Density In Units Research Articles

Research on the Correlation between the Dynamic Distribution Patterns of Urban Population Density and Land Use Morphology Based on Human–Land Big Data: A Case Study of the Shanghai Central Urban Area

The dynamic distribution of urban population density and the interaction with land use elements involve mutual constraints and guidance. However, in the existing research on the relationship between urban population density and land use, the discussion on the distribution patterns of urban population density typically spans long time periods and uses large spatial units, lacking analysis of the dynamic changes in population density within high granularity land parcels over a day. In studies related to the urban built environment, the complex relationships between different-dimensional land use elements and the dynamic distribution of population density also need further exploration. To address these bottlenecks, this study takes Shanghai’s central urban area as an example. Based on 24 h mobile signaling data on weekdays, weekends, and typical holidays, as well as urban land use data, clustering algorithms are used to summarize patterns of dynamic population density distribution. Pearson correlation analysis is then employed to study the correlation between dynamic population density distribution patterns and different land use elements. The results indicate that various urban land use factors such as locational centrality, functional diversity, transportation accessibility, compactness, and landscape quality have different impacts on the dynamic distribution of population density in spatial units, and the dynamic distribution patterns of population density in different land use types also vary. This research contributes to guiding the optimization of spatial quality and formulating planning and management measures that more effectively match construction intensity with population activity density.

Features of the neutrophil granulocyte system in patients with common scalp defects

Objective. To identify the dynamics of changes in the structure of the neutrophil granulocyte system in patients with extensive scalp defects before and after their surgical closure. Materials and methods. A computer morphometric analysis of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of neutrophilic granulocytes of patients with common scalp defects who were treated at the Department of Microvascular Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Shalimov National Scientific Centre of Surgery and Transplantation from 2017 to 2023. The main group included 15 patients with widespread defects of the soft tissues of the scalp in the I – II stage of the wound process (10) and arteriovenous angiodysplasias in the III stage according to Schobinger (5). The control group consisted of 15 volunteers without pathology. The structure features (optical cytoplasmic density in units, which indicates the presence of bactericidal potential, and cell area in μm², which indicates the level of activation) of peripheral blood neutrophil granulocytes before and after surgical closure of the defect were studied. Results. Before the surgical intervention, a pronounced polymorphism was detected, which meant a functional failure of the neutrophil granulocyte system. After surgery and healing of the defect, excessive polymorphism of the neutrophil granulocyte system was not detected in patients. Conclusions. The assessment of the degree of cellular polymorphism of neutrophil granulocytes determines the diagnostic efficiency of the study and makes it possible to identify and predict the development of local inflammation and infectious complications in patients with scalp defects.

EXPERIENCES OF ORGAN AND TISSUE DONATION COORDINATORS DURING COVID-19: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

This study was intended to examine the experiences of Organ and Tissue Donation Coordinators (OTDCs) in Turkey involved in the cadaveric donor process during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a descriptive qualitative study conducted with 12 OTDCs working in nine different regions in Turkey. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines were used to ensure transparency. Six themes emerged regarding the experiences of OTDCs: 1) intensity in intensive care units, 2) negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on OTDCs, 3) changes in the donor diagnostic process, 4) communication difficulties with family, 5) the reduction in potential donors, and 6) a decrease in organ donation activities of OTDCs. The findings emphasized that there were prolongations and changes in the coordination process due to increased patient density in intensive care units, which negatively affected the OTDCs. In addition, it was emphasized that the changes in the diagnostic process, communication difficulties with family members, and fewer potential donors led to a decrease in the number of cadaveric donors. This study highlights important issues experienced by OTDCs in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings also explain the decrease in organ donors during the pandemic. Our study revealed insufficient action plans, guidelines, and communication tools regarding the cadaveric donation process during this time.

