TC density was significantly associated with survival. An optimal cutpoint for dichotomizing survival by CSF-TC density was 19.34 TCs/mL. The time-dependent sensitivity and specificity for survival using this stratification were 76% and 67% at 6 months and 65% and 67% at 1 year, respectively. CSF-TC density may carry prognostic value in patients with LMD from solid tumors. Integrating CSF-TC density into LMD patient risk-stratification may help guide treatment decisions.

Tribological behaviors and mechanical properties of novel Al-5Cu hybrid composites under dry sliding conditions

This study aims to develop aluminum composites, which are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries. For this purpose, novel Al-5Cu/Al2O3-SiC hybrid composites were produced, and their mechanical and tribological performances were investigated. Hardness, density, and three-point bending analyses of hybrid composites were performed. In addition, wear and friction analyses were carried out under dry sliding conditions and applying different loads (5-10-15 N). In addition, the morphological properties of the produced hybrid composites were determined by microstructural analysis (SEM/EDS). High density, hardness, and strength values were obtained in hybrid composites produced using powder metallurgy and hot pressing methods. As a result of the wear test, it was determined that the hybrid reinforcements showed positive effects on the wear resistance. The lowest specific wear rate (SWR) value was 2.09 × 10−6 mm3/N.m. It was determined that the SWR values of the hybrid composites decreased with the increase of the applied load. In addition, plastic deformation and adhesion wear were observed as a result of SEM/EDS analyses taken from the worn surfaces.