Denim Fabric Research Articles

Geri Dönüştürülmüş Polietilen Ambalaj Atıkları ile Lamine Edilmiş Denim Kumaşların Mekanik Analizi

Due to the increasing population and production rate in the world, the amount of waste accumulating in solid waste sites is increasing day by day. In particular, disposable packaging wastes go to landfills after they are used, and this situation poses a serious risk when evaluated in terms of solid waste management. On the other hand, the textile industry, which has a large production volume, causes tons of textile waste to be buried in solid waste sites. The major goal of this study is to produce 100% recycled laminated textiles by combining waste from denim fabric and polyethylene bottle caps, which are the priority waste categories for both industries. In this context, low and high density polyethylene waste bottle caps were recycled separately by the hot press method, and the matrix plates obtained were laminated to waste denim fabrics. The physical and mechanical properties of the produced laminated fabrics were tested, and the results were discussed by comparing them with the test results of polyethylene plates and denim fabrics. The findings demonstrated that high density polyethylene could be processed more easily in the lamination process and also imparted better mechanical properties to the fabric to which it was laminated compared to low density polyethylene. These laminated textiles with 100% waste content are expected to provide a sustainable substitute for value-added products that can be used especially in outdoor application areas such as awnings with their improved properties.

A study on fatigue behaviour of cotton/lycra core spun yarns

Core spun yarn gives denim fabrics durability and flexibility, which has increased the focus on these yarns among denim manufacturers in recent years. These yarns undergo tensile fatigue loading, a typical phenomenon that happens on various parts of clothing, during use and wear. The study on the response of yarns during cyclic loading is essential because it leads to a better understanding of the growth characteristics when repeatedly loaded during the use of core spun yarn fabrics. In this study, the impact of various production parameters such as linear density, stretch percentage, twist multiplier, and the number of cyclic loading on the fatigue value of core-spun yarns was investigated. 18 different core spun yarns were manufactured by modified ring spinning to investigate the effect of various production parameters on fatigue value before and after 10, 20, and 30 load cycles. Experimental results showed that there is an increase in fatigue value with an increase in the number of load cycles. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant effect of linear density, stretch percentage, and twist multiplier on the fatigue value of yarn. There is a reduction in fatigue value with an increase in linear density, stretch percentage, and twist multiplier of yarn. The contribution of the number of cyclic loading was found to be more dominating in comparison to other process parameters like linear density, twist multiplier, and stretch percentage on the fatigue value of core-spun yarns.

Maximization of Sewing Strength and Minimization of Seam Pucker for Denim Fabrics Using Taguchi Method

Seams provide the shape of the garments and support the fabric pieces together. The seam quality is important for the serviceability of any garment. In general, the seam quality depends on various factors such as fabric weight, sewing thread type, and stitches per unit area. In this research, three different levels of fabric types with the same construction and different weights, which are mostly used in the production of denim products, were examined. For this purpose, each fabric was sewn in the warp direction with three different levels of sewing threads and three different levels of stitch densities. Then, the values of seam strength, and the seam pucker values were obtained with three replications for each combination of levels. In this study, it is aimed to obtain the optimum levels of fabric weight, sewing thread type, and stitch density of denim fabrics by using the Taguchi method. Custom Taguchi Design is employed to observe the efficiency of factor levels on seam strength and seam pucker, and existence of interactions among fabric weight, sewing thread type, and stitch density.

Comparative characteristics of damage to clothing and external damage to a imitator of the human body using pistols “Fort 12R” AND “AE 790G1”

Annotation. The spread of non-lethal firearms among different sections of the population of Ukraine and the increase of their varieties available for sale is another modern challenge for forensic examination. In this regard, there is an urgent need to study the characteristics of injuries caused by the newest types of traumatic guns, taking into account such a factor as clothing. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the shape and size of damage defects caused by shots from “Fort 12R” and “AE 790G1” pistols from different distances depending on the covering material of the human body simulator. To achieve the goal, 120 gelatin blocks (60 for each gun) were shot, divided into 4 subgroups according to the coating: bare blocks, covered with cotton fabric, denim fabric, leatherette. Shots were fired from contact range, 25 and 50 cm. Subsequently, damage description and statistical processing of the obtained results were carried out in the licensed statistical package “Statistica 6.0”. When analyzing the reliability of differences between the studied groups in the assessment of the area of the defect, mostly significant differences (p<0.05-0.01) were found both between different subgroups of blocks and between the corresponding groups of guns. Analysis of the defect shape indicator revealed both significant differences (p<0.05-0.01) and trends to differences (p<0.076) in all studied groups, except within the subgroup where bare blocks were used. Thus, the identified differences in the shape and area of defects allow us to use them to solve the issue of identification of shots from “Fort 12R” and “AE 790G1” pistols at close range, 25 and 50 cm distances and help to improve the understanding of the role of clothing in gunshot injuries. In further research, it is advisable to perform a comparative analysis using data on additional factors of the shot.

