Anopheles Densities Research Articles

Species and population density of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021

To investigate the distribution of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving the surveillance of malaria vector Anopheles and preventing re-establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province. The density and species of Anopheles mosquitoes were investigated using human-bait trapping and light trapping techniques in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. The number, population and density of captured Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and descriptively analyzed, and the geographical distribution map of malaria vectors was plotted using the software ArcGIS 10.7 in Sichuan Province. A total of 152 243 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, including 150 987 An. sinensis (99.18%) and 1 256 An. anthropophagus (0.82%), and no other Anopheles species were captured. The annual densities of An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus were 0.64 to 1.27 mosquitoes/(person-hour) and 0 to 0.07 mosquitoes/(person-hour) by the human-bait trapping technique, and 6.46 to 26.50 mosquitoes/(light-night) and 0 to 0.82 mosquitoes/(light-night) by the light trapping technique in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. A relatively higher density of An. anthropophagus was seen in Renshou County, Jianyang City, Weiyuan County and Mabian Yi Autonomous County [> 0.40 mosquitoes/(person-hour)] by the human-bait trapping technique, and in Cuiping District and Gaoxian County in Yibin City [> 1.00 mosquito/(light-night)] by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2018, with no An. anthropophagus captured from 2019 to 2021, and a relatively higher density of An. sinensis was detected in Emeishan City, Lushan County, Luojiang District, Tongchuan District and Zhaohua District [> 4.00 mosquitoes/(person-hour)] by the human-bait trapping technique, and in Huili County, Yuexi County, Dechang County, Langzhong City, Pingchang County and Xuanhan County [> 40.00 mosquitoes/(light-night)] by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. Malaria vectors were still widespread in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, and An. sinensis was the dominant species of malaria vectors. There is still a risk of local re-establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province, and it is needed to continue to improve the surveillance of imported malaria cases and malaria vectors.

IDENTIFICATION AND DENSITY OF MOSQUITO SPECIES THAT CAUSE FILARIASIS DISEASE IN TANIWEL WEST SERAM DISTRICT

The purpose of this study was to look at the types and density of mosquitoes in the Taniwel district. Research time is August 2021. This research is descriptive in nature. where only see the type and density using the existing formula. In this study, Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes were found. The results showed that mosquitoes found in East Taniwel sub-district, Sohuwe Village, Lumahlatal, and Maloang found 2 genera of mosquitoes namely Mansonia and Anopheles with mansonia density in Sohuwe village 3.29%, Lumahlatan 2.83% and Maloang 2.66. while the density of Anopheles in Sohuwe village was 3.62%, Lumahlatan 3.45% and Maloang 2.66%.

Surveillance of malaria vector Anopheles in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019

To understand the density, populations and habitats of malaria vector Anopheles in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the countermeasures to tackle the risk of local transmission of imported malaria in the province. The malaria vector Anopheles density and populations were monitored using human bait trapping and light trapping techniques in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019, and all captured Anopheles was morphologically identified and counted. In addition, the distribution of Anopheles habitats was investigated. During the period from 2005 through 2019, the malaria vector Anopheles density increased from early June in Guizhou Province, peaked on early July and then declined, which appeared a single peak. The greatest Anopheles density was seen on early August, 2018 [57.34 mosquitoes/(person-night)], and the lowest density was found on late October, 2009 [1.29 mosquitoes/(person-night)]. The annual mean Anopheles density slowly reduced from 17.91 mosquitoes/(person-night) in 2005 to 12.34 mosquitoes/(person-night) in 2012, with a 38.02% reduction (χ2trend = 115.04, P < 0.01), while the annual mean Anopheles density showed a tendency towards a rise from 2017 to 2019 (χ2trend = 420.00, P < 0.01). The malaria vector Anopheles was captured during the period between 19 : 00 and 7 : 00 of the next day in Guizhou Province from 2017 to 2019, with the overall density appearing a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline, and the Anopheles activity was highly frequent during the period between 19 : 00 and 21 : 00. The malaria vector Anopheles was monitored for 938 times using the light trapping method in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019, and a total of 52 781 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured, including 49 705 An. sinensis, 804 An. minimus, 238 An. anthropophagus, and 2 034 other Anopheles mosquitoes, with a significant difference seen in the Anopheles composition (χ2 = 165.68, P < 0.01). From 2017 to 2019, a total of 24 557 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in human housings, outdoors and livestock housings in Guizhou Province, with 67.65% captured in livestock housings and 12.01% in human housings, and there was a significant difference in the number of Anopheles mosquitoes captured from the three types of habitats (χ2 = 55.04, P < 0.01). An. sinensis, An. minimus and An. anthropophagus were captured form all three types of habitats, in which 98.07% was An. sinensis, and 0.09% was An. anthropophagus. The population structure of malaria vector Anopheles has changed in historically malaria-endemic areas of Guizhou Province, and An. sinensis has replaced An. minimus and An. anthropophagus to become the predominant malaria vector. The malaria vector Anopheles density has shown a tendency towards a rise in Guizhou Province during the recent years, and there have been a rise in the type and number of Anopheles mosquitoes, leading to a potential risk of local transmission of imported malaria. Long-term, persistent and extensive surveillance of malaria vectors is recommended in Guizhou Province.

