Density Residential Research Articles

EVALUATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM2.5 AND PM10) CONCENTRATIONS IN THE DRY AND WET SEASONS AS INDICES OF AIR QUALITY IN ENUGU URBAN, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA

The particulate matter (PM) is one of the major air pollutants emitted from various sources, having adverse effect on human health and environment. The study evaluates the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution in Enugu Urban. The PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were collected from April 2018 to March 2019 using CASELLA CEL - 712 (Dust Detective). The study area was categorized under, industrial, commercial, high density residential, low density residential areas and control location in a rural area. The annual average concentration were in the ranges 23.06 ± 1.53 to 153.23 ± 28.73 µg/m3 for PM2.5 while the average concentration for PM10 ranged from 37.49 ± 3.75 to 336.49 ± 47.05 µg/m3. The average annual PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in almost all the areas studied are above the WHO limits of PM2.5-25 µg/m3 and PM10 - 50µ/m3. Therefore, the residents of study areas are exposed to inhalable particulate which may have adverse health risk and environmental deterioration. This enrichment may be attributed mostly to human activities. Adequate attention should be given; periodic monitoring and pollution abatement measures must be strictly adhered to.

Effects of land use on thermal enrichment of urban stormwater and potential mitigation of runoff temperature by watershed-scale stormwater control measures

Stream temperature is critical to the survival and reproduction of fauna in cold-water ecosystems. Urbanization causes abrupt increases in ambient stream temperature via stormwater inputs while concurrently decreasing groundwater recharge and stream baseflow. Relatively little is known about how various urban land uses affect thermal load discharged to streams or whether a network of green infrastructure retrofitted at the watershed scale can ameliorate these impacts. Runoff temperature and hydrology were monitored at 17 urban and two forested watershed outlets to assess 1) how urban land use affects stormwater thermal pollution and 2) if thermal pollution can be mitigated through infiltrating stormwater control measures (SCMs). Significantly and substantially larger runoff temperatures (i.e., event mean temperature, event maximum temperature) and thermal loads were observed from every urban land use (without SCMs) in comparison to forested (i.e., surrogate for pre-development) conditions. Event mean temperatures generally followed the land use trend of parking lot > light industrial > commercial > heavy industrial > multi-family residential, single family residential > low density residential > forest. Retrofitted bioretention cells and permeable pavements were not successful in mitigating runoff temperature in residential watersheds compared to (1) watersheds without SCMs or (2) restoring temperature to surrogate pre-development conditions. SCMs were seldomly able to mitigate enough runoff volume to have a significant thermal load reduction compared to watersheds without SCMs. These results suggest stormwater management and cold-water species management have not yet been successfully integrated. More work is needed to optimize green infrastructure SCMs design for sufficient treatment of runoff to protect cold-water ecosystems from urban development. Beyond SCM implementation, wholistic watershed management practices (e.g., riparian buffers, clustered imperviousness, underground storage/conveyance) are needed to stem thermal enrichment of streams and lakes by stormwater.

Assessing the urban road waterlogging risk to propose relative mitigation measures

Road waterlogging has become a significant issue in developed cities due to the rapid urbanization in China. It is necessary to accurately identify the risk of waterlogging in urban roads and propose appropriate mitigation measures. This study considered urban waterlogging as a landscape ecological process. The road waterlogging risk was simulated and estimated using the Minimum Cumulative Resistance model under natural drainage conditions. The results indicate that: 1) The Minimum Cumulative Resistance model effectively assesses the waterlogging risk for each road segment. The roads in and around the central city have relatively higher waterlogging risks. The overall length of high-risk roads is 918.7 km, accounting for 31.3 % of the total. 2) There are 448 potential runoff paths and 448 inflow sites. The city's center and its north and south sides are the primary locations of the high-risk runoff paths and the inflow sites. 3) Road waterlogging is significantly more affected by the land-use types of High density residential and Industrial under rainfall intensities of a-year, 2-year, 3-year, and 5-year return periods. And the effects of various land-use types on waterlogging vary with the rainfall intensity. Using landscape ecology theory to analyze the risk of road waterlogging is a novel method to address urban waterlogging issues. This approach provides a more accurate approach to identifying the urban waterlogging risks and can be applied to developed cities suffering from waterlogging to help decision-makers devise the most effective mitigation measures.