Knitted Denim Fabrics: Fabrication Process and Fibrous Influence on Several Properties of the Fabric

Denim-like knitted fabrics are getting popular for their several favorable properties, such as flexibility, comfort, and ease of manufacturing. This study aimed to manufacture knitted denim fabrics made from various blend ratios of cotton, polyester, and spandex fibers. Seven fabrics with a fiber blend ratio ranging from 95% cotton/5% spandex to 30% cotton/65% polyester/5% spandex were developed using a weft circular knitting machine. First, the twill effect of the knitted denim fabric was brought by following a cross terry knitting structure to produce each fabric sample of this study. After that, the fabric performance was analyzed by characterizations, such as areal density, pilling and abrasion resistance, dimensional stability, stretch, and recovery, tear strength, bursting strength, air permeability, vertical wicking, liquid absorbency capacity, and different colorfastness tests. The results showed that different cotton, polyester, and spandex fiber compositions did not significantly affect knitted denim fabrics’ weight per unit area, abrasion resistance, and different color fastness properties. However, the elongation and vertical wicking test data showed that the knitted denim fabrics with a higher cotton fiber ratio were better. However, the results from shrinkage, spirality, pilling, recovery, strength, air permeability, and liquid absorbency capacity tests revealed the benefits of having a higher polyester fiber ratio in the cotton/polyester/spandex blended knitted denim fabrics. One-way analysis of the variance test was also performed on the generated data of this study and reported in the respective section of the article.

Investigation of the Friction Coefficients and Surface Roughness Properties of Denim Fabrics after Abrasion

The abrasion behavior of denim fabrics could be affected by fabric surface properties (surface friction coefficient and roughness) depending on fabric structural parameters. This study investigated the friction coefficients and surface roughness properties of denim fabrics woven with different structural parameters after abrasion. In general, while the abrasion process reduced the fabric friction coefficients during the initial abrasion cycles, the surface's friction coefficient increased as the number of abrasion cycles increased. However, due to the increased abrasion cycles, there was a steady decline in the roughness values of the fabric surfaces. Denim fabrics were woven with a 3/1 twill weave pattern. When the effect of the fabric structural parameters on fabric friction coefficient and roughness values were evaluated, the yarn count (Nm), yarn density, and fabric cover factor showed negative correlation coefficients. In contrast, the thickness, unit weight, and bulk density of fabric showed positive correlation coefficients.

Development of Medical Fabrics to Enhance Lubrication and Prevent Skin Friction Associated Microbial Infections

ABSTRACT Skin deforming and coefficients of friction during skin and fabric interactions cause discomfort like skin inflammations, infections, and disease. Chitosan+Aloevera composite (CAc) as a finishing agent and the difference in a static and dynamic friction of finished denim was investigated. As chitosan+Aloevera were also reported to prevent a skin infection associated with friction antimicrobial properties and biocompatible properties of finished denim fabric was also evaluated. Anti-microbial efficacy of CAc finished denim-fabric swatches was evaluated using the standard EN ISO 20,645 test methodology. The biocompatible properties of CAc finished denim-fabric swatches were determined using a standard MTT assay method. The CAc finished denim samples exhibited 34 ± 0.57 mm and 35 ± 1.25 mm zones of inhibition for Escherichia coli & Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The CAc finished denim samples exhibited 35 ± 1.25 mm and 33 ± 1.04 mm zones of inhibition for Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, respectively. The CAc finished denim-fabric swatches exhibited 30 ± 1.25 mm and 29 ± 0.57 mm of inhibitory zones agaisnt E. coli and S. aureus, respectively after 2nd wash. In contrast, the samples after 10th wash did not exhibit an antibacterial activity.