Impacts of ivermectin mass drug administration for onchocerciasis on mosquito populations of Ogun state, Nigeria

BackgroundThe impact of single-dose mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin for onchocerciasis on mosquito populations was investigated in Ogun State, Nigeria.MethodsIndoor and outdoor collection of mosquitoes was carried out in two intervention (IC) and two control communities (CC) at three different periods: pre-MDA (baseline), 2–3 days after MDA and 13–14 days after MDA. The density and parity rate of female Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes were determined and compared. Environmental and climatic data of study locations were obtained to perform generalized linear model analysis.ResultsA total of 1399 female mosquitoes were collected, including 1227 Anopheles and 172 Culex mosquitoes. There was a similar magnitude of reduction in the indoor density of Anopheles by 29% in the IC and CC 2–3 days post-MDA but the reduction in indoor parity rate was significantly higher (p = 0.021) in the IC, reducing by more than 50%. In the IC, observation of a significant reduction at 2–3 days post-MDA was consistent for both the indoor density (1.43 to 1.02) and indoor parity rate (95.35% to 44.26%) of Anopheles mosquitoes. The indoor parity rate of Anopheles remained significantly reduced (75.86%) 13–14 post-MDA. On the other hand, the indoor density of Culex increased from 0.07 to 0.10 at 2–3 days post-MDA while the indoor parity rate of Culex did not change. The outdoor density of Anopheles in the IC increased (p = 0.394) from 0.58 to 0.90 at 2–3 days post-MDA; a similar observation was consistent for the outdoor density (2.83 to 3.90) and outdoor parity rate (70.59% to 97.44%) of Culex, while the outdoor parity rate of Anopheles reduced from 85.71 to 66.67% at 2–3 days post-MDA. A generalized linear model showed that ivermectin MDA significantly caused a reduction in both the indoor density (p < 0.001) and indoor parity rate (p = 0.003) of Anopheles in the IC.ConclusionIvermectin MDA resulted in the reduction of both the survival and density of Anopheles mosquitoes. This has strong implications for malaria transmission, which depends strongly on vector survival.Graphical abstract

Pemanfaatan Ternak dalam Pengendalian Nyamuk Vektor Penyakit

Mosquito are insects that cause the most health problems in society and animal, namely as nuisance insects and vector of various diseases such as malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis, dirofilariasis, filariasis, St. Louis Encephalitis and West Nile Virus. Control of mosquito as a vector with utilization of cattle (zooprophylaxis) needs to be done so the role of cattle is more optimize. This study aimed to know the effect of the placement of cattle around population to reduce contact between mosquitoes and human. Catching mosquitoes was done at home with two treatments, the house with cattle and house without cattle. Catching mosquitoes in human by bare leg collection method at indoor and outdoor and cattle were placed in a magoon trap. The result showed density of Cx. sitiens are known as vector of Japanese Encephalitis in human at house with cattle 12.05 mosquitoes/man/hour, in human at house without cattle 16.31 mosquitoes/man/hour, and in cattle 54.38 mosquitoes/cattle/hour. Density of Anopheles are known as vector of malaria were caught showed placement of cattle reduce contact between mosquitoes and human. Density of An. sundaicus in human at house with cattle 0.03 mosquitoes/man/hour, in human at house without cattle 0.01 mosquitoes/man/hour, and in cattle 9.63 mosquitoes/cattle/hour. This research showed placement of cattle as zooprophylaxis media around population divert mosquitoes from human to animal