Evaluation of Spatial Pressure in High Density Residential Areas

It is important to understand how landscape elements affect the spatial oppression of people as high-density areas are increasing due to the limited space availability in cities. Therefore, we carried out a statistical analysis of the questionnaire survey result which was obtained from residents of the high-density areas in Xuzhou, China. From the literature review, we defined 9 landscape elements including the density of buildings in residential areas, duration of sunshine acceptable to residents, the skyline of sight opening, the proportion of the sky in the picture, a sense of closeness between buildings, the sense of distance between buildings, open area, area proportion of green vegetation, and types of green vegetation analysis. We analyzed the correlation and linear relationship of the elements with the spatial oppression of the respondents. The results show that there is no significant positive correlation between the proportion of the sky in the picture and space oppression, but the other 8 elements are significantly correlated with spatial oppression. Especially, the density of buildings in the residential area, the time that residents can accept sunshine, the openness of the skyline of sight, the sense of closure between buildings, the sense of distance between buildings, the open area, the area ratio of green vegetation, the types of green vegetation and spatial oppression are more significant factors to affect spatial oppression.

The effects of land use characteristics on urban stormwater quality and watershed pollutant loads

Urban developments can result in higher runoff and nutrient loadings transported to downstream receiving waterbodies. While much effort has been made recently in watershed restoration in the U.S., a lack of recent runoff quality data limits the prediction capability of urban watershed models. The objectives of this study was to fill an existing information gap on how rainfall and land uses interact and affect such loadings. This study instrumented six coastal urban catchments, each dominated by a single land use. We measured total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), ortho-P, and nitrate concentrations in runoff from 30 storm events over one year from six urban land uses, namely commercial, industrial, transportation, open space, low density residential, and high density residential. Results indicated that the median event mean concentrations (EMCs) for TSS, TP, and TN were 30 (19–34), 0.31 (0.26–0.31), and 0.94 (0.73–1.25) mg L−1, respectively. TSS EMCs from the open space and industrial land uses were significantly greater than other land uses; there were positive correlations between TN concentrations and imperviousness and between TP concentrations and turf coverage. Both the amount and intensity of rainfall positively influenced TSS concentrations in runoff regardless of land use. Using the collected data, this study developed a generic equation for predicting the loading of a pollutant as a function of rainfall depth. This equation was verified by comparing its predictions with the simulations of a sufficiently-calibrated water quality model in terms of TSS, TP, and TN loadings from various land uses in another coastal catchment for a period of ten years. Average TSS, TN, and TP loadings from the catchment were estimated to be 0.86, 0.03, and 0.01 kg ha−1 cm−1, respectively.

Modeling the drivers of urban land use changes in Lusaka, Zambia using multi-criteria evaluation: An analytic network process approach

Curbing the historically unplanned urban development in African cities crucially demands that the drivers of urban land use (urban-LU) changes are comprehended. However, this has become a complex decision problem for African urban planners and policy makers owing to the interconnections among urban-LU drivers and the complicated mixed development of planned and unplanned areas. Therefore, this study presents a new framework to model drivers of urban-LU changes in Lusaka, Zambia for the last 50 years using ground questionnaire surveys and the analytic network process (ANP). The study considers the growth of six urban-LUs, namely, unplanned high density residential (UHDR), unplanned low density residential (ULDR); planned medium-high density residential (PMHDR), planned low density residential (PLDR), commercial and industrial (CMI); and public institutions and service (PIS). The results revealed that socio-economic (55.11 %) and population (27.37 %) factors have been the major drivers of urban-LU changes while political factors (13.07 %) have also played a role. The role of biophysical factors (4.44 %) has been insignificant. The ANP model ranks UHDR (1st) and CMI (2nd) areas as the fastest-growing primarily driven by interactions amongst migration, economic opportunities, social services and land market. The growth of PMHDR, PIS and PLDR areas, ranked 3rd, 4th and 5th, respectively, has been largely driven by plans and policies and the political situation. The growth of ULDR areas is ranked (6th) as the lowest. The study discusses the urban planning and land use policy implications and suggests several strategies including strengthening of the local planning authority; improvement of the land tenure policies and delivery systems; establishment of satellite economic zones to decongest the city; investment in both green and blue infrastructure; and timely policy reviews.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PEDIKULOSIS KAPITIS PADA SANTRI PUTRI PONDOK PESANTREN DI BANTUL YOGYAKARTA