The Perfect Match: Assessment of Sample Collection Efficiency for Immunological and Molecular Findings in Different Types of Fabrics.

Body fluid identification at crime scenes can be crucial in retrieving the appropriate evidence that leads to the perpetrator and, in some cases, the victim. For this purpose, immunochromatographic tests are simple, fast and suitable for crime scenes. The potential sample is retrieved with a swab, normally a cotton swab, moistened in a specific buffer. Nonetheless, there are other swab types available, which have been proven to be efficient for DNA isolation and analysis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of different swab types for body fluid identification as well as DNA isolation and characterization. Fifty microliters of human saliva were deposited in three different types of fabric (denim, cotton, and polyester). After 24 h at room temperature, samples were recovered by applying three different swab types, and the tests were performed. Subsequently, total DNA was recovered from the sample buffer. Cotton swabs performed worse in denim and cotton fabrics in both immunochromatography tests and DNA yield. No differences were observed for polyester. In contrast, and except for two replicates, it was possible to obtain a full DNA profile per fabric and swab type, and to identify the mtDNA haplogroup. In this paper, the impact of swab types on body fluid identification through the application of immunochromatographic tests is analyzed for the first time. This work corroborates previous research related to the influence of swab types in nuclear DNA isolation and characterization.

Permeability and Moisture Management Properties of Denim Fabric Made from Cotton, Spandex, and Polyester

Permeability and Moisture Management Properties of Denim Fabric Made from Cotton, Spandex, and Polyester

The Quality of Blended Cotton and Denim Waste Fibres: The Effect of Blend Ratio and Waste Category

Cotton is one of the most-used natural fibres in the world due to its relative comfort and strength compared with other natural fibres. However, the processing of cotton for manufacturing products consumes a lot of water, while harvesting cotton uses significant amounts of pesticides. One solution to this ecological problem is to recycle cotton waste. This study investigated the effect of blending virgin cotton with two categories of denim cotton waste—sourced during the winding and dyeing processes and used in various ratios—on the quality of blended denim cotton. The study was realised in collaboration with a large manufacturer of denim fabrics in Tunisia and a producer of preparation machines in Italy and aimed to use an adequate process to recycle cotton yarn waste and to obtain fibres with acceptable quality. The research aimed at providing a solution to the great demand for denim with the use of reclaimed fabric, which accompanies the increased need for denim with a fancy effect and the obligation of denim producers to follow environmental standards required by many brands The results show that it is possible to obtain a good quality of blend yarn using virgin cotton and cotton waste even when the waste content exceeds 50%. These results are significant for textile mills. Reprocessing fibres from denim colour-processing waste has a lot of advantages, including reductions in wastewater treatment and the consumption of energy, chemicals and water. In addition, the process eliminates the need for the dyeing and finishing processes of these coloured fibres.

Effect of Desizing Treatment on the Bagging Behavior of Denim Fabrics

This research aims to study the impact of desizing treatment on the bagging behavior of denim garments. Therefore, six denim fabrics with the same weaves and different characteristics were desized under different conditions. Then, the bagging behavior properties of the treated and untreated denim fabric were analyzed and investigated. Thanks to analysis of variance and the main effects plots, the influencing factors were found. The obtained results showed that the most important factors are the characteristics of the samples like the percentage of elastane and polyester fibers, and weight. In addition, it can be concluded that the concentration of desizing agents affects widely the bagging fatigue percentage.

Influence of Laser Treatment and Chemical Washing on the Performance Attributes of Cotton Woven Denim Fabrics

ABSTRACT In this research, an attempt has been taken to investigate and compare the attributes of chemically washed and laser-treated denim fabrics. With this in mind, a 3/1 left-handed twill (LHT) cotton woven denim fabric was chosen and popular types of washing effects such as whiskered, potassium permanganate (PP) spray, and acid washed effects were applied on the fabric’s surface using a commercially available industrial procedure. Furthermore, identical washing effects were carried out on fabric surface by laser treatment. The performance was investigated in terms of tensile and tearing strength, color fastness to washing and rubbing, shrinkage, fabric weight, seam slippage, and abrasion resistance with statistical evaluation through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the findings, the laser-treated samples showed a significantly greater tensile properties than the chemically washed specimens, especially for acid washed effects. No substantial variation was perceived during testing of tear strength, seam slippage resistance, color fastness to washing, and color fastness to rubbing for both chemically and laser treated samples of similar appearance. Because of the involvement of additional washing processes, chemically washed fabrics exhibited a conspicuous change in shrinkage, weight, and abrasion resistance than laser treated ones which was confirmed by ANOVA.