Fine-scale distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside human dwellings in three low-altitude Tanzanian villages

While malaria transmission in Africa still happens primarily inside houses, there is a substantial proportion of Anopheles mosquitoes that bite or rest outdoors. This situation may compromise the performance of indoor insecticidal interventions such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). This study investigated the distribution of malaria mosquitoes biting or resting outside dwellings in three low-altitude villages in south-eastern Tanzania. The likelihood of malaria infections outdoors was also assessed. Nightly trapping was done outdoors for 12 months to collect resting mosquitoes (using resting bucket traps) and host-seeking mosquitoes (using odour-baited Suna® traps). The mosquitoes were sorted by species and physiological states. Pooled samples of Anopheles were tested to estimate proportions infected with Plasmodium falciparum parasites, estimate proportions carrying human blood as opposed to other vertebrate blood and identify sibling species in the Anopheles gambiae complex and An. funestus group. Environmental and anthropogenic factors were observed and recorded within 100 meters from each trapping positions. Generalised additive models were used to investigate relationships between these variables and vector densities, produce predictive maps of expected abundance and compare outcomes within and between villages. A high degree of fine-scale heterogeneity in Anopheles densities was observed between and within villages. Water bodies covered with vegetation were associated with 22% higher densities of An. arabiensis and 51% lower densities of An. funestus. Increasing densities of houses and people outdoors were both associated with reduced densities of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Vector densities were highest around the end of the rainy season and beginning of the dry seasons. More than half (14) 58.3% of blood-fed An. arabiensis had bovine blood, (6) 25% had human blood. None of the Anopheles mosquitoes caught outdoors was found infected with malaria parasites. Outdoor densities of both host-seeking and resting Anopheles mosquitoes had significant heterogeneities between and within villages, and were influenced by multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors. Despite the high Anopheles densities outside dwellings, the substantial proportion of non-human blood-meals and absence of malaria-infected mosquitoes after 12 months of nightly trapping suggests very low-levels of outdoor malaria transmission in these villages.

Quantifying individual variability in exposure risk to mosquito bites in the Cascades region, Burkina Faso

BackgroundThe Cascades region, Burkina Faso, has a high malaria burden despite reported high insecticide-treated mosquito net (ITN) use. Human and vector activities outside the hours when indoor interventions offer direct protection from infectious bites potentially increase exposure risk to bites from malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes. This work investigated the degree of variation in human behaviour both between individuals and through time (season) to quantify how it impacts exposure to malaria vectors.MethodsPatterns in human overnight activity (18:00–06:00) to quantify time spent using an ITN across 7 successive nights in two rural communities, Niakore (N = 24 participants) and Toma (71 participants), were observed in the dry and rainy seasons, between 2017 and 2018. Hourly human landing Anopheles mosquito catches were conducted in Niakore specifically, and Cascades region generally, between 2016 and 2017. Data were statistically combined to estimate seasonal variation in time spent outdoors and Anopheles bites received per person per night (bpppn).ResultsSubstantial variability in exposure to outdoor Anopheles bites was detected within and between communities across seasons. In October, when Anopheles densities are highest, an individual’s risk of Anopheles bites ranged from 2.2 to 52.2 bites per person per night (bpppn) within the same week with variable risk dependent on hours spent indoors. Comparably higher outdoor human activity was observed in April and July but, due to lower Anopheles densities estimated, bpppn were 0.2–4.7 and 0.5–32.0, respectively. Males and people aged over 21 years were predicted to receive more bites in both sentinel villages.ConclusionThis work presents one of the first clear descriptions of the degree of heterogeneity in time spent outdoors between people and across the year. Appreciation of sociodemographic, cultural and entomological activities will help refine approaches to vector control.

