Dense Wavelength-division Multiplexing Optical Networks Research Articles

Closed-form formula for unequal channel allocation to reduce FWM crosstalk in DWDM long-haul networks

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is considered as a mainstream solution for 5G optical transmission networks to confront increasing bandwidth demand. In such a dense multiwavelength system, the four wave mixing (FWM) non-linear effect limits the achievable transmission distance and channel capacity. For this reason, and to the best of our knowledge, a new unequal channel allocation (UCA) has been introduced in this paper based on new closed-form equations to reduce the FWM crosstalk in the DWDM optical long-haul network. The proposed channel allocation has been investigated based on several design parameters that affect FWM nonlinear crosstalk, such as total transmission distance, channel frequency spacing, the number of WDM channels, and the input power per channel. The suggested technique has further been compared with a previous model proposed by other authors to prove the effectiveness of this work. The simulation results have been examined and validated by analysing the optical spectrum analyser and the power of the FWM spectral products. Results demonstrate the reliability and the efficiency of the developed method.

Optical label-based cost-effective DWDM optical network performance monitoring using low-bandwidth PD with novel SRS mitigation DSP

Large-scale dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) multi-channel performance monitoring is one of the indispensable technologies for the flexible optical networks. The existing Labelbased monitoring scheme requires expensive optical demultiplexing components/equipment to avoid the influence of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), which is not only costly and bulky, but also could not monitor the wavelength channels simultaneously. In this paper, a low-cost, high-accuracy monitoring scheme based on Optical Label Method is proposed for DWDM networks, where the optical channel power and node identification (ID), as the main monitoring targets that both can indicate or evaluate the channel connection status, could be efficiently monitored. In the scheme, a novel digital signal processing (DSP) method of SRS mitigation is proposed and demonstrated, and an asynchronous code-division multiple access (A-CDMA) based digital label encoding and decoding method is adopted to distinguish the node ID so that channel initial added node can be accurately verified, thereby wavelength connection status can be reliably monitored by combining the channel power and node ID information. The simulation results show that each wavelength channel power and node ID can be accurately monitored only by low bandwidth photoelectric detector (PD) under the condition of 80 wavelengths and 10 spans at C-band.

Theoretical analysis of quantum key distribution systems when integrated with a DWDM optical transport network

Theoretical research and numerical simulation of the noise influence caused by spontaneous Raman scattering, four-wave mixing, and linear channel cross talk on the performances of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems were conducted. Three types of QKD systems were considered: a coherent one-way QKD protocol, subcarrier-wave QKD system, and continuous-variable QKD integrated with classical dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels. We calculate the secure key generation rate for the systems mentioned addressing different channel allocation schemes (i.e., configurations). A uniform DWDM grid is considered with a quantum channel located in the C-band and O-band (at 1310 nm) of a telecommunication window. The systems’ performances are analyzed in terms of the maximal achievable distance values. Configurations for further analysis and investigation are chosen optimally, i.e., their maximal achievable distances are the best.

Comparative spectral tuning and fluctuation analysis of an all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer and micro Mach–Zehnder interferometer

This paper presents a comparative spectral analysis for tuning all-fiber directional coupler-based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) and all-fiber inline Micro Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MMZI) configurations. The analytical background is necessary to estimate the change in the differential path length for tuning the channel (peak) wavelengths and inter-channel spacing (i.e. free spectral range) of the MZI. We briefly describe the method used to adjust the spectral response experimentally. The spectral tuning of all-fiber MZI and MMZI has been successfully implemented in different applications of fiber optic communication and sensing (Ramachandran et al (2014 IEEE Sens. J. 15 1270–4; 2017 Opt. Fiber Technol. 36 195–8), Kumar and Ramachandran (2013 Opt. Commun. 289 92–96; 2014 Opt. Laser Technol. 63 144–7)). The spectral tuning of the MMZI is based on the interference length. Compared to MZI, miniaturized MMZI does not deal with any spectral fluctuation when employed in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) application and a sensing scheme. Research during the past year has surveyed the different MZI structures from an application perspective to infer that MMZI might be the most suitable configuration for sensing applications, and MZI may prove to be more useful in DWDM optical networks.

