Building Density Research Articles

Urban Morphology Influencing the Urban Heat Island in the High-Density City of Xi’an Based on the Local Climate Zone

Urban form plays a critical role in enhancing urban climate resilience amidst the challenges of escalating global climate change and recurrent high-temperature heatwaves. Therefore, it is crucial to study the correlation between urban spatial form factors and land surface temperature (LST). This study utilized Landsat 8 remote sensing data to estimate LST. Random forest nonlinear analysis was employed to investigate the interaction between the urban heat island (UHI) and six urban morphological factors: building density (BD), floor area ratio (FAR), building height (BH), fractional vegetation coverage (FVC), sky view factor (SVF), and impervious surface fraction (ISF), within the framework of local climate zones (LCZs). Key findings revealed that Xi’an exhibited a significant urban heat island effect, with over 10% of the study area experiencing temperatures exceeding 40 °C. Notably, the average LST of building-class LCZs (1-6) was 3.5 °C higher than that of land cover-class LCZs (A-C). Specifically, compact LCZs (1-3) had an average LST 3.02 °C higher than open LCZs (4-6). FVC contributed the most to the variation in LST, while FAR contributed the least. ISF and BD were found to have a positive impact on LST, while FVC and BH had a negative influence. Moreover, SVF was observed to positively influence LST in the compact classes (LCZ2-3) and open low-rise class (LCZ6). In the open mid-rise class (LCZ5), SVF and LST showed a U-shaped relationship. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between FAR and LST, with the inflection point occurring at 1.5. The results of nonlinear analysis were beneficial in illustrating the complex relationships between LST and its driving factors. The study’s results highlight the effectiveness of utilizing LCZ as a detailed approach to explore the relationship between urban morphology and urban heat islands. Recommendations for enhancing urban climate resilience include strategies such as increasing vegetation coverage, regulating building heights, organizing buildings in compact LCZs in an “L” or “I” shape, and adopting an “O” or “C” configuration for buildings in open LCZs to aid planners in developing sustainable urban environments.

Environmental Design on Site-Specific Energy Solidary Communities around Public High Schools in the Metropolitan Area of Naples (Italy)

Renewable energy communities (RECs) around photovoltaic systems on public buildings are optimal solutions to counter energy poverty, ensuring all stakeholders access to cheap, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy systems. As the neighborhood is the minimum suitable unit for the implementation of highly sustainable settlements, this article discusses the potential and criticality of RECs at this scale in southern Italy. Starting with the concept of RECs, this study presents a methodology to size sustainable urban communities around school buildings. It integrates practical energy indicators with those defining performance in vegetation and water management. The impact of these factors is analyzed to identify the ideal community size in terms of energy efficiency, economic value, and social cohesion. An interactive scorecard ranks high school sites suitable for transformation into community hubs, taking into consideration the scale of substation distribution. The findings provide empirically validated operational guidelines and best practices to support the transition to smart, efficient, and socially inclusive communities. At the urban scale, the analysis evaluates different urban morphologies, microclimates, characteristics and density of buildings, and population around each assumed community hub. The study provides valuable guidance to local designers, planners, and administrators for the implementation of sustainable technologies by preparing a map of potential RECs.

Deer activity levels and patterns vary along gradients of food availability and anthropogenic development

Animal activity reflects behavioral decisions that depend upon environmental context. Prior studies typically estimated activity distributions within few areas, which has limited quantitative assessment of activity changes across environmental gradients. We examined relationships between two response variables, activity level (fraction of each day spent active) and pattern (distribution of activity across a diel cycle) of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), with four predictors—deer density, anthropogenic development, and food availability from woody twigs and agriculture. We estimated activity levels and patterns with cameras in 48 different 10.36-km2 landscapes across three larger regions. Activity levels increased with greater building density, likely due to heightened anthropogenic disturbance, but did not vary with food availability. In contrast, activity patterns responded to an interaction between twigs and agriculture, consistent with a functional response in habitat use. When agricultural land was limited, greater woody twig density was associated with reduced activity during night and evening. When agricultural land was plentiful, greater woody twig density was associated with more pronounced activity during night and evening. The region with the highest activity level also experienced the most deer-vehicle collisions. We highlight how studies of spatial variation in activity expand ecological insights on context-dependent constraints that affect wildlife behavior.

