Denominal Adjectives Research Articles

Denominal -ed Adjectives and Their Adjectival Status in English Morphology

In the study of English denominal adjectives, scholarly attention has predominantly centred on those with Latinate suffixes (e.g., -al, -ary, and -ic/-ical), which are well-known as relational adjectives (RAdjs) and are extensively scrutinised in the existing literature. Conversely, those with English native suffixes (e.g., -en, -ern, -y, and -ed) have not undergone thorough examination to date. In the present study, I delve specifically into denominal adjectives with the suffix -ed (-ed Adjs), such as bearded, long-tailed, and shirt-sleeved. I present a novel basic picture of these adjectives, setting forth the following two central propositions: (i) -ed Adjs are a type of RAdj and (ii) undergo conversion to qualitative adjectives (QAdjs) (e.g., bearded man vs. bearded rock) akin to the better-known Latinate RAdjs (e.g., grammatical error vs. grammatical sentence). The analysis is conducted by examining suffixal etymology (i.e., Latinate or Germanic), suffixal properties (i.e., all-purpose or dedicated), and the driving factor for QAdj-forming conversion (i.e., the modal attribute true). These propositions and analyses collectively enrich our comprehensive understanding of the semantic and morphosyntactic properties of -ed Adjs within the realm of English morphology.

Vagueness of qualitative denominal adjectives in English

Vagueness of qualitative denominal adjectives in English

THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF –LYADVERBS AND –LY ADJECTIVES

This paper is an attempt to demonstrate the syntactic behavior of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives. It mainly deals with -ly as an inflectional suffix that forms adverbs and adjectives It is hypothesized that there are differences between adjective-forming –ly and adverb-forming –ly.The researcher first made general and specific observations about the morphological processes of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives. Since the study focuses on a linguistic phenomenon, its data is a set of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives used as examples to support the hypothesis. The importance of studying the syntactic behavior of -ly stems from the fact that thousands of English adjectives and adverbs are created by adding the suffix "-ly" to their roots. Despite the fact that both adjective-forming –ly and adverb-forming –ly bring about new words and they occur at the end of the word’s root, there are still striking differences related to the occurrence and morphological derivation.
 In conclusion, adjectives and adverbs that are made by adding adjective- and adverb-forming –ly to bases called "nouns or adjectives" are plentiful in English. Words known as de-nominal adjectives, de-adjectival adverbs, and de-adjectival adjectives are the products of this morphological process.

Approximation and comparison in word-formation: The case of denominal adjectives in Dutch, German, and English

The paper presents a corpus-based comparative study of denominal adjectives in Dutch, German, and English. It aims at clarifying the notion of approximation. More specifically, it focuses on investigating the relation between approximation and comparison as semantic categories in word-formation. Drawing on equivalent patterns, we study both the relation between comparative and approximative readings in various word-formation patterns (derivation and compounding) in Dutch, German, and English as well as the respective differences between the languages. We specifically focus on suffixes and other right head constituents (in particular Dutch -achtig, German -artig and -ähnlich, and English -like), thereby addressing the question whether word class changing morphology is at all suitable for expressing approximation. We conclude that the patterns investigated in our study may have approximative readings but are not approximative in the strict sense.

A quantitative approach to doublets in Russian denominal adjective construction

This article is devoted to the rivalry between suffixes in the derivation of denominal adjectives in Russian. In particular, it proposes a large-scale quantitative analysis based on the Russian National Corpus. Its main goal is to contribute to identifying the properties that determine the choice of the suffix in these derivatives. Denominal adjectival derivation in Russian makes use of a wide variety of exponents. Most of them are phonological variants (extensions) of three main suffixes, - n-, - sk- and - Ov-. These three, which can be considered as basic, constitute the focus of our analysis. Two datasets were built for this research, a general one containing one of the suffixes above, and a more specific one containing doublets, which is to say, adjectives constructed on the same base with different suffixes. Data from the two sets are analyzed by means of various statistical models. Our results globally provide a quantitatively robust confirmation of observations previously made in the literature. In particular, we show that -n- occupies a specific position in the derivational system of Russian, as it is less productive and its derivatives are tendentially less transparent and more prone to display lexicalized meanings that point towards the qualitative pole of the qualitative-relational semantic spectrum. Moreover, - sk- and - Ov- are more likely to form doublets (be attached to the same bases), a further argument in favor of a greater homogeneity between them as opposed to - n-.