Three-dimensional X-ray microtomography of the heart of a chick embryo in the early period of embryogenesis

Relevance. The chicken embryo model is ideal for studying the development of the heart, which is the first functioning organ in embryogenesis. Particular attention is drawn to the embryonic period, when the embryonic heart is both functioning and forming, and small deviations in this process can lead to developmental anomalies. The current lack of results of accurate measurements of the morphology of the heart of a chicken embryo requires high-quality visualization, the complexity of which is determined by dynamic changes in the morphology of the heart, small size and complex spatial details of the organ. Threedimensional imaging methods are indispensable tools in this aspect, among which X-ray microtomography has special advantages.Methods. Embryo scanning (4–8 days, embryonic stages HH22–HH34) was performed using a highresolution X-ray microtomograph Skyscan 1176. A 1% solution of phosphoric-tungstic acid was used as a contrast. Post-processing, reconstruction, visualization of 3D-images, morphometry and X-ray density assessment were carried out using software packages DataViewer (1.5.6.2), CTvox (3.3.0r1403), CT-analyser (1.18.4.0).Results. The results obtained consist of three components: 1) general three-dimensional X-ray microtomographic visualization of chicken embryos in the early stages of embryogenesis with the designation of internal organs, allowing to determine the correct location of the heart; 2) microtomography of the heart with the designation of the main structures; 3) morphometric parameters of the embryo, heart and their X-ray density in units of the Hounsfield scale (HU). The methodological approach used has shown high efficiency. With an increase in the linear size of the chicken embryo and internal organs, including the heart, a high level of both general X-ray contrast and diffraction remains. At all the studied stages of the embryonic period of embryogenesis (4–8 days; HH22–HH34), the main visual and quantitative characteristics of cardiac morphogenesis were revealed.

(Invited) Lowering the Noble Metal Requirement for PEM Water Electrolysis: Membrane Electrode Assembly and Porous Transport Layer Design Considerations

The Net Zero Emission scenario proposed by the International Energy Agency projects a required electrolytic generation of hydrogen equivalent to 3600 GW by 2050 [1], averaging to an annual installation of ~130 GW/a between 2023 and 2050. If this were to be provided by proton exchange membrane based water electrolyzers (PEM-WEs) based on platinum catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and iridium catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the current PEM-WE noble metal requirements of ~0.7 gIr/kW and ~0.3 gPt/kW [1] would have to be drastically reduced in view of the noble metal supply constraints. As argued previously, for PEM-WEs to be sustainable on such a large scale would require to achieve platinum and iridium loadings of ~0.05 mg/cm2 electrode [2,3]. While the former can be easily achieved due to the fast HER kinetics on Pt, the latter requires either ultra-thin OER catalyst layers or improved OER catalysts with a substantially reduced iridium packing density (in units of gIr/cm3 electrode) [2], like the recently developed catalyst with a hydrous iridium oxide shell supported on a titanium oxide core (IrOx/TiO2) [4,5].In this contribution, we will discuss the effect of the design of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and of the adjacent porous transport layers on PEM-WE performance. In general, the preparation of MEAs with low platinum loading cathodes is straightforward, due to the availability of carbon supported platinum catalysts (Pt/C) with a low Pt packing density. For the optimization of the ionomer content in the cathode electrode, however, its effect on the high current density performance and on the hydrogen permeation rate from cathode to anode have to be considered [6,7].With regards to the anode electrode, we will further discuss the MEA design challenges when targeting ultra-low iridium loadings. In the case of the ultra-thin catalyst layers that result when using conventional OER catalysts, additional contact resistances between the anode catalyst layer and the titanium based porous transport layer (Ti-PTL) are observed [2]. As will be shown, these can be largely mitigated by the use of a titanium based microporous layer (MPL) coated on the Ti-PTL, highlighting the importance of the interface between the PTL and the anode catalyst layer. In case of using the above described IrOx/TiO2 catalysts with low iridium packing density, their typically lower electrical conductivity also results in apparent contact resistances within and across the anode catalyst layer [4], which poses an additional constraint on the allowable range of the catalyst/ionomer ratio in the anode electrode. The interplay between the anode catalyst type, the anode ionomer content, and the type of interface between the anode electrode and the PTL (i.e., with and without MPL) will be discussed.