Performance optimization of OADM based DP-QPSK DWDM optical network with 37.5 GHz channel spacing

Advanced modulation formats like dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK) along with the digital coherent receiver are enabling optical networks to provide high spectral efficiency (SE) over long-haul transmission reach. The DP-QPSK based dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system with 37.5 GHz channel spacing can provide extra throughput of 33% compared to 50 GHz channel spacing. However, at 37.5 GHz channel spacing, optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) at intermediate nodes, impact the performance of WDM based optical networks in terms of increased BER, thereby reducing transmission reach drastically. In this paper, we have analyzed with the help of numerical simulations, the performance of a differentially encoded eight-channel 112 Gb/s, OADM based DWDM optical network with a channel spacing of 37.5 GHz. We propose that the selection of optimum values of system parameters can result in reducing the impact of crosstalk propagation and narrowband optical filtering introduced by a chain of OADMs at 37.5 GHz channel spacing. The paper exhibited that the selection of optimum values of parameters like filter order of multiplexer and demultiplexer, launch power per channel and filter taps of adaptive equalizer (AE) result in achieving minimum BER on all the channels over a long transmission reach up to 3600 km.

FWM Mitigation in DWDM Optical Networks

In this paper, three optical communication systems have been proposed to mitigate Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Three techniques are used, namely; low input power with high gain amplifier, a collective Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) system, and the use of alternative circular polarization. The first technique involves reduction in input power to -20 dBm and then amplifying it 40 dB before demultiplexing. The second technique divides the input signal into four time slots and then combine them with a power combiner. In the third technique, the polarization of light coming from input channels is changed after modulation into right and left handed circular polarization. Exhaustive sets of simulations are performaed using Optisys. The performance analysis includes Q-factor, Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR), received optical power, minmum Bit Error Rate (BER) and eye diagram.

MEMS tunable SOI waveguide Bragg grating filter with 1.3 THz tuning range for C-band 100 GHz DWDM optical network

A MEMS tunable integrated waveguide Bragg grating-based filter for C-band optical dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) network is presented and analyzed in this work. Waveguide Bragg grating being a notch filter in the transmission spectrum is used to realize a tunable filter by varying the applied voltages to the fixed–fixed beam loaded with this grating. The strain across the grating is enhanced by choosing MEMS beam configuration such that the metal electrode is the bottom-most layer of the composite fixed–fixed beam. Device dimensions are chosen to achieve a narrow full width half maximum of 0.77 nm, allowing filtering of adjacent channels of 100 GHz DWDM network. A large Bragg wavelength shift of 10.4 nm (1552.52–1562.92 nm) was achieved at 45.8 V actuation providing tuning for 14 DWDM channels with inter-channel cross talk below − 21 dB, with tuning range of 1.3 THz.

GMPLS/PCE Control of Flexi-Grid DWDM Optical Networks Using CO-OFDM Transmission [Invited

Current optical transport networks use optical channel carriers (wavelengths) that are defined and constrained by a fixed ITU-T dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) grid. Such a grid is not adapted to high data rates (beyond 100 Gb/s) and is inefficient when a wavelength is assigned to a low-rate optical signal. Consequently, the ITU-T is updating the set of DWDM reference frequencies with the inclusion of a smaller channel spacing (e.g., 6.25 GHz) while allowing the allocation of frequency slots, that is, variable-sized frequency ranges composed of a number of slices. In this paper, we propose the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching/path computation element (GMPLS/PCE) control plane for such flexible optical networks, using optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission technology, given its unique flexibility, bit-rate/bandwidth scalability, and subwavelength granularity. The control plane uses a distance-adaptive and PCE-based routing and modulation assignment, combined with distributed frequency slot (spectrum) selection. A comparative analysis of path computation algorithms is carried out, highlighting the benefits of extending the path computation function with the knowledge of the status of the slices and the spectral efficiency of the modulation formats.

Network Topology Effect on QoS Delivering in Survivable DWDM Optical Networks

The quality of service (QoS) is an important and considerable issue in designing survivable dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) backbones for IP networks. This paper investigates the effect of network topology on QoS delivering in survivable DWDM optical transport networks using bandwidth/load ratio and design flexibility metrics. The dedicated path protection architecture is employed to establish diverse working and spare lightpaths between each node pair in demand matrix for covering a single link failure model. The simulation results, obtained for the Pan-European and ARPA2 test bench networks, demonstrate that the network topology has a great influence on QoS delivering by network at optical layer for different applications. The Pan-European network, a more connected network, displays better performance than ARPA2 network for both bandwidth/load ratio and design flexibility metrics.

Fault Tolerant Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Transport Networks

Design of fault tolerant dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) backbones is a major issue for service provision in the presence of failures. The problem is an NP-hard problem. This paper presents a genetic algorithm based approach for designing fault tolerant DWDM optical networks in the presence of a single link failure. The working and spare lightpaths are encoded into variable length chromosomes. Then the best lightpaths are found by use of a fitness function and these are assigned the minimum number of wavelengths according to the problem constraints using first-fit (FF) algorithm. The proposed approach has been evaluated for dedicated path protection architecture. The results, obtained from the ARPA2 test bench network, show that the method is well suited to tackling this complex and multi-constraint problem.