Parameter design and effectiveness evaluation of wide strip mining of extra thick coal seams under dense buildings

In order to safeguard the surface structures from mining damage while optimizing the liberation of coal resources under the dense surface buildings of the Cedi River coal mine. Considering that the analysis of the structure and type of surface buildings and the geological mining conditions of the mine, a wide strip mining design with a retention width of 70 m and a mining width of 50 m was finally determined by using the pressure arch theory and Wilson’s theory, combined with the actual layout of working faces 51,002, 51,004 and 51,006 at the site.The strip mining design is verified by probability integral method and FLAC3D numerical simulation calculation respectively, The findings indicate that the highest value of earth surface subsidence created by the mining of the wide strip is 210 mm, the surface horizontal deformation value is 1.0 to − 1.4 mm/m, the damage to surface buildings is less than Level I, which satisfying the prerequisites of the surface building protection level, and can realize the continuous advancement of mine 51,002, 51,004 and 51,006 working faces, The coal pillars of the retained strip have sufficient support strength and long-term consistency, and the movement and deformation of the overburden after mining will not cause undulating subsidence of the surface, which effectively solve the mine's technical difficulties in safely coal mining under surface buildings.

Morphological spatial clustering of high-density central areas and their coupling relationship with thermal environment--a case study of the wuyi road hatchback in changsha.

Intense urban development and high urban density cause the thermal environment in urban centers to deteriorate continuously, affecting the quality of the living environment. In this study, 707.49 hectares of land in the central area of Changsha were divided into 121 plots. 11 microclimate-related morphological indicators were comprehensively selected, and the K-means method was used for cluster analysis. Then, the relationship between morphological clusters and the thermal environment was explored by simulating the thermal environment of the study area with ENVI-met. First, five spatial types were found to characterize the area: high-level with high floor area ratio, low density, and low greenery; middle-level with high floor area ratio high density; medium-capacity with high density and small volume; low-level with low density and high greenery; and low floor area ratio, low density, and high greenery. Second, the building windward surface density, sky openness, building density, floor area ratio and green space rate affect the thermal environment. Third, Cluster3 had the highest average air temperature (Ta), followed by Cluster5, furthermore Clusters4, 1, and2 had relatively low Ta. The spatial vitality index and green space rate in Cluster1; the area-weighted building shape index, average building volume and sky openness in Cluster2; green space rate in Cluster3; indicators such as the floor area ratio and green space rate in Cluster4; indicators such as the impervious surface rate and green space rate in Cluster5 had greater influences on Ta. Fourthly, simply increasing the area of green space cannot maximize the cooling effect of green spaces. Instead, constructing an equalized greening network can better regulate the thermal environment. Fifthly, the results provide a scientific basis for the design and the regulation of urban centers.

Mitigation Control on Industrial Allotment Area Plan based on Tsunami Hazard Prone Zoning Area in Purworejo Regency, Central Java

Purworejo district has determined an industrial allotment area of 922,238 hectares along the south coast. Meanwhile, the coast of Purworejo Regency is part of the southern coast of Java Island and has the potential to be affected by tsunamis. Tsunami disaster events in the south of Java Island recorded run-up of up to 15,7 meters and recent research shows a potential run-up of 34 meters. The study aimed to identify tsunami hazard zones and directions of control based on modelling of inundation potential. The determination of the hazard zone was conducted through spatial classification analysis, while the direction of mitigation control was formulated by descriptive analysis. The high tsunami hazard zone in the 15,7 meters run-up scenario covers 0,33% of the industrial allotment area and the high tsunami hazard zone in the 20 meters run-up scenario covers 3,47% of the industrial allotment area so that the direction of mitigation included strengthening foundations and adapting buildings, providing disaster infrastructure, optimizing regional protection functions, and limiting building density. The high tsunami hazard zone in the 34 meters run-up scenario covers 99,12% of the industrial allotment area so that directional mitigation control is the displacement of the entire industrial allotment area.