Characterization of a Novel Packaged Hydrogel Wound Dressing by 2.35 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hydrogel wound dressing makes easier the treatment of patients suffering from difficult wounds. A new process for the manufacturing of a sterile, packaged hydrogel wound dressing, based on an interpenetrating structure of calcium alginate, agar, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, was recently developed. The new formulation overtakes some previous technologies’ drawbacks expressing a better resistance to mechanical deformations compared to products on the market. In this work, the 2.35 T proton density, spin-lattice relaxation time, spin-spin relaxation time, phase-coherence relaxation, and water apparent diffusion coefficient analysis in the new hydrogel and several alternative formulations, including a commercial one (Neoheal®), are reported. Specifically, the combination of agar, acting as a thermolabile forming agent, with calcium alginate and γ irradiated polyvinylpyrrolidone, acting, respectively, as physical, and chemical crosslinking agents with an irreversible (temperature independent) effect, have been investigated. The new hydrogel formulation brings a qualitative improvement in its handling due to its increased mechanical stiffness when compared to the commercial hydrogel reference. This comes together with a reduced water content (100 vs. 112 for proton density in arbitrary units) and swelling capacity (88% vs. 124%) but with improved water mobility (1.42 vs. 1.34 × 10−3 mm2 s−1 for the apparent diffusion coefficient).

Direct Quantitative Characterization of Polymer Brushes Obtained by Surface-Initiated ATRP on Silicon

With respect to the increasing need for fully characterizing surface-tethered polymer brushes, the capacity of quantitative IR-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using a multiple-internal-reflection Si prism as the attenuated total reflection (ATR) element is investigated to directly characterize the surface chemical modifications occurring during a surface-initiated controlled polymerization. A simple two-step strategy is used involving first the covalent grafting of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators on a hydrogenated silicon surface and the subsequent polymerization of styrene. Three prefunctionalized surfaces designated Si-Br1, Si-Br2, and Si-Br3 are obtained by different procedures. The initiator grafting densities obtained by quantitative IR are 1.7 ± 0.3 nm–2 for Si-Br1, 1.5 ± 0.3 nm–2 for Si-Br2, and 0.9 ± 0.2 nm–2 for Si-Br3. After the polymerization of styrene under the same experimental conditions (grafting from without sacrificial initiators) and a careful Soxhlet rinse to remove physisorbed polymers formed in solution, almost no polymerization is observed using Si-Br1 with a value of the density in polymerized styrene units of 12 ± 2 nm–2, which is probably due to the chelating effect of the amino linkers used for grafting the initiators in Si-Br1. In contrast, the densities in styrene units are 54 ± 11 nm–2 using Si-Br2 and 141 ± 28 nm–2 using Si-Br3. The degree of polymerization (DP) has been evaluated by measuring the polymer thickness (by ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy, AFM) and using a scaling law relating the latter to DP for dry polymer brushes. High DP values of 200 and 1000 are found in the case of Si-Br2 and Si-Br3, respectively. The fraction of active polymerization initiators is found to be 15–18%, independent of the initiator surface density. In contrast, polymerization kinetics appear affected by steric hindrance and conformational disorder among grafted initiators. This approach for determining surface densities of grafted initiators and grafted polymer chains and DPs is fully generalizable to any other polymer system.

Atomic isotropic hyperfine properties for second row elements (Al-Cl).

Isotropic hyperfine properties have been obtained for the second row elements Al-Cl using a systematic composite approach consisting of a sequence of core/valence correlation consistent basis sets, up through aug-cc-pCV7Z, along with configuration interaction and coupled cluster methods. The best nonrelativistic final values for the atomic ground states (in MHz) are -1.80 27Al (2Po 1/2), -24.31 29Si (3P0), 63.70 31P (4So 3/2), 20.77 33S (3P2), and 35.42 35Cl (2Po 3/2). We find a large K shell contribution to the spin density at the nucleus that is almost canceled by the L and M shell contributions. The spin density in atomic units is approximately linear with respect to the atomic number.

SMS-CAM: Shared matchline scheme for content addressable memory

Content addressable memory (CAM) is a hardware search engine (HSE) used for accelerating lookup functions in tagged cache, translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) and network routers. Despite its speedy search feature, augmentation of compare-evaluate blocks to storage units costs additional area. Activation of cells and matchlines (MLs) during search operations is responsible for huge dynamic-power dissipation. This paper proposes a shared ML scheme (SMS) based on a two-step evaluation CAM cell, in order to reduce ML transitions per word besides improving density in the comparison units. A 64 × 32-bit proposed SMS-CAM, using 45-nm CMOS technology, dissipates 1.06 fJ/bit/search and achieves 100.77-ps search time. At the cost of 6.55% sacrificial delay over a conventional CAM, the proposed CAM reduces 12.38% – 30.48% energy over a self-power off gating, the conventional and an early terminate ML precharge designs. Low energy-delay results better trade-off budget besides decreasing macro area in the SMS-CAM, which could be useful in search applications of network devices.