Background: Health problem is a very complex problem and one of these is skin disease’s problem. Pediculosis capitis is one of the high cases of skin disease where its prevalence of children at school age. This disorder does not attract the attention of many clinical, but it can cause significant morbidity. Many factors that cause prevalence of Pediculosis capitis are density residential, social, economic, personal hygiene, behavior, personal characteristics, knowledge, and others. It is said from the information of board of Fadlun Minalloh Boarding School that in this boarding school is discovered more than 70% of students suffer from Pediculosis capitis. Objective: to determine the factors that related with the occurrence Pediculosis capitis in that boarding school.Method: This study is an observational analytic research by using cross sectional design, technique sampling used inclusion criteria. The samples are 33 respondents. The instrument used questionnaires and checklist. It uses univariate analyzing in data analysis technique and bivariate analysis with Fisher statistical test to determine the value of p, CI, and the Prevalence Ratio.Results: The results of this research shows that from 33 respondents are obtained 31 respondents (93.9%) suffered from Pediculosis capitis, while those who do not suffer from Pediculosis capitisare 2 respondents (6.1%). Bivariate analysis for personal hygiene with the incidence Pediculosis capitis p value = 0.419 and RP = 0,1,45 (95% CI: 0.650 to 3.236), for using of goods alternately with events Pediculosis capitis no correlation between the using of goods alternately with events Pediculosis capitis value of p = 0.419 and RP = 0,1,45 (95% CI: 0.650 to 3.236, and for knowledge with the occurrence of Pediculosis capitis p = 1.0 and RP = 1.074 (95% CI: 0.973 to 1.186). Conclusion: there is no significant correlation between personal hygiene, using of alternate goods, and knowledge with Pediculosis capitis of female students in boarding school Fadlun Minalloh Bantul, Yogyakarta.

Assessing the potential impacts of climate and land use change on water fluxes and sediment transport in a loosely coupled system

Climate and land use change are the two primary factors that affect different components of hydrological cycle as well as sediment transport in the watershed. Quantifying potential impact of these two stressors enables decision makers to formulate better water resource management strategies to adapt to the changing environment. To that end, we have developed an integrated modeling framework employing an Agent-based approach to simulate land use conversion that then serves as input to the Soil and Water Assessment tool (SWAT) in a loosely coupled fashion. The modeling framework was tested on the Neshanic River Watershed (NRW), 142 km2 area in central New Jersey that contains mix of urban, agricultural and forested lands. An ensemble of 10 different global climate models (GCMs) for two different greenhouse gas emission scenarios including representative concentration pathways-4.5 and 8.5 (RCP-4.5 and 8.5) were employed to model future climate from 2020 to 2045. Land use conversion for 2040 was developed based on six driving factors including distance to residential lands, agricultural lands, roads, streams, train stations, and forest using three land use transition potential models and further, the best transition potential model accompanied with some local land use restrictions.The study evaluated various components of hydrological cycle and sediment transport for the three different scenarios one-at-a-time including climate change alone, land use change alone, and combined climate and land use change. Results indicate that the changing climate will have a larger effect on the hydrologic cycle than intensifying urban land uses in the study watershed. The climate change scenarios, either alone or in composite with land use change, predict higher streamflow (32% and 36% increase over baseline, respectively), overriding the effect of land use change which predicts a decline of 5% in streamflow. The increase in streamflow results in an increase in sediment loading, presumably due to an increase stream downcutting. Conversely, the effect of land use change (in this case the conversion of agricultural land to low density residential uses), is predicted to decrease sediment load. When modelled in composite, the effect of changing land use (in this case the conversion of erodible agricultural fields to suburban development) appears to override the adverse effect of climate change, enhancing watershed resiliency by reducing sediment load and thereby improving health of the downstream aquatic ecosystems.