Bentuk Pola Spasial Permukiman di Kecamatan Salahutu

Salahutu District is directly adjacent to Ambon City so that it has experienced rapid development due to the expansion of urban activities and is supported by various potentials such as ports, fisheries, trade and services and other potentials. This attracts residents to settle and can indirectly affect the distribution of settlements by forming certain patterns both clustered, random, and uniform. This study aims to identify spatial patterns of settlement distribution in Salahutu District. This study uses a quantitative approach with Nearest Neighbour Analysis analysis which aims to identify spatial patterns. The results showed that Salahutu District had most settlement distribution patterns grouping as many as 47 zones or 94% and the rest formed random patterns as many as 3 zones or 6%. The characteristics of residential zones with a clustering pattern have relatively close distances between settlements and high building density. While the characteristics of residential zones with random patterns have relatively long distances between settlements and lower building density. The existence of family ties that are still closely established causes settlements to form in groups so that it affects the maintenance of local identity of the community that is still maintained. The importance of the results of this study is to anticipate the development of settlements that are not well planned so that it can cause the addition of slums as bad areas in Salahutu District

Using deep learning to unravel the structural evolution of block-scale green spaces in urban renewal

Most urban green space (UGS) studies focus on city-level analysis, which is not conducive to urban renewal. We developed a new deep learning approach for characterising the structural evolution of block-scale UGS in urban renewal scenarios. Taking Beijing and Shanghai as models, we first segmented the study areas into block-scale grids and trained a random forest model based on a local climate zone framework to identify the spatial morphological classes of the grids. Second, we established a VGG16-based deep learning model to identify UGS structural types. Finally, we examined the associated patterns of grid spatial morphology and UGS structure under different renewal scenarios. We found that six distinct types of UGS structure are associated with different urban morphological classes. Spatial and temporal variations of UGS structures were observed in terms of direction of conversion, activity level, and extent of improvement to service level. Holistic and micro-renewal approaches drove positive evolution of block-scale UGS structures mainly by reducing building density and via precise optimization, respectively. Our results provide a reference for urban renewal policies and planning guidelines for block-scale UGSs in high-density cities.

Anthropogenic heat from buildings in Los Angeles County: A simulation framework and assessment

Anthropogenic heat (AH), i.e., waste heat from buildings to the ambient environment, increases urban air temperature and contributes to the urban heat island effect, which leads to more air-conditioning energy use and higher associated waste heat during summer, forming a positive feedback loop. This study used a bottom-up simulation approach to develop a dataset of the annual hourly AH profiles for 1.7 million buildings in Los Angeles (LA) County for the year 2018 aggregated at three spatial resolutions: 450 m, 12 km, and the census tract. Building AH exhibits strong seasonal and diurnal patterns, as well as large spatial variations across the urban areas. Building AH peaks in May and reaches a maximum of 878 W/m2 within one of several AH hotspots in the region. Among the three major AH components (surface convection, heat rejection from HVAC systems, and zonal air exchange), the surface convection component is the largest, accounting for 78% of the total building AH across LA County. Higher AH is attributed to large building density, a high percentage of industrial buildings, and older building stock. While AH peaks during the day, the resulting ambient temperature increases are much larger during the night. During the July 2018 heatwave in LA County, building AH (excluding the surface component) leads to a daily maximum ambient temperature increase of up to 0.6 °C and a daily minimum ambient temperature increase of up to 2.9 °C. It is recommended that reducing summer building AH should be considered by policy makers in developing mitigation measures for cities to transition to clean energy while improving heat resilience.