МСКТ-семиотика диабетической остеоартропатии, осложненной хроническим остеомиелитом

Background Conventional radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine scintigraphy are the imaging techniques currently in use for the evaluation of diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy (DN) with computed tomography being not commonly employed even for cases complicated by chronic osteomyelitis. The objective was to explore MSCT-semiotics of anatomical and radiomorphological changes in foot bones in patients with DN complicated by chronic osteomyelitis (CO) to determine most common manifestations of CO in diabetic foot. Material and methods Single-centre retrospective study. A series of cases. Preoperative radiological findings, MSCT (multislice computed tomography) were examined in 14 patients with DN complicated by chronic osteomyelitis. Results The patients showed impaired structure of the cancellous bone of various severity depending on the nature and localization of foot bone destruction. Overall bone density was higher in cancellous bone of the distal tibia, talus, calcaneus with the local density ranging within significant limits and was maximum at some points of the subchondral tibia and talus and minimum in the intertrabecular areas of the calcaneus and the distal tibia. MSCT scans showed medial calcinosis of the arteries in 5 (35.7 %) from 14 patients. Conclusion MSCT as one of the most objective method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the bone is practical for identifying anatomical and topographic relationships of the foot bones and the ankle joint to facilitate reconstructions in three planes and VRT, which is important for assessing the foot in patients with DN complicated by chronic osteomyelitis. The technique allows measurement of the foot bone density in Hounsfield units determining the severity of osteoporosis, the extent of architectonics impairment to facilitate preoperative planning.

Evaluating the current condition of a threatened marine mammal population: Estimating northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) abundance in southwest Alaska

AbstractWe estimated density and abundance of the threatened southwest Alaska distinct population segment of northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in two management units. We conducted aerial surveys in Bristol Bay and South Alaska Peninsula management units in 2016, and modeled sea otter density and abundance with Bayesian hierarchical distance sampling models and spatial environmental covariates (depth, distance to shore, depth × distance to shore). Spatial environmental covariates substantially impacted sea otter group density in both management units, but effects sizes differed between the two management units. Abundance (9,733 otters, 95% CrI 6,412–17,819) and density (0.82 otters/km2, 95% CrI 0.54–1.49) estimates for Bristol Bay indicated a moderate population size. In contrast, abundance (546 otters, 95% CrI 322–879) and density (0.06 otters/km2, 95% CrI 0.03–0.09) estimates indicated a relatively low population size in South Alaska Peninsula. Overall, our results highlight the importance of accounting for the detection process in monitoring at‐risk species to reduce the uncertainty associated with making conclusions about population declines.

A comparative evaluation of bone regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells versus blood coagulum in sinus augmentation procedures.

Objective:The present study evaluated the quality and quantity of new bone formation in the maxillary sinus lift procedures and stability of implants in posterior atrophic maxilla.Materials and Methods:This prospective randomized controlled split-mouth study included 20 patients (16 males and 4 females having a mean age of 36.7 years) having atrophic maxilla. They were divided randomly into two groups: Group A using mesenchymal stem cells and Group B into blood coagulum. They were radiographically evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for residual bone height preoperatively and availability of new bone formation around implants, density, and stability of implants 6 months postoperatively.Results:The placement of dental implants in posterior maxilla is challenging due to rapid resorption of alveolar bone after extraction of teeth due to pneumatization of maxillary sinuses. In both the groups, more pain and swelling were observed in the 2nd postoperative day which gradually decreased over a period of 7 days. Membrane perforation occurs in only four cases (20%). A significant gain in alveolar bone height was observed in Group A (7.69 mm ± 2.5 mm) and Group B (9.32 mm ± 2 mm) after 6 months. On comparing both the groups, there is a similar significant increase in bone density in Hounsfield units postoperatively at various levels buccally and palatally. Total 40 sinuses were lifted and 42 implants were placed, respectively. All implants showed primary stability.Conclusions:Such findings provide a significant contribution in future perspective studies that the use of stem cells had the same success rate as blood coagulum.