A study of PM2.5–10 pollution at three functional receptor sites in a sub-Saharan African megacity

PM2.5–10 (aerodynamic diameter dae 2.5 µm ≥ x ≤ 10 µm) pollution is rapidly becoming a serious problem in many urban areas especially in the least and middle income countries where air quality guidelines as well as urban infrastructure are grossly lacking. In this regards, PM2.5–10 samples collected within a 12-month period from the industrial, low- and high- density residential areas in Lagos Nigeria were studied. The PM2.5–10 were analyzed using ion beam analyses techniques vis-a-vis particle induced X-ray emission and particle induced γ-ray emission, Hybrid Single-particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) and surface meteorological data as well as Positive matrix factorization model (PMF). The results showed that the average mass loads ranged from 150 to 606 µg m−3 (industrial) 110 to 460 µg m−3 (high density residential) and 76 to 298 µg m−3 (low density residential) and revealed gross violations of local and international guidelines. In addition, the wind roses indicated that the wind flow patterns could have significant impacts on PM2.5–10 mass loads. HYSPLIT model revealed that most high episodes were caused by pollutant accumulation (induced by low wind speed) and transport of pollutants from highly polluted regions. Data on the concentrations of 22 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, and Pb) were obtained and used for receptor modeling by PMF technique. PMF results indicated that soil dust, physical construction and industrial activities were the major emissions of PM2.5–10 and could lead to negative health implications on the inhabitants of Lagos.

Comparison of Road Traffic Noise near High, Medium and Low Density Residential Areas in Nibong Tebal and Juru, Penang

Nowadays, environmental noise pollution is ranked second among other environmental pollutions in terms of public health impacts due to rapid urbanization and growing traffic especially road traffic. The aim of this study is to assess traffic noise levels between different types of residential areas in Nibong Tebal and Juru, Penang. This study compares road traffic noise levels in high density (Juru) and medium density (Nibong Tebal) residential areas in Penang. The noise levels measurements were carried out periodically in the morning (from 0700 to 1100), evening (from 1600 to 1900), and at night (from 2200 to 2300) for 15 minutes using sound level meter. The traffic characteristics were measured simultaneously during noise levels measurements. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences between two or more noise levels measured at sites of the study. Independent samples t-test was used to compare independent groups (noise levels at two different study sites and areas). In the present study, p values of less than 5% (p<0.005) were considered as statistically significant The results show that all of the noise levels measured in Juru and Nibong Tebal residential areas exceed the noise permissible limits stated in The Planning Guidelines For Environmental Noise Limits and Noise Control by low density residential areas with the permissible limits of 50dB(A) day time and 40dB(A) night time, suburban residential (medium density with the permissible limits of 55dB(A) day time and 45dB(A) night time) and urban residential (high density with the permissible limits of 60dB(A) day time and 55dB(A) night time). The equivalent continuous noise levels measured in Nibong Tebal residential areas are between 57.6 – 69dB(A) while in Juru residential areas, the noise levels measured are 66.65 to 70.7dB(A). All noise levels exceed the maximum permissible sound levels in both areas.

Relationship between Temperature, Density Residential, Knowledge, Attitude with Density of Larvae in Sub District Gunung Anyar, Surabaya

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus and transmitted by mosquito Aedes. Surabaya is one of the districts in East Java Province which includes dengue endemic areas, particularly in Sub district Gunung Anyar. The purpose of this study was analyze relationship between temperature, density residential, knowledge and attitude about the incidence and the intervention of dengue with the density of larvae Aedes aegypti in Sub district Gunung Anyar, Surabaya. This study was an observational study with cross sectional study design that used primary data like observation, interview 100 respondents with cluster random sampling. The dependent variable was density of larvae Aedes aegypti in Sub district Gunung Anyar. The independent variable was temperature, density residential, knowledge and attitude about the incidence and the intervention of dengue. The results showed that variables related with the density of larvae Aedes aegypti in Sub district Gunung Anyar was temperature (p = 0.000), density residential (p = 0.000), knowledge (p = 0.022) and attitude (p = 0.000). There was relationship between temperature, density residential, knowledge and attitude about the incidence and the intervention of dengue with density of larvae in Sub district Gunung Anyar, Surabaya. Health Center and Health Department should do public counseling routinely to increase public knowledge about the incidence and prevention of dengue.