Residential urban heritage space identification, delimitation, and potential assessment model based on space syntax

In the era of post-modernization, profound transformations in urban spaces have led to significant shifts in the spatial composition paradigms of contemporary urban heritage. Research on this process is crucial for elucidating the spatial pathways and compositional changes in the modernization transformation of urban heritage. This study aims to establish identification indicators and assessment systems for the spatial structure of urban residential environments exhibiting historical characteristics and heritage potential through a comparative analysis of residential urban heritage spatial paradigms in historic cities in China and Japan. First, grounded in space syntax theory, this study selected residential urban heritage in Suzhou’s Pingjiang Historic District and Uji’s Nakauji District as research cases. Utilizing road network data, this study analyzed the Life Integration (Int.VR1000) and Global Integration (Int.VR5000) of urban heritage spaces, thereby constructing a spatial topology system for heritage spaces. Second, the study employed urban spatial entropy indicators, such as architectural density entropy, spatial morphology entropy, and function mixing entropy, to quantitatively describe the spatial structure, consequently establishing a heritage space morphological structure indicator system. Finally, spatial clustering methods are used to integrate the spatial topology system with the morphological structure indicator system, resulting in a feature model for residential urban heritage spaces. The research results indicate that the transformation path of residential space paradigms is mainly influenced by spatial topology, affecting the structure of residential heritage spaces in three aspects: functional layout, building density, and spatial form. This phenomenon, in turn, impacts population distribution and the migration of living spaces. However, at the same time, the “resistance effect” of street and lane spaces and the limitations of architectural forms on spatial functions have protected the integrity and authenticity of the internal space.

Risk-driven composition decoupling analysis for urban flooding prediction in high-density urban areas using Bayesian-Optimized LightGBM

With catastrophic climate change and accelerated urbanization, urban flooding has emerged as the most influential hazard over last few decades. Therefore, a systematic study on the assessment of urban flooding vulnerability and evaluation of multidimensional relationship between flooding indicators and inundation depth is imperatively needed. Machine learning methods have been proven to be extremely effective in predicting urban flooding susceptivity based on a multivariate data-driven approach. In the present study, a cascade modeling chain was explored consisting of integrated Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) and decoupling analysis of risk-driven composition, based on a multi-factor database consisting of hydro-meteorological, underlying-surfaces, and building configurations indicators. LightGBM was verified to be reliable and robust for urban flooding vulnerability assessment. Taking Shenzhen as a case study, the results indicated that rainfall volume (TOTAL_R), rainfall duration (LTIME), percentage of impervious surface (PIS), building congestion degree (BCD) and density of buildings (DB) were mainly responsible for the increase in flooding risk, while percentage of water coverage (PW) was highly efficient in flooding mitigation. Areas with high flooding risks are concentrated in older metropolitan areas when the rainfall volume surpassed 125 mm or the rainfall duration was longer than 55h. The urban flooding vulnerability was significantly increased when the PIS, BCD, and DB were greater than 14%, 0.58, and 16 n/ha, respectively. It was recommended that adaptation strategies should be implemented in high-density areas to increase urban resilience to extreme rainfall events. The findings of this study can serve as a scientific basis and technical support for sustainable urban stormwater management.

Numerical study on the coupling effect of river attributes and riverside building forms on the urban microclimate: A case study in Nanjing, China

Urban rivers play an important role in mitigating urban heat islands. However, a coupling analysis of river attributes and waterfront architectural forms is lacking. Most existing studies have used a single urban scale and research method and lack comprehensive application. Satellite remote sensing data were used in this study to examine the cooling law of rivers at the macroscale. At the microscale, a microclimate simulation was used to study the influences of river attributes, climatic conditions, and architectural spatial morphological characteristics on the cooling effect of rivers. The river cooling effect is positively correlated with river width, where a temperature drop caused by a 100 m river width can reach 0.75 °C. The cooling effect of rivers is easily influenced by the surrounding built-up areas; this effect is more significant for rivers greater than 40 m wide. In the study of the index of architectural space form, their influence on the thermal environment of the riverside is ranked from high to low: building density, building riverside enclosure degree, building height. The findings provide guidance for the planning and design of riverside buildings from the perspective of thermal environment optimization to construct sustainable cities.