Mosquito Behavior of Mansonia and Anopheles and Its Relationship With the Filariasis Disease in Taniwel Timur District and Taniwel, Seram barat regency

Mansonia mosquitoes are in endemic forest and swamp areas, dirty environments and unused fish farming areas, Mansonia mosquitoes are aggressive and suck blood when humans are at night, outside the home. Anopheles actively seeks blood during illness and at night. This research uses survey and cross sectional research, it discusses to study mosquitoes, the density of mosquitoes mansonia and anopheles, as well as looking at the development of disease (prevalence) of filariasis. The population in this study is the population and population of mosquito mansonia and anopheles in East Taniwel and Taniwel Districts. Filariasis in Taniwel and East Taniwel Sub-districts, West Seram District was reported in local health centers of around 15 people. The outbreak of filariasis in Taniwel District around 2010-2019. Mansonia bleeds people at home when sick at 18: 00-18: 45. While outside the house at night 20: 00-20: 45. While Anopheles mosquitoes bite humans, at dusk and at night at 16.00-24.00, The peak is 02.00-03.00. The density of mansonia mosquitoes in Sohuwe Village, 4.00 - 5.85, Lumalatal 5.00 - 6.60 and Maloang 4.00-5.50 (moderate), Anopheles in Sohuwe 7.00-9.85, Lumalatal 5.89- 6.82, Maloang 5.00-6.50 (high). The prevalence of filariasis in Sohuwe 0.66, Lumlat 0.88. and Maloang 1.54. There is a relationship between attitudes and community relations with filariasis

Survei Jentik Nyamuk Anopheles di Desa Maukeli Kecamatan Mauponggo

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the parasitic plasmodium protozoan parasite. This disease is transmitted through female Anopheles sp mosquito bites. Anopheles mosquito breeding sites can be in the form of fresh water or salt water, ponds that are overgrown with aquatic plants or those that do not plant, rice fields, river mouths where the flow is not swift and small pools filled with rainwater. Maukeli Village is a village that has a lot of rice fields. The purpose of this study was to determine the density of Anopheles mosquito larvae at various breeding places in Maukeli Village, Mauponggo District in 2018. This type of research design was a descriptive survey with a population of all Anopheles sp. existing in the breeding places and breeding places of mosquito larvae Anopheles sp. The samples in this study were all Anopheles mosquito larvae from the results of abduction at breeding places in Maukeli Village. Sampling was carried out accidentally (ie Anopheles mosquito larvae which happened to be available or available to be sampled. The results showed that there were 4 breeding places, namely paddy fields with average density of Anopheles mosquito larvae (12 tail/ cut), river mouths with average density of Anopheles mosquito larvae (8 tail/ cud), pools with average density of mosquito larvae Anopheles (3 tail/ cud) and the lagoon with average density of Anopheles mosquito larvae (5 tail/ cud) while permanent breeding sites are river mouths and temporary breeding sites, such as river mouths, pools and lagoon.&#x0D;

The effect of improved housing on indoor mosquito density and exposure to malaria in the rural community of Minkoameyos, Centre Region of Cameroon

BackgroundThis study evaluated the effectiveness of improved housing on indoor residual mosquito density and exposure to infected Anophelines in Minkoameyos, a rural community in southern forested Cameroon.MethodsFollowing the identification of housing factors affecting malaria prevalence in 2013, 218 houses were improved by screening the doors and windows, installing plywood ceilings on open eaves and closing holes on walls and doors. Monthly entomological surveys were conducted in a sample of 21 improved and 21 non-improved houses from November 2014 to October 2015. Mosquitoes sampled from night collections on human volunteers were identified morphologically and their parity status determined. Mosquito infectivity was verified through Plasmodium falciparum CSP ELISA and the average entomological inoculation rates determined. A Reduction Factor (RF), defined as the ratio of the values for mosquitoes collected outdoor to those collected indoor was calculated in improved houses (RFI) and non-improved houses (RFN). An Intervention Effect (IE = RFI/RFN) measured the true effect of the intervention. Chi square test was used to determine variable significance. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsA total of 1113 mosquitoes were collected comprising Anopheles sp (58.6%), Culex sp (36.4%), Aedes sp (2.5%), Mansonia sp (2.4%) and Coquillettidia sp (0.2%). Amongst the Anophelines were Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (95.2%), Anopheles funestus (2.9%), Anopheles ziemanni (0.2%), Anopheles brohieri (1.2%) and Anopheles paludis (0.5%). Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) was the only An. gambiae sibling species found. The intervention reduced the indoor Anopheles density by 1.8-fold (RFI = 3.99; RFN = 2.21; P = 0.001). The indoor density of parous Anopheles was reduced by 1.7-fold (RFI = 3.99; RFN = 2.21; P = 0.04) and that of infected Anopheles by 1.8-fold (RFI = 3.26; RFN = 1.78; P = 0.04). Indoor peak biting rates were observed between 02 a.m. to 04 a.m. in non-improved houses and from 02 a.m. to 06 a.m. in improved houses.ConclusionHousing improvement contributed to reducing indoor residual anopheline density and malaria transmission. This highlights the need for policy specialists to further evaluate and promote aspects of house design as a complementary control tool that could reduce indoor human–vector contact and malaria transmission in similar epidemiological settings.