An optimized protocol for estimating cellulase activity in biological samples

Cellulase is a microbial enzyme responsible for degrading the β-1,4 glycoside bond in polysaccharide cellulose, which is abundant in various animal foodstuffs. Cellulase is an important industrial enzyme used for various purposes, including biopolishing textile fibers, softening garments, biostoning denim fabric, and removing excess color from textiles. In the food industry, cellulase is combined with pectinase and hemicellulase. Therefore, the need for a reliable, fast, and inexpensive cellulase activity protocol that could be used with diverse biological and environmental samples is great. This study developed a novel method to quantify cellulase activity using picric acid (PCA), which reacts with generated glucose molecules to produce mahogany red picramic acid. This PCA-cellulase method uses sodium hydroxide instead of sodium carbonate to provide alkalinity in the reaction solution, increasing the stability of picramic acid and the sensitivity and linearity of the reaction. It also overcomes the limitations of previous methods. It is notable for its dependence on few chemicals with low concentrations compared to previous methods that depend on many chemicals with high concentrations. The PCA-cellulase method was optimized using the Box–Behnken design, and its accuracy was determined using a response surface approach. A Bland–Altman cellulase activity graph was used to validate the PCA-cellulase method with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. Therefore, the novel PCA-cellulase method provides accurate results that are comparable to existing methods.

RETRACTED: Investigation of the Physical Properties of Yarn Produced from Textile Waste by Optimizing Their Proportions

Since textile waste recycling is a global challenge, there is an emerging need to explore this research direction due to the little knowledge about textile recycling. This study aimed to study the property of yarns produced from recycled textile/cotton fiber blends for proportion optimization and to check whether they can be used for denim fabric production. The properties of recycled fiber and virgin cotton spun on open-end having 4.5 Ne were investigated with fiber proportions of 20/80, 25/75, 30/70, 35/65, 40/60, 45/55, and 50/50. The results were analyzed with Design-Expert software, using central composite design to optimize the proportion. The 40/60 proportion had the optimum result, and by using this optimized proportion, 10 Ne yarn was produced and used for denim fabric production. The sample denim fabric produced used recycled yarn as a weft, showing that the recycled fiber turned yarn can be used in manufacturing products such as denim. The physical properties of the denim fabric confirmed that the recycled goods have wearable quality. Since this research can be applied on an industrial scale, it would benefit textile academia, industry, the environment, and society.

Application of single factor and L9 taguchi experimental design analysis based on different ratio of enzyme washing properties of denim fabric

Application of single factor and L9 taguchi experimental design analysis based on different ratio of enzyme washing properties of denim fabric

Influence of Dielectric Loss on RF Performance of Microstrip Multi-Resonant Circuits

Nowadays, fabric-based antennas, resonators, and sensors are attracting significant attention due to their excellent comfortability and flexibility compared with the rigid commercial printed circuit boards (PCBs). Both the dielectric constant ( ε r ) and dielectric loss tangent ( tan δ ) of substrate materials have a great influence on their frequency response characteristics. However, the effect of dielectric loss is usually ignored, since traditional radio frequency (RF) devices are fabricated on commercial PCBs with much lower tan δ . As the differences of dielectric loss vary widely with different fabric materials, it is of great significance to explore the influence of dielectric loss on the frequency response characteristics. Therefore, this paper systematically studied the influence of substrate properties on RF performance of microstrip multiresonator. Firstly, the models of microstrip multiresonators with different ε r and tan δ were created by HFSS simulation. By parametrically sweeping, it showed that the tan δ was the key factor for the notch depth. And the larger the tan δ , the bigger the electromagnetic loss of the material, resulting in a smaller notch depth of the resonator. Then, three representative materials with different orders of magnitude of tan δ (AD-450: 0.002, FR-4: 0.015, and denim fabric: 0.114) were chosen to verify the simulation. The results showed that the common fabric-based resonator has poor RF characteristics for their big dielectric loss compared with those of commercial PCBs. This study is of great significance for designing wearable electronic devices with flexible substrate materials with large dielectric loss.