Spatial coupling relationship between architectural landscape characteristics and urban heat island in different urban functional zones

The process of urbanization exacerbates the urban heat island phenomenon. In order to reasonably identify urban functional zones, and reveal the influence of buildings on land surface temperature (LST). Guiyang, a multi-mountainous city in China, was taken as the research area, Open Street Map (OSM) and land use type data were used to identify urban functional zones. Subsequently, the correlation between urban building morphology metrics and LST was analyzed using Pearson correlation and boosted regression tree (BRT) model. The results showed that: (1) There were significant differences in LST among different urban functional zones. (2) The relative contribution value of building density (BD) to land surface temperature was high, and it significantly exacerbated the urban heat island effect across all urban functional zones, with the maximum impact on LST reaching 2.5 °C in Utility zone. (3) Mean building height (MBH), Southerly wind speed (S_Wind speed) and Landscape shape index of building (LSI_Building) had the effect of alleviating thermal environment, and the mitigation degree of land surface temperature was the highest in Residential zone and Ecological zone, reaching 0.6 °C, 0.8 °C and 2.0 °C, respectively. This study enhances our understanding of the relationship between urban functions and LST, providing valuable insights for mitigating the urban thermal environment and promoting sustainable development.

PERKEMBANGAN PERMUKIMAN KUMUH LIAR (STUDI KASUS DUKUH KALISARI DESA BANYUDONO KEC. BANYUDONO KAB. BOYOLALI)

The problem of slum organizations begins with various interrelated variables, including education level, population density level, building density level, income and poverty level. Illegal slum settlements are defined as organizations that experience a decline in housing function with illegal land ownership status or not land with Ownership Rights Status. This research aims to (1) Analyze the development of slum organizations of liars in Kalisari Hamlet, Banyudono Village, Banyudono District, Boyolali Regency in 2012, 2017 and 2022; (2) Find out the level of slum organization of liars in Kalisari Hamlet, Banyudono Village, Banyudono District, Boyolali Regency; and (3) Analyze the incidence of fraudulent slum organizations in Kalisari Hamlet, Banyudono Village, Banyudono District, Boyolali Regency. The research method used in this research is the case study method. In this research, the development of illegal slum organizations is analyzed through the development of the number of house occupants and the number of house rooms whose changes are analyzed in 2012-2017 and 2017-2022. The level of slums is determined using the 3x3x3 method, then from the level of slums the appropriate treatment can be identified based on the main problems in the slum organization area. Dukuh Kalisari developed into a fraudulent slum organization due mainly to errors in government policy, the legality of the land occupied by residents, and the condition of the organization located along the river.

Design Strategies to Improve Metro Transit Station Walking Environments: Five Stations in Chongqing, China

While transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely adopted in urban design alongside the expansion of urban metro transit, the creation of pedestrian-friendly environments has often been overlooked during implementation. This has resulted in a lower walking advantage around metro transit stations. To address this issue and encourage walking and public transport use in metro transit station areas, this study undertook a quantitative comparative analysis of the pedestrian environment in five Chongqing metro transit station areas. The analysis focused on three key dimensions: “comprehensive evaluation”, “basic scale”, and “structural quality”. The comprehensive evaluation considered factors such as the pedestrian catchment area ratio, POI kernel density distribution, and crowd agglomeration. The basic scale dimension comprised floor area ratio, building density, pedestrian road density, and the quantity of station entrances and exits. Finally, structural quality factors included land use type mixing degree, POI function mixing degree, intersection connectivity, median street length, pedestrian route directness, and green view index. Based on these analyses, this study proposes a series of pedestrian environment design strategies including land use and transportation. The strategies for land use advocate for “developing compact and diverse land use”, “strengthening attraction of station center”, “positioning large projects on the edge”, “restricting private transportation capabilities”. The strategies for transportation consist of “increasing pedestrian road density”, “traffic calming organization”, “subdivision of road types”, and “three-dimensional pedestrian traffic system”. These strategies aim to create a more humanized and environmentally friendly pedestrian environment, proactively rise to the challenge of climate change, thereby cultivating sustainable urban development.