Characteristics of malignant thyroid lesions on [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-Positron emission tomography (PET)/Computed tomography (CT)

ObjectivesTo determine the imaging variables that can best differentiate malignant from benign thyroid lesions incidentally found on F-18 FDG PET/CT scans. MethodsAll F-18 FDG PET/CT studies starting from 2011 to end of 2016 were reviewed for incidental thyroid lesions or metabolic abnormalities. Only patients who were found to have FNAB or histopathology were included. Patients with known thyroid malignancy were excluded. Patients were analyzed for age, sex, SUVmax, non-enhanced CT tissue density in mean Hounsfield units (HU), uptake pattern (focal or diffuse) and gland morphology (MNG or diffuse). A control group of 15 patients with normal thyroid glands were used to assess the tissue density in HU for normal thyroid tissue. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy to detect malignancy were calculated. Pearson Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables while unpaired T-test and one way ANOVA test were used to compare means of continuous variables. ROC analysis was used to assess the best cut off points for SUVmax and HU. Regression analysis was used to detect the independent predictors for malignant lesions. ResultsBiopsy was unsatisfactory or indeterminate in 4/48 patients (8%). Only 44 patients (mean age 55.2 ± 14.7; 30 females (68 %)) with unequivocal FNAB or histopathology were included for further analysis. MNG was noted in 17/44 patients (38.6 %). Thyroid malignancy was found in 16/44 (36.4 %), benign thyroid lesions in 28/44 (63.6 %). Thyroid malignancies were 12 papillary, 1 follicular, 1 Hurthle cell neoplasm and 2 lymphoma. Benign lesions were 23 benign follicular or colloid nodules and 5 autoimmune thyroiditis. Focal FDG uptake pattern was more frequently associated with malignant lesions compared to benign lesions (75 % vs. 43 %; p = 0.039). The mean SUVmax and tissue density (HU) were both higher in malignant than benign lesions (8.8 ± 8.3 vs. 3.6 ± 1.9, p = 0.024) and (48.9 ± 12.7 vs. 32.9 ± 17.5, p = 0.003) respectively. The mean HU in the control group with normal thyroid tissue was 90 ± 7.4 significantly higher than in both the benign and malignant lesions (p < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed SUVmax cutoff of >4.7 and HU cutoff of >42 to best differentiate malignant from benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy to detect malignancy for SUVmax>4.7 were 68.8 %, 78.6 %, 64.8 %, 81.5 & 75.0 % (p = 0.002), for HU > 42 were 81.3.0 %, 75.0 %, 65.0 %, 87.5 & 77.3 % (p = 0.0003) and for both parameters combined were 87.5 %, 60.7 %, 56.0 %, 89.5 % and accuracy of 70.5 % (p = 0.002) respectively. Only HU > 42 and SUVmax>4.7 were independent predictors for malignancy with odd ratios 8.98 and 4.93 respectively. ConclusionA higher tissue density (HU > 42) and SUVmax>4.7 as well as tendency for focal uptake pattern are the most significant characteristics associated with malignant thyroid lesions occasionally detected on PET/CT.

A Comparison of Nosocomial Infection Density in Intensive Care Units on Relocating to a New Hospital.

BackgroundThe study aimed to investigate the changes in nosocomial infection density after patients were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a new-build hospital.MethodsThe types and rates of nosocomial infections were obtained for a one-year period retrospectively before leaving the old hospital premises and for a one-year periods after moving into the new hospital. The intensive care unit in the “old” premises was comprised of a 17-bedded hall, and thirty-three nurses shifted to work forty-eight hours a week, with each nurse assigned to provide care for two patients. The intensive care unit in the “new” premises consisted of single rooms, each with twenty-eight beds.ResultsThe median nosocomial infection density decreased from 23 to 15 per 1000 in-patient days. The catheter-related urinary tract infection rate decreased from 7.5 to 2.6 per100 catheter days.ConclusionsTreatment of patients in the new hospital resulted in a decrease in nosocomial infection density.