Pilot study on comprehensive malaria control in Judong Village, Congjiang County, Guizhou Province

To explore the working mode of continuous malaria elimination. Judong Village in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, which had the highest record of malaria incidence in the history of Guizhou Province, was selected as a pilot, a comprehensive prevention and control intervention was carried out aiming at the malaria epidemic, transmission and influencing factors, and the effect was evaluated after the intervention. From 2015 to 2016, through those intensive measures of constructing system, improving environment and health education, the people's awareness of malaria prevention was increased, the people's enthusiasm and initiatives to participate in the prevention and control of malaria were improved in Judong Village. Meanwhile, the roads were hardened and beautified, the dispose of sewage, feces and garbage was centralized. The awareness rate of malaria prevention knowledge of residents increased to 85% to 95%, and the formation rate of anti-mosquito behavior increased to 89.66%. The density of media Anopheles reduced from 0.56 to 0.07 mosquitoes per hour each mosquito catching platform. A long-term mechanism for malaria prevention and control has been almost constructed in Judong Village, which facilitates the consolidation of malaria control achievements, and the progress towards malaria elimination.

Identification and characterization of Anopheles spp. breeding habitats in the Korhogo area in northern C\xf4te d\u2019Ivoire: a study prior to a Bti-based larviciding intervention

BackgroundAlthough larviciding may be a valuable tool to supplement long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) in West Africa in different ecological settings, its actual impact on malaria burden and transmission has yet to be demonstrated. A randomized controlled trial was therefore undertaken to assess the effectiveness of larviciding using Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti) in addition to the use of LLINs. In order to optimally implement such a larviciding intervention, we first aimed to identify and to characterize the breeding habitats of Anopheles spp. in the entire study area located in the vicinity of Korhogo in northern Côte d’Ivoire.MethodsWe conducted two surveys during the rainy and the dry season, respectively, in the thirty villages around Korhogo involved in the study. In each survey, water bodies located within a 2 km radius around each village were identified and assessed for the presence of mosquito larvae. We morphologically identified the larvae to the genus level and we characterized all of the habitats positive for Anopheles spp. larvae based on a predefined set of criteria.ResultsOverall, 620 and 188 water bodies positive for Anopheles spp. larvae were sampled in the rainy and the dry season, respectively. A broad range of habitat types were identified. Rice paddies accounted for 61% and 57% of the habitats encountered in the rainy and the dry season, respectively. In the rainy season, edges of rivers and streams (12%) were the second most abundant habitats for Anopheles spp. larvae. More than 90% of the Anopheles spp. breeding habitats were surrounded by green areas. Dams, ponds and drains produced higher numbers of Anopheles spp. larvae per square meter than rice paddies (RR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.18–1.94; P = 0.0010). The density of Anopheles spp. larvae was significantly higher in habitats surrounded by low-density housing (RR = 4.81; 95% CI: 1.84–12.60; P = 0.0014) and green areas (RR = 3.96; 95% CI: 1.92–8.16; P = 0.0002] than habitats surrounded by high-density housing. Turbid water [RR = 1.42 (95% CI: 1.15–1.76; P = 0.0012) was associated with higher densities of Anopheles spp. larvae. The likelihood of finding mosquito pupae in Anopheles spp. breeding habitats was higher in the dry season (OR = 5.92; 95% CI: 2.11–16.63; P = 0.0007) than in the rainy season.ConclusionsRice paddies represented the most frequent habitat type for Anopheles spp. larvae in the Korhogo area during both the rainy and the dry seasons. Anopheles spp. breeding habitats covered a very large and dynamic area in the rainy season whereas they were fewer in number in the dry season. In this context, implementing a larviciding strategy from the end of the rainy season to the dry season is presumably the most cost-effective strategy.