PRIORITIES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CITY BLOCK DEVELOPMENT

The study aims to find ways to improve the efficiency of urban areas by introducing the planning structure of urban residential areas – the block type of development, taking into account the basic principles of its formation. The authors carry out an analysis of scientific and theoretical materials on etymology and historical experience of the formation of city block buildings in the context of typology of buildings according to planning and spatial characteristics with examples of the planning organisation of the cities of New York, Mexico City, Los Angeles, and Barcelona. We consider the formation of residential blocks through simple geometric shapes, such as a rectangle or a square, and concluded that using such shapes emphasises the uniformity of planning. The main principles and factors of developing city blocks are defined to identify the priorities and shortcomings of this type of building. We establish that city block development contributes to comfortable public spaces and strengthens social ties between residents. The study proves the advantages of transport accessibility in block development by placing essential infrastructure facilities within walking and cycling distance. The presence of closed yards, safety, and the absence of traffic jams form a high level of amenity and social connections; these principles contribute to creating an efficient, functional, and aesthetic urban area. City block development is a promising approach for the development of modern cities, providing residents with comfort and a quality standard of urban life. The article also analyses the main disadvantages of using block buildings, one of which is an increase in the density of buildings, which affects the distribution of sunlight and the shading of space. Despite its shortcomings, city block development remains attractive for developing high-quality and sustainable urban environments. The proposal to use city block development in the post-war reconstruction of residential areas and the use of underground space for shelter is relevant and promising for sustainable urban development in Ukraine. Keywords: city block development, residential environment, residential complex, planning methods, planning structure.

ANALISIS DAMPAK PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAN LAHAN PERKOTAAN TERHADAP URBAN HEAT ISLAND DI KECAMATAN KEDATON

The Urban Heat Island phenomenon is defined as a form of local climate change. In the formation of the Urban Heat Island phenomenon, there are several factors, namely changes in land use, vegetation density, building density, and vehicle emissions. Dense development areas that have caused changes in land use, settlements, and transportation activities have begun to accumulate in Kedaton District. Kedaton District is included in the activity center area so that changes in land use from 2017 to 2022 occur significantly, which can cause an increase in urban temperatures. This study aims to analyze the impact of changes in urban land use on Urban Heat Island in Kedaton District. The variables used are land use, surface temperature, vegetation density, building density, motor vehicle intensity, and motor vehicle emissions. The analytical methods used are LST, NDVI, NDBI, road service level analysis, vehicle emission analysis, and correlation analysis. The results of the analysis show that the impact of changes in land use will result in a 76% decrease in vegetation density in 2022, a 95% increase in building density, and a 99% increase in vehicle emissions. The impact of changes in land use has contributed to the distribution of urban heat islands in Kedaton District. To minimize the impact of changes in use on the Urban Heat Island in Kedaton District, mitigation efforts based on the resilient city concept are needed, namely the addition of private green open spaces, reflective roof paint in densely populated areas, and optimizing public transportation.