Improving scallop (Pecten maximus and Placopecten magellanicus) spat production by initial larvae size and hydrodynamic cues used in nursery system

There are several factors affecting scallops during the metamorphosis process that could explain the relatively low post-larvae yield observed in hatcheries. Competent bivalve larvae respond to different settlement cues to undergo metamorphosis and without adequate cues, larvae delay their metamorphosis. The objective of this study is to improve the settlement ratio of the two scallop species, Placopecten magellanicus and Pecten maximus by physical cues associated with hydrodynamic conditions, stocking density in settlement units and larval size at time of transfer to settling units. For each treatment, physiological condition was determined by fatty acid analysis to determine the energetic reserves and structural lipids. We observed similar results for the two important commercial pectinid species and validate the hypothesis on the positive effect of increased flow rate and larval size after transfer to settlement systems on settlement success. Increasing flow rate also affects positively the physiological condition of settled post-larvae by a higher accumulation of total fatty acids in neutral lipid fractions. Furthermore, no effect of larval stocking density until 90 larvae cm−2 in the downwelling sieves was observed. To our knowledge this study is the first to characterize the effect of seawater flow rate on settlement success of different pectinid species cultured under similar conditions. The experiments were performed in a close to commercial scale and thus are relevant to industry situations.

Addressing the Licensed Doctor Maldistribution in China: A Demand-And-Supply Perspective.

Background: The maldistribution of licensed doctors is one of the major challenges faced by the Chinese health sector. However, this subject remains underexplored, as the underlying causes of licensed doctor distribution have not been fully mapped out. To fill the research void, this study theoretically modeled and empirically measured various determinants of licensed doctor distribution from both the supply and demand sides while taking the spillover effect between the adjacent geographical units into consideration. Methods: The theory of demand and supply is adopted to construct a research framework so as to explain the imbalance in the licensed doctor distribution. Both direct effects and spillover effects of the supply-side factors and demand-side factors are empirically measured with the spatial panel econometric models. Results: The health service demand was found, as expected, to be the major driving force of the licensed doctor distribution across the nation. That is, the increase in health services demands in a province could significantly help one unit attract licensed doctors from adjacent units. Unexpectedly but intriguingly, the medical education capacity showed a relatively limited effect on increasing the licensed doctor density in local units compared with its spillover effect on neighboring units. In addition, government and social health expenditures played different roles in the health labor market, the former being more effective in increasing the stock of clinicians and public health doctors, the latter doing better in attracting dentists and general practitioners. Conclusions: The results provide directions for Chinese policy makers to formulate more effective policies, including a series of measures to boost the licensed doctor stock in disadvantaged areas, such as the increase of government or social health expenditures, more quotas for medical universities, and the prevention of a brain drain of licensed doctors.

MULTIFACTOR ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL INDICES OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT IN FETAL PERIODD

With the development of computed tomography and magnetic-nuclear-resonance tomography, it became possible to present an image in numerical form, without dissection to “look” into the layered structure of biological objects, dimensions, distances, diameters, the ratio of the components of the objects under study. Therefore, the use of new visualization methods is of great importance in the study of anatomical preparations.Objective. Determine the topographic-anatomical features of the temporomandibular joint in the fetal and neonatal periods of human ontogenesis according to the latest minimally invasive diagnostic methods.Material and methods. The study was conducted on 15 preparations of fetuses and 8 preparations of newborns by the methods of macroscopy, X-ray, computed tomography, morphometry, craniometry, statistical analysis. With the help of computed tomography scans on the software-hardware complex, the dimensions of the bone-cartilage components of the temporomandibular joint were established and their density in units of Hounsfield.Results. The study has shown that in the fetuses the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone is flat, its depth during the fetal period increases only 2.25 times and in newborns it is 0.717 ± 0.133 mm. The articular tubercle of the temporal bone is differentiated from the third trimester of intrauterine development in the form of an elevation on the lower surface of the base of zygomatic process. The typical form of the head of the lower jaw in the perinatal period is the roof-like. The width of the head of the mandible, during the fetal period, increases in size by 2.03 times and in a newborn is 0.454 ± 0.0568 cm.Conclusions. According to computed tomography, the density of the bone-cartilaginous tissue of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone in the period of the II-III trimesters of intrauterine development and in newborns changes from 299 to 818 HU, the density of the bone-cartilage tissue of the mandible head - from 112 to 263 HU, which indicates intensive development of temporomandibular joint components. At the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th month of intrauterine development, the bone tissue of the head of the mandible is compacted compared to the density of the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