The Affairs of Anopheles Mosquito in the Working Area 2015 Hamadi Puskesmas Kota Jayapura

Mosquitoes are arthropods that many of us encounter in our lives. One type of mosquito encountered in Indonesia is Anopheles, sp. The genus Anopheles, sp. Is a mosquito transmitting several diseases, mainly malaria. In Papua province, three species of Anopheles, sp, were found to act as malaria vectors, namely: Anopheles farauti, Anopheles koliensis, and Anopheles punctulatus (Elyazar, et al, 2013). The purpose of this study was to determine the density of Anopheles, sp in the working area of the City of Jayapura Hamadi Health Center in 2015. The samples in this study were 429 people with malaria homes.

Malaria vector population density and man-biting rate in three selected areas of Taraba State, north-east Nigeria

The prevalence and risks of malaria depend on Anopheles vectorial capacity which includes the vector’s density, contact with humans and longevity. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the Anopheles species density and Man-Biting Rate in three riverine communities of Taraba State, north-east Nigeria. Monthly sampling of indoor mosquitoes was done between September, 2015 and August 2017 in Ardo Kola, Bali and Donga using Pyrethrum-Spray Catch (PSC), taking note the number of persons that slept overnight in the sampled-rooms and size of the rooms. The collected female Anopheles mosquitoes were identified to species level and sorted out based on gonotrophic status. The fed-ones were tested for human blood antigen using ELISA.1, 073. Anopheles identified contained 14 species. Human Blood Index (HBI) of the fed ones (n = 188) was 1(100%). Indoor-Resting Density of Anopheles were higher in wet season 1.38(60.3%) than in the dry season 0.91(39.7%). t-test analysis showed significant difference in seasonal variations in the Indoor Resting Densities of Anopheles species (p&lt;0.05). Anopheles species with highest densities in the study areas were: An. gambiae 1.23(53.7%), An. funestus 0.44(19.2%), An. constani 0.19(8.1%). Density of Anopheles species was highest in Ardo Kola 8.39(36.5%) followed by Bali 7.5(33.1%) and the least was Donga 7.0(30.4%). Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in IRD in study areas (p&gt;0.05). Man-biting rate of Anopheles species in seasons showed that Anopheles bite more in wet season 0.78/ night/person (53.1%) than in dry season 0.69/night/person (46.9%). The Anopheles species that bite most in all the seasons were, An.gambiae 0.75(51.0%), An.funestus 0.29(19.7%) and An. constani 0.36(24.5%). No significant differences in MBR in seasons (p&gt;0.05). Anopheles species had highest Man-Biting Rate in Ardo Kola 0.89(60.5%) followed by Bali 0.39(26.5%) and the least was Donga 0.19(13.0%) Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in Man-Biting Rate of Anopheles in study areas (p&lt;0.05). This study shows that Anopheles funestus and Anopheles constani, are competing for second position as major malaria vectors in the study-areas and seasons after An. gambiae. Study of longevity of the vectors is essential to ascertain this. The study-areas need to be given equal treatment in intervention on malaria control.Keywords: Anopheles species; Man-Biting Rate; vector density; vectorial capacity.

Mind the weather: a report on inter-annual variations in entomological data within a rural community under insecticide-treated wall lining installation in Kwara State, Nigeria

BackgroundEntomological indices within a specific area vary with climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity. Contributions of such weather parameter fluctuations to the changes in entomological data obtained within a community under implementation of a promising vector control intervention should be taken into account. This study reports on inter-annual changes in entomological indices within two rural communities, one of which was under insecticide-treated durable wall lining (DL) installation.MethodsCommunity-wide DL installation was followed by monthly meteorological data and pyrethrum spray mosquito collections for 2 years in intervention and a similar neighbouring community (control). Human blood meal and sporozoite ELISA tests were conducted on female mosquitoes collected alongside PCR identification of subsamples. Mosquitoes collected at the intervention site were tested in cone susceptibility assays against subsamples of installed DL materials collected on a 6-monthly basis for 2 years. Deltamethrin susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes from the intervention site was determined before and after DL installation. Entomological indices in the first and second years were compared within each site.ResultsRainfall in the study area increased significantly (t = -3.45, df = 11, P = 0.005) from first to second year. Correlation between rainfall and Anopheles densities in both sites were significant (r = 0.681, P < 0.001). Mosquitoes collected at the intervention site were susceptible (100%) to deltamethrin at baseline but resistant (92%) in the second year. However, subsamples of installed DL materials remained effective (100% mortality) against Anopheles mosquitoes from the intervention site throughout the 6-monthly cone assay exposures. Monthly pyrethrum spray collections showed significant increase in Anopheles densities from first to second year in the control (6.36 ± 1.61 vs 7.83 ± 2.39; t = -3.47, df = 11, P = 0.005), but not in the intervention (2.83 ± 1.86 vs 4.23 ± 3.31; t = -2.03, df = 11, P = 0.067) community. However, mean annual mosquito man-biting rates increased significantly in both intervention (0.88 ± 0.18 vs 1.06 ± 0.38; F(1, 10) = 9.50, P = 0.012) and control (1.45 ± 0.31 vs 1.61 ± 0.34; F(1, 10) = 10.18, p = 0.010) sites along with increase (≥ 1.6 times) in sporozoite rates within intervention (0–2.13%) and control (2.56–4.04%) communities.ConclusionsThe slight increase in vector density, induced by significant increase in rainfall, led to increased sporozoite infection and significantly increased man-biting rates within the intervention site. These reveal the need for incorporation of integrated vector management strategies to complement DL installation especially in regions with high rainfall and mosquito density. Promising vector control tools such as DL should be evaluated on a long-term basis to reveal the possible effect of weather parameters on control performance and also allow for holistic recommendations.