How Does the 2D/3D Urban Morphology Affect the Urban Heat Island across Urban Functional Zones? A Case Study of Beijing, China

Studying driving factors of the urban heat island phenomenon is vital for enhancing urban ecological environments. Urban functional zones (UFZs), key for planning and management, have a substantial impact on the urban thermal environment through their two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) morphology. Despite prior research on land use and landscape patterns, understanding the effects of 2D/3D urban morphology in different UFZs is lacking. This study employs Landsat-8 remote sensing data to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST). A method combining supervised and unsupervised classification is proposed for UFZ mapping, utilizing multi-source geospatial data. Subsequently, parameters defining the 2D/3D urban morphology of UFZs are established. Finally, the Pearson correlation analysis and GeoDetector are used to analyze the driving factors. The results indicate the following: (1) In the Fifth Ring Road area of Beijing, the residential zones exhibit the highest LST, followed by the industrial zones. (2) In 2D urban morphology, the percentage of built-up landscape (built-PLAND) and Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) are the main factors influencing LST. In 3D urban morphology, building density, the sky view factor (SVF), and the area-weighted mean shape index (shape index) are the main factors influencing LST. Therefore, low-density buildings with simple and dispersed shapes contribute to mitigating LST, while fragmented distributions of trees, grasslands, and water bodies also play important roles in alleviating LST. (3) In the interactive detection results, all UFZs show the highest interaction detection results with the built-PLAND. (4) Spatial variations are observed in the impact of different UFZs on LST. For instance, in the residential zones, industrial zones, green space zones, and public service zones, the SVF is negatively correlated with LST, while in the commercial zones, the SVF exhibits a positive correlation with LST.

Exploring the combined cooling effect of street canyon geometry and the surrounding built environment.

Exploring the impact of complex urban morphology on the urban heat island (UHI) effect is essential for sustainable environmental management and enhancing human well-being. This study explored the combined cooling effect of street canyon geometry and the surrounding built environment using a CatBoost model and the Shapley method. The findings indicated that in streets with low building height and density, a high proportion of sky and vegetation and a flatter skyline are conductive to mitigate UHI effect. In streets with high building height and density, a lower proportion of sky and vegetation, and a well-proportioned skyline, can effectively mitigate UHI effect. Regardless of the building density and height around the street, street trees are the optimal choice for greening construction and improvement of large and medium-sized cities in China, given their high controllability and the current urban stock background. Therefore, reasonable control and allocation of street trees can effectively adjust the street canyon geometry, providing suitable cooling strategies for streets with different surrounding built environments. This study proposed a method to mitigate the UHI effect through street canyon geometry, which can be extended to other high-density urban thermal environment studies and guide policymakers on street construction and urban design.

Rental housing. Analysis of the modern normative base

The article examines the problem of providing housing in Ukraine at the present time. The formation of a civilized rental housing market is considered an effective way to solve the problem of providing citizens with a sufficient amount of housing. An analysis of the modern regulatory framework for determining the functional affiliation of temporary accommodation facilities was carried out. Features and differences in the design of public buildings (hotels with apartments) and residential buildings are defined. Considered issues of regulatory restrictions for creating rental housing: determining the time of insolation for these apartments; determination of the maximum level of building density of rental buildings; determining the possibility of integrating public infrastructure for service into such buildings. There was a need to create a new, socially effective mechanism that would allow middle-income citizens to rent housing and improve their quality of life. Currently, the Law of Ukraine "On Rental Housing" has been developed and adopted in the first reading. According to the draft of this Law, rental housing can be located both in separate buildings and as part of multifunctional complexes. At the same time, such typological units may be included in the composition of such complexes (except for rental housing (residential apartments)), such as hotels, office premises, restaurants, cafes, commercial premises and other public premises. According to world practice, various functions in such complexes are usually distributed by height, with placement on different groups of floors. So, for example, there is a hotel on the lower floors, and residential apartments on the upper floors. At the same time, in this case, such residential apartments belong to the profitable (commercial) class. However, at present, the regulatory framework of Ukraine does not define such a typological variety as "Rental housing". Although the functional affiliation of various types of establishments for temporary accommodation of the population, such as "hotel apartments", "apart-hotels" and others, is currently defined in sufficient detail. So, in addition to legislative standardization, there is currently a task to include such type of buildings as rental residential buildings in the regulatory framework of Ukraine.