Radio Variability from a Quiescent Stellar-mass Black Hole Jet

Abstract Relativistic outflows are believed to be a common feature of black hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs) at the lowest accretion rates, when they are in their “quiescent” spectral state. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of how quiescent jet emission varies with time. Here we present 24 yr of archival radio observations (from the Very Large Array and the Very Long Baseline Array) of the BHXB V404 Cygni in quiescence (totaling 150 observations from 1.4 to 22 GHz). The observed flux densities follow lognormal distributions with means and standard deviations of and at 4.9 and 8.4 GHz, respectively (where f ν is the flux density in units of mJy). As expected, the average radio spectrum is flat with a mean and standard deviation of , where . We find that radio flares that increase the flux density by factors of 2–4 over timescales as short as &lt;10 minutes are commonplace, and that long-term variations (over 10–4000 day timescales) are consistent with shot-noise impulses that decay to stochastic variations on timescales ≲10 days (and perhaps as short as tens of minutes to several hr). We briefly compare the variability characteristics of V404 Cygni to jetted active galactic nuclei, and we conclude with recommendations on how to account for variability when placing quiescent BHXB candidates with radio luminosities comparable to V404 Cygni (L R ≈ 1028 erg s−1) onto the radio/X-ray luminosity plane.

Comparative Study of Bone Formation around the Implant Surface Following Simultaneous Sinus Membrane Elevation and Implant Placement With and Without Platelet Rich Fibrin.

Brief Background Rehabilitation of edentulous posterior atrophic maxilla has always been an exigent task in the field Implantology. Studies have shown, the use of Choukron’s platelet rich fibrin as a sole grafting material in sinus floor and immediate implant placement leading to bone formation in the peri-implant region. Purpose of the Study This study was conducted as novel research where, Direct Sinus Membrane elevation and simultaneous Implant placement without any bone graft resulted in bone formation in sub-antral space. This study compares and evaluates the bone formation with the help of Cone Beam CT Scan (CBCT) in sub-antral space following direct sinus membrane elevation and simultaneous implant placement and platelet rich fibrin as the sole graft. Materials and Methods 48 patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria were divided as Group I- direct sinus membrane elevation and implant placement without any graft and Group II- direct sinus membrane elevation and implant placement along with PRF as sole graft Results and Analysis Unpaired‘t test’ was used where, we ‘p’ value was compared with the level of significance. On comparing the peri-implant bone density in Hounsefield units, in CBCT scans; the bone density was more in group II which was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Summary and Conclusions PRF has proved to be a valuable autologous augmenting material in direct sinus membrane elevation and simultaneous implant placement in edentulous posterior maxilla. Key Words Hounsefield Units, Sub-antral space, Peri-implant, Cone Beam CT Scan.

195. Phenotype restoration of trophoblasts in preeclampsia by Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT)

Introduction In our previous work we demonstrated the importance of altered extracellular matrix (ECM) in disease processes and how treatment with 670 nm LLLT can restore cell behavior. Objective Of this study focuses on the signaling properties of altered ECM in preeclampsia, its contribution to preeclampsia, and the possibility of a novel therapeutic modality restoring the trophoblast phenotype with LLLT. Methods To study signaling pathways we decellularized placentas from healthy and preeclampsic subjects with 1%SDS followed by triton X and thorough wash steps. First trimester human trophoblasts (HTG8) were cultured on these two different matrices. This allows us to study trophoblast behavior in their proper microenvironment and follow the trophoblast phenotype changes. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed with a focus on PLGF, ERRg, FoxP3, and HLA-G expression comparing the different matrices. Readouts are fluorescence intensity and western blot density in arbitrary units (AU). Furthermore, 670 nm light treatment was applied to HTG8s at an energy level of 4 J/ cm[b] once and cellular changes were studied 24hours later. Results Our results show that the expression of PLGF in HTG8s was decreased from 102AU to 68 AU comparing culture on control matrix to preeclampsic matrix. ERRg expression was significantly reduced in HTG8s from 80.33AU to 18.6AU. FoxP3 expression was decreased from109.38AU to 82.1AU. HLA-G expression was significantly decreased from 105.94 to 49.48AU. LLLT restored the phenotype of HTG8s cultured on preeclampsic matrix to the phenotype of HTG8s cultured on control placenta. Statistics were performed using the Student’s t-test. Discussion Our data demonstrate for the first time that the ECM of the placenta and therefore the microenvironment has great impact on trophoblast signaling. Preeclampsic ECM alters the trophoblast phenotype and LLLT restored the phenotype to the phenotype found in trophoblasts cultured on control ECM.