ON THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF COMMON-ROOT DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES IN PROFESSIONAL TEXTS

The article examines the trends of using common-root denominal adjectives with the suffixes ‑н‑ and ‑ов‑/‑ев‑ both in general and professional texts, which are necessary to form two-word terms and general phrases based on the model < denominal adjective> + <noun 1>, where the denominal adjective expresses the permanent characteristic of the first material object, named by noun 1, which is related with the second material object. The theoretical basis of this study was the works of leading Ukrainian linguists Ivan Kunets, Halyna Shherbatiuk, Arnold Hryshchenko, and Kateryna Horodenska, which considered the historical evolution of Ukrainian denominal adjectives with the suffixes ‑н‑ and ‑ов‑/‑ев‑and in language for general purpose the parallel functioning of adjectives with these suffixes formed from the same noun stem. It has been established that the suffix ‑н‑, whose primary meaning was that of general neutral relativity, in modern Ukrainian has become a multifunctional suffix allowing to form both relative and qualitative adjectives from noun stems, and the suffix ‑ов‑/‑ев‑, which by its origin was suffix of possessive adjectives, transformed into a suffix of relative adjectives. Hence the modern Ukrainian has numerous examples of parallel forms that have a common derivative noun stem and differ in the meaning due to the difference in suffixes: adjectives with the suffix ‑н‑ express qualitative meanings, both direct and figurative, and adjectives with the suffix ‑ов‑/‑ев‑ – the meanings of general relativity and material origin. Such diversity of the Ukrainian language makes it possible to specify the meaning with the adjective form itself, which is necessary for professional texts, although it is often useful for general texts as well. The semantic differentiation of two pairs of adjectives: сонячний and сонцевий, хмарний and хмаровий, which are very important for professional texts, is considered, and the practicability of the proposed approach is shown. The tables provide a collection of terms and two-word phrases clearly showing when to use a relative adjective with the suffix ‑ов‑/‑ев‑, and when to use a qualitative adjective with the suffix -н-. This refutes the statement that the proposed differentiation makes it much more difficult to learn and use the terminology.

The Syntax-Morphology Interface in Ancient Greek

Abstract Even though syntax and morphology are generally taken to be distinct components of language, two morphological structures in Ancient Greek—denominal adjectives and compounds—possess syntactical properties in that their morphemes, rather than the whole words, participate in select syntactical processes. These phenomena, occurring at the boundary between syntax and morphology, ostensibly violate the generative Lexical Integrity Principle. Nonetheless, instances of such phenomena can be found in various Ancient Greek sources. These instances, traditionally treated as ad sensum constructiones or as syntactical mishaps, are not bereft of internal consistency, and in fact form their own well-organized subsystem and even obey an implicational hierarchy.

Przymiotniki relacyjne z sufiksem -sk(i)/-ск(и) w języku polskim i macedońskim. Analiza konfrontatywna

The paper is devoted to the issue of the derivation of denominal adjectives with suffixal formatives -sk(i)/-ск(и) in Polish and Macedonian. In both of the analysed languages this type is highly productive, but in Macedonian it has significant advantage over the other formatives. In the foreground there is contextual significance of the derivatives. As the most adequate model of description for relational adjectives and for contrastive analysis I find the one proposed by Krystyna Kallas in Grammar of Contemporary Polish Language: Morphology, which consists of relationships between the derivative and the noun it determines. Most of the denominal adjectives with formative -sk(i)/-ск(и) have general meaning “related to what is named by the base noun”; hence, it is possible to specify the meaning of the derivatives only in contextual use. The research leads to the conclusion that the contextual significance depends mainly on the semantics of the word-formation base.

The historical development of the suffix -en in English

Abstract This paper investigates the historical development during the past three centuries of the English suffix -en, used to create denominal adjectives (e.g. golden, silken), focusing on words that have remained in the language until the present day. We specify a way of calculating the rate of loss of the suffix and apply this to different lexical items involved in this process. Finally, we explore the roles of word frequency and collocations, in order to shed some light on how these factors relate to the loss of a linguistic form.

Derivational Relators in Italian

The present paper addresses the categorial content of affixes forming a set of denominal adjectives in Italian, arguing that they are substantially the derivational counterpart of oblique case/adpositions. Specifically, we argue that they act as elementary relators, following Manzini and Franco, who characterized oblique cases and prepositions as general relators expressing the relations is-included (⊆)/includes (⊇), or, in other words, their content is what Belvin and den Dikken dubbed “zonal inclusion”.