Aplikasi Regresi Linier Berganda Pada Hubungan Kepadatan Hunian Dan Perilaku Menguras Bak Mandi Dengan Kejadian Penyakit Malaria Di Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to modelize the relationship between density residential and the behavior of tub drain with the incidence of malaria in Indonesia. This research used multiple linear regression method with 1 dependent variable and 2 independent variables. The assumption multiple linier regression is an error followed a normal distribution, error variance is homoskedastisitas, no autocorrelation problem and there was no problem of multicollinearity between independent variables. The result showed that all assumptions of multiple linier regression were fulfilled. Overall test results by using F statistic was obtained value of p = 0,001 &lt; 0,05 (alpha) it meant that at least one variable density residential or behavior of tub drain which had a significant effect on the incidence of malaria. The test results partly by using t statistics was obtained value of p variable density residential was 0,001 ; 0,05 which meant that density residential had effect on the incidence of malaria and value of p for the behavior of tub drain variable was 0,980 ; 0,05 which meant that the behavior tub drain had no effect on the incidence of malaria; Keywords : multiple linier regression, density residential, behavior, malaria

Integrating Geospatial Techniques for Urban Land Use Classification in the Developing Sub-Saharan African City of Lusaka, Zambia

For most sub-Saharan African (SSA) cities, in order to control the historically unplanned urban growth and stimulate sustainable future urban development, there is a need for accurate identification of the past and present urban land use (ULU). However, studies addressing ULU classification in SSA cities are lacking. In this study, we developed an integrated approach of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques to classify ULU in the developing SSA city of Lusaka. First, we defined six ULU classes (i.e., unplanned high density residential; unplanned low density residential; planned medium-high density residential; planned low density residential; commercial and industrial; public institutions and service areas). ULU parcels, created using road networks as homogenous units separating ULU classes, were used to classify ULU. We utilised the combined detail of cadastral and land use data plus high-resolution Google Earth imagery to infer ULU and classify the parcels. For residential ULU, we also created density thresholds for accurate separation of the classes. We then used the classified ULU parcels for post-classification sorting of built-up pixels extracted from three Landsat TM/ETM+ imageries (1990, 2000, and 2010) into respective ULU classes. Three ULU maps were produced with overall accuracy values of 84.09% to 85.86%. The maps provide information that is relevant to urban planners and policy makers for sustainable future urban planning of Lusaka City. The study also provides an insight for ULU classification in SSA cities with complex urban landscapes similar to Lusaka.

The Relationship Of Mother’s Knowledge Having Children Under Five Age With The Event Of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) At Public Health Center Padang Panjang In 2015

Approximately 20% - 30% of deaths of children under five age are caused by acute respiratory infections (ARI) . The State Indonesia respiratory disease is still quite high, especially in children that wa s at toddler group .caused by risk factors that can increase the incidence of acute respiratory infection in infants were age <2 months, malnutrition, low weight born . Sosial population , density residential and incomplete immunization. Data West Sumatra Provincial Health Office, ARI occupy the top with a total of 203 750 cases in 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of knowledge Mothers who have children with ARI . This type of research is descriptive research with cross - sectional design. The population in this study were mothers with young children who come to the public health center Kebun Sikolos Padang Panjan. Sampling technique with ac c idental sampling. This study using univariate and bivariate analysis technique with Chi-Square test at 95% trust level α = 0.05. Results of the study on 34 respondents mothers who have children in the health center Kebun Sikolos Padang Panjang, it was found that the percentage of ARI is higher among respondents with sufficient knowledge (61.8%) compared to respondents who are knowledgeable good (3%).And the results of the statistical test p - value 0.697 that while the alpha value of 0.05 means a p-value greater than the value of a then concluded there was no correlation with the mother's knowledge ISPA events in Padang Panjang Kebun Sikolos Health Center in 2015. Suggested to health officials at the health center Kebun Sikolos , Through Health Center to develop a program to improve nutrition in children under five point boost immunity in infants so they can avoid many diseases one of acute respiratory infections .