STUDI BIONOMIK VEKTOR MALARIA DI KECAMATAN KALIBAWANG, KULONPROGO

The increasing of malaria cases in recent years at Kecamatan Kalibawang has been suspected correspond with the conversion of farming land-use which initiated in 1993. Four years after the natural vegetation in this area were changed become cocoa and coffee commercial farming estates, the number of malaria cases in 1997 rose more than six times, and in 2000 it reached 6085. This study were aimed to observe whether there were any differences in density and diversity of Anopheles as malaria vector between the cocoa and mix farming during dry and rainy seasons. The results of the study are useful for considering the appropriate methods, times and places for mosquito vector controlling. The study activities comprised of collecting Anopheles as well as identifying the species to determine the density and diversity of the malaria vector. Both activities were held four weeks in dry season and four weeks in rainy season. The mea-surement of physical factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall were also conducted to support the study results. Four dusuns which meet the criteria and had the highest malaria cases were selected as study location. Descriptively, the results shows that the number of collected Anopheles in cocoa farming were higher compared with those in mix horticultural farming; and the number of Anopheles species identifi ed in cocoa farming were also more varied than those in the mix horticultural farming.Key words: bionomik vektor malaria, anopheles,

Modeling of Equivalent Effective Temperature and its possible incidence on larval density of Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Villa Clara province, Cuba

The wind chill or Equivalent Effective Temperature (EET) is the thermic sensation that a person feels when being exposed to a certain combination of temperature from the air, relative humidity and wind velocity. The objective of this investigation was directed to determine the possible incidence of the EET upon the larval density of Anopheles mosquitoes in Villa Clara province, Cuba. The Climatological data were compiled from the Yabú station in Santa Clara, and a total of 5 370 measurements were included in a database every three hours, using the aggregate function of the Statistical Package of Social Science software version 13 (SPSS), from January 1st, 2011 to September 30th, 2013. A long term forecast (1 year of advance) was made to obtain EET and the Anopheles larval density in the locality of Santo Domingo was modelled. These entomological data were taken at the same time but monthly, so the EET data were converted to monthly scale to be correlated with the monthly data of the larval density. The result was a 97.1 % of variance with a standard error (SE) of 3.57 °C for the model of the EET with a year of anticipation; therefore, the tendency in time was significant. The modeling also included the Anopheles larval density of mosquitoes in Santo Domingo, Villa Clara province, observing an increase of the EET, while the Anopheles mosquito larvae also increased. The most important variables in the model were the EET that were back in 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 16, 24, 40 for the previous year; that is to say 2 920, 2 921, and so on, which explained a strong contagion among the data. EET correlation compared with itself in previous year was high; therefore, it may be used as a predictable variable. The anophelinic density in Santo Domingo explained the 66 % of the variance, with a SE of 0.66 larvae.m-2. The tendency of the Anopheles larval density was to diminish. In conclusion, EET has an important impact in larval density of Anopheles with EET increase associated with larval density increase.