Групповая аффиксация при словообразовании в эвенкийском языке

The paper considers cases of derivation in Evenki from verbs to nouns and from nouns to adjectives when the derivative preserves syntactic properties of the base stem (particularly the information on syntactic dependents). The examples of such derivatives are deverbal nouns and denominal adjectives with certain derivation affixes. Nouns preserve the verbal property of subcategorization (they govern a direct accusative object), and adjectives preserve the nominal property of attaching an attributive word: a noun (an appositive), an adjective, a participle, a numeral. The syntactic analysis of such phrases differs from their derivation analysis. In terms of syntax, the base stem and its direct object (or attribute) form one constituent: [[NP/AP + N/VBASE] + NMLZ], reflecting subcategorial and combinatory features of the base stem. The derivation affix in the syntactic representation is attached to the whole constituent, suggesting the construction with a phrasal affix. Such analysis relies on the notion of group flection or phrasal affixation. The phrasal affixation in inflection has been investigated in detail in typologically diverse languages. However, much fewer works are devoted to phrasal affixation in word formation. Evenki language specialists either did not report this phenomenon or mentioned it without giving an explanatory account. The sources of our examples are different: oral stories, newspaper articles, archives, and examples from grammars and other studies in Evenki. These data illustrate the transition of constructions with a deverbal noun and an accusative object from the class of productive (mid-20th century) to the class of idiomatic ones (21st century).

Derivational Adjectives Found in Forrest Gump Novel

This article discussed about morphosyntax that deals with the combination of morphology and syntax. The article was aimed to find out the derivational suffixes forming adjectives and the syntactic functions of the adjectives found in the data source. The data of this article were taken by library research method and note-taking technique from the novel Forrest Gump, which published in 157 pages and 26 chapters by Pocket Books in 1994. This novel is written by Winston Groom. The collected data were analyzed descriptive qualitatively based on the theory of Morphology and Syntax by Quirk, et al (1985). This article revealed that there were the attachment of suffix {-ful}, {-less}, {-ly}, {-y}, {-al}, {-ial}, {-ic} and {-ous} changed the base noun into adjective, it is called denominal adjectives. Then, deverbal adjectives which made the word class changed from verb into adjective, there were the attachment of suffix {-able} and {-ive}. Meanwhile, for the syntactic functions there were three types found, they are attributive, predicative and postpositive.

Bracketing paradoxes: A dependency grammar analysis in terms of morph catenae

Abstract This manuscript examines various types of bracketing paradoxes: classical “personal noun” constructions, parasynthetic compounds, agentive deverbal nouns, compound denominal adjectives, plural nouns with lexicalized modifiers, multiple auxiliary constructions, and German particle verb constructions. We argue that given a dependency-based view of both sentence and word structure, these bracketing puzzles become non-paradoxical. The morph catena is taken to be the fundamental unit of morphosyntax. A morph catena is A MORPH OR A COMBINATION OF MORPHS THAT ARE CONTINUOUS WITH RESPECT TO DOMINANCE. This notion is derived from its syntactic equivalent, the catena, which is defined as a word or a combination of words that are continuous with respect to dominance. Given an understanding of morphosyntax that acknowledges morph catenae, bracketing paradoxes are resolved by the ability of morph catenae to reach across words to include parts of words.

√ov Is in the Air

In this paper we consider several instances of the Slovenian affix ov, which surfaces in many, apparently unrelated contexts. Here we focus on (i) ov in verbs, where it can act as an imperfectivizer or a verbalizer, (ii) ov found in possessive adjectives and kind adjectives derived from nouns, (iii) ov which precedes the adjectiviser (e)n in denominal adjectives, and (iv) ov in nominal declension (acting as a genitive case ending in dual and plural or as a dual/plural augment). Building on the observation that certain affixes function either as inflectional or as derivational (see Simonović and Arsenijević 2020), and working within a Distributed Morphology approach which postulates that derivational affixes should be analyzed as roots (e.g. Lowenstamm 2014), we argue for a single multifunctional ov. This ov is a potentially meaningless root that can take as a complement other roots (thus forming a “radical core”) or phrases, resulting in different structures and consequently different stress patterns and meanings, but can also act as an Elsewhere allomorph, whose insertion is guided by an interplay of phonological and morphological constraints.