Defining The Identity of Technocentric Transformations In An Urban Edge – A Case of Kazhakuttom, Trivandrum

Technocentric developments often result in creating a socio-spatial duality in different contexts, forming a place identity with contesting nature of the global and local settlements. The location of technocentric campuses in the urban periphery results in a haphazard development with little response to the context, also resulting in social strife and generating possibilities of marginalisation and gentriication of the local communities in near future. This will affect the urban life due to a discontinuity in the urban realm. The current transformations include functional change of existing residential units into mixed-use commercial and lodging facilities and, conversion of vacant plots into high density residential and commercial functions.The transformations seen at the site of the case study also include the conversion of the earlier dead bypass stretch into a highly active corridor with restaurants, informal eateries, and hang out areas targeting the techie population which adds to the changing urban identity of Kazhakuttom. This paper attempts to envision the future development and urban identity of Kazhakuttom as the new economic district of Trivandrum city as a favourable work-live-entertainment environment with support facilities, while also incorporating local aspirations to ensure social and spatial continuity.The methodology involved a detailed macro and micro level primary study and analysis of Kazhakuttom so as to identify the issues. The methodology included correlating the primary study with literature study on concepts and theories of identity, glocalization, and hybridization. The design cues from related technocentric contexts in Silicon Valley, Gurgaon and Bengaluru allowed developmemnt of design strategies for integrating the technocentric campuses with the local context and culture of the place.

ARAHAN KEBIJAKAN PENGENDALIAN KONVERSI LAHAN SAWAH DI KOTA SOLOK

Paddy field conversion occurs along with population growth followed by increased need for non-agricultural land. This research aims to formulate the direction control of paddy field conversion in Solok. Therefore it is necessary to analyze, they are scalogram analysis, and stepwise regression analysis. Paddy fields conversion in period of 2004-2014 in the Solok city 32,28 ha, mostly in the Lubuk Sikarah District. The threat of paddy fields conversion based of RTRW Solok city 2012-2031 is 403,60 ha (41,55%). Most of the villages in Solok belong to Hierarchy 1 except IX Korong with hierarchy 2 and Laing with hierarchy 3. The factors affecting of paddy field conversion in Solok city is land and building tax, land tittling, and the allocation of land for industrial, low density residential, high density residential, worship, and paddy fields allocation in the RTRW. Control direction of paddy field conversion in Solok city is to raise taxes on non-agriculture land, increasing the role of traditional institutions, community leaders and agricultural extension, zoning by setting RDTR of Solok city, determination of food sustainable agricultural land (LP2B) and repair damaged irrigation networks.

USING LANDSAT-8 DATA TO EXPLORETHE CORRELATION BETWEEN URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND URBAN LAND USES

On a local scale, climate change can potentially exacerbate the urban heat island (UHI) effect characterized by an abrupt thermal gradient between urbanized and nearby non-urbanized areas. While it is well-known that the presence of impervious surfaces and less vegetation influence urban microclimate, relatively little attention has been given to the spatial patterns of urban heat islands and how these patterns are affected by land use. In this study, we derive land surface temperature (LST) from Landsat 8 data over four time frames and analyze the relationship between urban thermal environments and urban land use. Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) band data are converted to top-of-atmosphere spectral radiance using radiance rescaling factors. At-satellite brightness temperature was retrieved and the land surface emissivity was calculated. In addition, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Normalized Difference Built-up Index were computed and their correlations with LST for each land use were examined. The results indicate that the highest maximum land surface temperature was observed in high density residential and commercial areas near city’s downtown. Coastal areas and areas near water bodies are found to have lower land surface temperatures. The results from this study can inform planning and zoning practices aimed at reducing the urban heat island effect and creating a cooler and more comfortable thermal environment for city residents.