JENIS DAN STATUS ANOPHELES SPP. SEBAGAI VEKTOR POTENSIAL MALARIA DI PULAU SUMBA PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

The new case of malaria in East Nusa Tenggara Province is the third highest in Indonesia. One of the endemic area of malaria is Sumba Island with geographic condition that is enable for Anopheles to breed. Research of Anopheles spp. in Sumba Island and the information about the vector is still limited. The aim of the research was to investigate the species and status of Anopheles spp. as a potential vector of malaria in Sumba Island. The research was conducted in 12 location in Sumba Island in 2009 and 2012). Data collected was the kind of Anopheles species and its breeding habitat. The data was analysed descriptively. Anopheles species that have been captured were 12 species, mostly between 9-10 pm and 4-5am. The mosquito larva was found in 9 Anopheles spp.’s breeding habitat. The resting behavior of Anopheles spp. exist more outside the house or around the cage (60,46%). Human biting behavior exist more outside the house (60.325). The highest Man Hour Density of Anopheles spp. (Man Hour Density/MHD) is An. Sondaicus with MHD 11,98. The highest of biting density per catching method is An. Sondaicus which bite human as a bait outside the house (MHD = 9,58). The highest Species domination (DS) is An. sondaicus with DS = 5,067. There were 12 species of Anopheles in Sumba Island, with 9 kinds of Anopheles spp.’s breeding habitat. There were 3 species that have been confirmed as malaria vector, those are An. sondaicus, An. subpictus, An. Barbirostris. While the suspect of vector were An. vagus and An. annularis which also spread in whole Sumba. It needs efforts to destroy breeding place by heaping or flowing the puddle, the using of insect repellent and wearing long clothes in doing the activity outside the house.

Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Malaria di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kuala Bhee Kecamatan Woyla Kabupaten Aceh Barat

Background: Anual Parasite Incidence (API) in West Aceh in 2010 reached 2.6 per 1000 population, then the API in 2011 decreased 1.05 per 1000 population, in 2012 the API decreased 0.9 per 1000 population, API increased to 0.93 per 1000 in 2013.This research aimed to know the association between environmental, behavioral risk factors and the incidence of malaria in the Working Area of Kuala Bhee Public Health Center in Woyla District.Methods: It was an observational research using case control design. There were 92 respondents used in this research, consisted of 46 malaria case and 46 controls. Statistical analysis used Chi Square tests, followed by Linear Regresion test.Result: The results showed that variables that become risk factors of incidence malaria: the presence of livestock pens (OR = 2.673, 95% CI = 1.095-6.521), the presence of stagnant water (OR = 4.026, 95% CI = 1.667-9.724), the habit of using mosquito repellent (OR = 3.343, 95% CI = 1.277-8.749), and the habit of activity outside the home at night (OR = 4.724, 95% CI = 1.959-11.389). The mean density of Anopheles 1.9 fish / person / hour with an average Man Bitting Rate (MBR) 13 tail / night and the average Man Hour Density (MHD) 6.9 fish/person/hour. Not found the presence of sporozoites in all samples of the studyConclusion: The presence of cattle sheds around the house, the presence of stagnant water around the house which contained larvae, the habit of using mosquito repellent at night time sleep and customs activity outside the home at night has a probability / risk of contracting malaria possibility of 92%. Keywords : malaria, risk factors, environmental, Aceh

Keanekaragaman jenis dan karakteristik habitat nyamuk Anopheles spp. di Desa Datar Luas, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya, Provinsi Aceh

Malaria is a mosquitoe borne disease which still holds an impact position in public health sector in indonesia. The aims of this research are to study the diversity, density and behaviour of Anopheles, mapping its larvae habitat, and to measure the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community in malaria endemic area at Datar Luas Village, Sub District Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya Regency. Mosquitoe trapping was done by landing collection inside and outside the house from 06:00 pm to 06:00 am WIB. In addition, larvae were collected and the coordinates of potential larva habitats were marked. There were eleven spesies of Anopheles, which were 45.9%, An. barbirostris and An. minimus 8.1%, An. maculatus, An. letifer, An. teselatus, An. sinensis, An. vagus, An. separatus 5.4%, An. sundaicus and An. subpictus 2.7%. The highest blood feed activity of An. kochi happened on 00:00–01:00 am WIB, An. minimus and An. barbiostris on 01:00–02:00 a.m WIB. There were four types of larvae i.e. pond, rain pudlles, marshes, and old well. An. letifer was found in pond, An. barumbrosus and An. kochi were in rain puddles, An. kochi, An. aconitus, An. vaguswere in them arshes, and An. separatuswas in old well.