Evaluation of the impact of cotton sheath linear density of core spun yarn on the performance of denim fabrics

In the textile sector, denim is one of the most iconic woven fabrics. The quality of denim fabric is influenced by several factors. For example, changes in the linear density of yarn might alter the projected fabric qualities, allowing it to fit current fashion market demands, which is the ultimate target of a textile product. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the impact of cotton sheath linear densities of core spun yarn (cotton/spandex) on performance properties like stretchability, tensile and tearing strength, weight, dimensional stability, pilling, and abrasion resistance of denim fabrics. Acquired results revealed that with the upsurge in the linear density of cotton sheath, several properties of the fabric, such as elongation and recovery percentage, tensile and tearing strength in the weft direction were improved because of the utilization of the variable linear density of sheath yarn in the same direction. Width-wise shrinkage and fabric weight were also decreased substantially. It was also found that increasing the sheath count enhances the denim fabric’s overall resistance to pilling.

Providing antibacterial properties to denim and non-denim trousers with encapsulation technology

PurposeThe aim was to prepare antibacterial microcapsules and transferred to denim and non-denim (canvas) trousers.Design/methodology/approachFor this purpose, lavender and sweet almond oil as active agents were encapsulated with ethylcellulose shell with a spray dryer method and carried out capsule optimization studies.FindingsThe particle diameter of the capsules ranged between 0.61 and 8.76 µm, SPAN value was 1.608 and the mean particle size was 4 µm. The mass yields of capsules ranged between 35.0 and 75.4 %w/w. Denim fabrics were treated with prepared capsules by exhaustion and spraying methods. It was seen that microcapsules provided a reduction of bacteria by over 97% against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the fabrics still showed an antibacterial effect after five washing cycles.Originality/valueWhen application methods were compared, the spraying method was found to be more sustainable process than exhaustion and could be used as an alternative for reducing energy consumption and capsules could provide antibacterial properties to the fabrics.

Biocompatible Antibacterial Denim Fabric Prepared via Green Synthesis of the Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Raw Sugar Molasses

AbstractMicrobial susceptibility of the denim fabric sized by starch raises some skin health concerns about this extensively used fabric. In this work, biocompatible antibacterial denim fabric is prepared by optimized green synthesis of the copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles on the cotton fibers. The copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized without using any toxic chemical to reduce the copper salt. As an alternative, the waste of the sugar refinery factory, molasses, was used as eco‐friendly and cost‐efficient material. The antibacterial activity of the samples against Candida albicans as model fungus, Escherichia coli as Gram‐negative, and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram‐positive model bacteria is investigated besides cytotoxicity; also, the synthesis process is optimized regarding the most biocompatible and antibacterial nanocomposite. The characterizations prove the effectiveness of the molasses for reduction of the copper salt and formation of the copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles. Synthesis of the copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles has a positive effect on the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. The results of this work introduce a green method for sustainable development of the fabric industry; it also presents a potential application for molasses and reutilizing it.

New Laccase-Mediated System Utilized for Bio-Discoloration of Indigo-Dyed Denim Fabrics.

In this study, indigo-dyed denim fabric was decolorized via separate and simultaneous applying of laccase, sodium hydrosulfite, and cellulase. In this regard, the surface reflectance and color coordinates of the discolored fabrics were evaluated and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the cellulase treated fabric were prepared to analyze their surfaces. Finally, the characterization of the treated samples was investigated, including moisture content, crease recovery angle, air permeability, and abrasion resistance. The color experiments showed that simultaneous applying of laccase, sodium hydrosulfite, and cellulose had a 55.79% improvement in the samples' lightness (L*). Furthermore, the color coordinate test of specimens revealed that the hue of the treated samples was changed to blue and green, and the purity of color (C*) was modified. The increment in the moisture content and air permeability of the treated specimens indicated that the comfort of the jeans clothing had been enhanced. As a result, sodium hydrosulfite demonstrates a high-efficiency denim discoloration in the laccase-mediated system.