The Influence of Meteorological Parameters and Land use on the Seasonal Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the Industrial Coastal City of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Deaths resulting from CO poisoning has been a recurrent incidence in the city of Port Harcourt especially from risky behaviors, such as improper placement of power generating sets and indoor use of charcoal grills. Domestic CO poisoning is rarely reported and remains an under recognized problem. This study therefore examined the concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) as influenced by both landuse and meteorological parameters of wind speed, relative humidity, ambient temperature and rainfall in the industrial city of Port Harcourt. Air quality and meteorological data were measured at twelve stations: two each from the industrial, high and low density residential, commercial, transportation and surrounding rural areas. Data were collected for seven weeks during wet, transition and dry seasons. Analysis of data was done using ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression techniques. Result showed that during the wet season, wind speed was significant at 99% in impacting the concentration of CO at the low density residential areas of GRA and Abuloma housing estates. The coefficient of determination value (22.9%) showed that jointly, the meteorological variable accounted for 23.9% of the variation in the concentration of CO during the wet season at the low density residential areas. At the rural areas, the correlation matrix shows that both rainfall (-0.117) and wind speed (-0.318) correlated inversely with CO during the wet season. But air temperature (0.005) and relative humidity (0.268) correlated directly with CO. Generally, the mean weekly concentration of CO revealed that the industrial areas accounted for 28.8%, 26.7% and 22.1% of the total atmospheric loading of CO during the transition, dry and wet season respectively. Further studies are needed to link exposure to CO with mortality and morbidity.

STUDI KOMPARASI ANGKA KUMAN UDARA PADA RUANG PERAWATAN KELAS III DI IRNA II RSUD PROF. DR. MARGONO SOEKARJO PURWOKERTO TAHUN 2014

The Hospital of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto is a type B regional hospital that providesspecialist medical care and subspecialty limited. Treatment Room at IRNA II Class III is room surgicaltreatment for the disease, so that the potential occurrence of nosocomial infections. The purpose of thisstudy was to determine whether there are differences in the numbers of germs existing air in 6 types ofclass III treatment rooms of IRNA II in hospitals of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto.This research is an analytic observational study with cross sectional approach. Type variables usedwere the independent variables (sanitary conditions in the third class ward IRNA II), the dependentvariable (number of air germs), potentially confounding variables (temperature, humidity, lighting,ventilation and a wide density residential).Based on the results of the examination, the average - average rate of 6 indoor air bacteriaexamined was 157.5 CFU/m3. Average - The average temperature is 29,630 C. Average - averagehumidity is 69.05%. Average - average is 122.5 Lux lighting. Ventilation holes wide average - average is13.5 m2. Average occupancy density - average is 17.55 m3.Researchers concluded in the third class ward IRNA II is not fully qualified fully seen from thequality of the physical environment. Researchers suggest a number of bacteria should be monitored asan indicator of air disinfection room does.

Assessment of the Sources of Pollution and of Surfaces Suitable for Bioretention Systems in Different Sites in Terms of Land Use

The knowledge of the rainwater runoff pollution sources and the flow pattern is essential in evaluation of storm water management options. The aim of the study was to identify the pollution sources, to establish the position of these sources and runoff pathways of the polluted rainwater; identify the areas where can be implemented the bioretention systems; the size analysis of the surfaces suitable for bioretention systems implementation based on location and land use. The study included four types of urban sites: commercial, industrial, low density residential and high density residential. The methodology of identification of diffuse pollution sources in the studied sites used field observation methods, imagery and GIS software. To properly identify the pattern of the stormwater runoff, field observations were made during the days with precipitation, between March 2012 and August 2014. For a clear results, were observed precipitations and runoff for each season separately, including snowfall (was followed water leakage pattern from melting snow). Precipitations with varying degrees of intensity were followed. The sources of diffuse pollution of stormwater runoff were determined on the basis of land use types. The results show that the diffuse sources of contamination of rainwater runoff are characteristic of the studied areas in close relationship with the land use type. The evaluation of suitable surfaces for bioretention implementation in Cluj-Napoca, by studying these four representative areas, shows that in all areas, regardless of the land use types, the surfaces are available for the implementation of these systems. The studied issue related to diffuse pollution sources and areas suitable for bioretention systems does not restrict and recommends their implementation.