Word Formation at the Syntax-Morphology Interface: Denominal Adjectives in Bulgarian

A major goal in the study of the interface between syntax and morphology (understood as part of the PF component) is to understand mismatches between syntactic representations and the corresponding morphological representations. Denominal adjectives in Bulgarian provide one such mismatch. In morphology, they are composed of a nominal component D adjoined to an adjectivizing head F. In syntax, however, the nominal component D behaves like a nominal phrase occupying the specifier of F. Denominal adjectives in Bulgarian thus present both a structural mismatch whereby a syntactic specifier-head relation is mapped to head adjunction at PF and a mismatch between the syntactic and morphological category of denominal adjectives. I analyze these mismatches as the result of a morphological (postsyntactic) operation, which converts nominal phrases into denominal adjectives postsyntactically, as part of the word formation process that combines the nominal phrases with adjectivizing morphology. The proposal is an extension of the theory of the syntax-morphology mapping developed within Distributed Morphology ( Embick and Noyer 2001 , et seq.) on the basis of Marantz’s (1984) Morphological Merger and relies on the implementation of Morphological Merger developed by Harizanov (2014a) in the context of cliticization, itself an elaboration of Matushansky’s (2006) and Nevins’s (2011) proposals.

The multifaceted nature of denominal adjectives

This study proposes a fine-grained classification and analysis of French denominal adjectives based mainly on the semantic relationships that exist between the noun the adjective modifies (the head-noun) and the noun it is derived from. Capitalizing on previous works, it is argued that these relationships are intrinsic whenever they focus on a dimension proper to the referent of the head-noun, but they are extrinsic whenever this referent is conceived of as a participant in an event denoted either by the head or the modified noun. After a brief characterization of denominal adjectives in relation with other adjectives, the article lists the variety of meanings these adjectives exhibit in French and tries to shed light on the reasons why only some of them sound acceptable when occurring with a degree adverb or in a predicative structure. In the account sketched in the final section, denominal adjectives are dealt with in the same way as intersective adjectives.

Denominal adjectives as mixed categories

Many languages have morphological devices to turn a noun into an adjective. Often this morphology is genuinely derivational in that it adds semantic content such as ‘similar-to-N’ (similitudinal), ‘located-on/in’ (locational) and so on. In other cases the denominal adjective expresses no more than a pragmatically determined relationship, as in preposition-al phrase (see the synonymous preposition phrase), often called ‘relational adjectives’. In many languages relational adjectives are noun-to-adjective transpositions, that is, adjectival forms (‘representations’) of nominals. In some languages and constructions they retain some of the noun-related properties of the base. For example, the base can be modified by an attribute as though it were still a syntactically represented noun, giving rise to what we will call ‘syntagmatic category mixing’. We also find instances of ‘paradigmatic category mixing’ in which the derived adjectival form retains some of the inflectional morphology (case and/or number and/or possessive) of its base noun, as in a number of Uralic and Altaic languages. We address this kind of categorial mixing within the descriptive framework for lexical relatedness proposed in Spencer (2013) . A true transposition has a complex ‘semantic function’ (sf) role, consisting of the semantic function role of the derived category overlaid over that of the base. We explain how the complex semantic structure role of noun-to-adjective transpositions maps onto c-structure nodes, using the syntactic framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.

Problems and questions in derived adjectives

This article overviews the main questions that emerge from cross-linguistic analysis of morphologically complex adjectives. It is discussed that the problems arise from the fact that it is difficult to identify any positive properties of adjectives capable of singling them out with respect to other categories. Thus, what has been classified as a derived adjective frequently is a version of the base category that lacks some of the definitional properties of that category. This article examines the questions related to deverbal adjectives, participles and denominal adjectives.

Group adjectives, possessives and single-participant derived nominals in Polish

Abstract The article compares the occurrence of pronominal possessive adjectives and denominal group adjectives in Polish event nominals. It is demonstrated that while in other Slavonic languages (e.g., in Russian) relational adjectives clearly contrast with possessive adjectives (both pronominal and lexical ones), in Polish denominal group adjectives, such as prezydencki ‘presidential’, ministerialny ‘ministerial’, or urzędniczy ‘clerk.ADJ’, resemble possessive pronouns in functioning as elements which can satisfy the argument structure of event nominals. The focus is laid on intransitive nominals, in view of the Possessor Principle proposed for Polish by Rozwadowska (1997). While some Polish intransitive nominals accompanied by possessives or by group adjectives are recognized as referential nominals (as is predicted by the analysis of Greek and Romanian group adjectives presented by Alexiadou and Stavrou, 2011, and Moreno, 2015), other intransitive nominals with such adjectival satellites are argued to be argument-supporting nominals. The association with the agentive reading (i.e., external argument interpretation) is shown to be characteristic, but not obligatory, with thematic group adjectives.

Adjektiva Denominal dalam Bahasa Jawa

This writing describes the form and the meaning of denominal adjectives in Javanese, especially derivatived through affixation process by applied qualitative-descriptive method. In the Javanese denominal adjectives can be in the form of N-D, mi-D, -um-D, D-an, D-en, and N-D-i. Each formatted denominal adjectives expressed a particular meaning.