Denial Of Women Research Articles

Women-owned businesses and access to finance in Pakistan: a study of perceptions, experiences and behaviors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the perceptions, experiences and behaviors of women entrepreneurs and industry professionals in raising finance for women-led businesses and associated problems faced by the women entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative research adopts a narrative inquiry strategy. In-depth interviews are used to collect data from women entrepreneurs and women industry professionals in Pakistan. NVivo qualitative data analysis software is used to organize, analyze and find insights in the qualitative data. Findings This research finds that women entrepreneurs struggle to secure financing for their businesses, and most of them have not been successful in obtaining loans from banks. Women entrepreneurs have relied on various sources of funding, including microfinance banks, grants, personal finance and family members. Some of the barriers to finance attainment for women entrepreneurs include sociocultural inhibitions, lack of awareness and limited information dissemination by financial institutions. Women professionals suggest that entrepreneurs should maintain a bank account, have proper documentation and show dedication to their business to improve their chances of obtaining financing. Research limitations/implications This research provides theoretical contributions and methodological advancements in the study of financial inclusion for women-owned businesses in Pakistan. This research raises awareness about the difficulties women entrepreneurs face when trying to obtain credit from banks and other financial institutions and provides policy recommendations to inform the government about financial inclusion policies and financing policies for women entrepreneurs. Overall, this research contributes to the literature on financial access and access to finance for women-owned businesses in developing countries. Originality/value Based on the vulnerable group theory and theory of discouraged borrower, this paper has two important theoretical and practical implications. First, the findings of this study reveal that the financial services are indifferent to women, and there is a denial of women being vulnerable in the financial system, hence requiring a major policy shift to not portray women as vulnerable, as they will rationally feel risky and prefer to opt out of the financial system. Second, the findings suggest that the issue of access to finance for women is not in the financial services but in the women's capabilities and awareness. Therefore, a policy shift is suggested from “financial services for women” to “capability and awareness of women” to avail and access the current services.

Cultural Paradigms And The Evolution Of Women's Inheritance Rights In Pakistan: A Trajectory Analysis

This paper explores the complex interactions between cultural paradigms and the development of women's inheritance rights in Pakistan and illustrates the historical lineage, legislative reforms, and issues that have impacted the trajectory of women's inheritance rights within the larger framework of Pakistani society with special attention on the legal aspect. The study clarifies the nuanced history of women's inheritance rights in Pakistan by examining the roles played by cultural norms, legal systems, and societal views. Despite being protected by law, the denial of women's inheritance rights continues to be a complex issue that has a negative impact on Pakistan's sociocultural and economic landscape. The systematic exclusion of women from public life in Pakistan results from deeply ingrained patriarchal norms woven into the fabric of traditional and social structures.

Humans peeing: Justice-involved women's access to toilets in public spaces.

Justice-involved women face myriad challenges as they negotiate the terms of community supervision and manage the long-term implications and stigma of living with a criminal record. Major tasks that women juggle include securing safe, affordable housing, finding and retaining employment, accessing physical and mental health care (including substance use treatment), and handling relationships with family, friends, children, and intimate partners. In addition to these responsibilities, women must meet their basic physiological needs to eat, sleep, and use the toilet. Women's ability to safely meet their personal care needs may impact their capacity to manage their criminal-legal challenges. This study uses qualitative methods to understand justice-involved women's lived experiences related to urination. Specifically, the study reports on a thematic analysis of 8 focus groups conducted with justice-involved women (n = 58) and the results of a toilet audit conducted in the downtown areas of the small city in the United States where the focus group participants were living. Findings suggest that women had limited access to restrooms and reported urinating outside. Lack of restroom access impacted their engagement with social services support and employment and their ability to travel through public spaces. Women perceived their public toilet options as unsafe, increasing their sense of vulnerability and reinforcing the idea that they did not have full access to citizenship in the community because of their criminal-legal involvement. The exclusion and denial of women's humanity that is perpetuated by a lack of public toilet access impacts women's psychosocial outcomes. City governments, social service agencies, and employers are encouraged to consider how lack of toilet access may impact their public safety and criminal-legal objectives and expand opportunities for people to access safe restroom facilities.

Análise do discurso crítico sobre a redução da jornada de trabalho nos jornais galegos: ampliando olhares desde o feminismo decolonial

Abstract Introduction A care crisis is taking place, reinforced by various aspects, including neoliberal policies. The reduction in working hours is a right to promote conciliation. However, this phenomenon has not yet been explored from Social Occupational Therapy. Objective To delve into the phenomenon of the reduction of working hours in women, through the analysis of the media from a decolonial feminist perspective and Social Occupational Therapy. Method Critical Discourse Analysis was used from a decolonial feminist perspective, as a methodological approach to analyze the discourses, language and meanings told in the media. The Factiva database has been used to locate the news. The search was carried out on May 2, 2020 jointly by the authors. 50 newspaper news have been included. Results This work makes visible situations of institutional violence, denial of women's rights, deprivation of liberty, injustices, and inequalities. Reflections from Social Occupational Therapy and decolonial feminism are interwoven. Conclusions Social Occupational Therapy calls for a constant questioning of spaces (local and situated, in this case, Galicia) and practice actions, which implies questioning the oppressive structures of domination (State’s articulation of the law of reduction of working hours and the social discourses constructed). The reduction in working hours is one more example of how our daily activities are mediated by patriarchal and colonial power relations.

RECOGNIZING, APPRECIATING AND PRESERVING WOMEN'S RIGHTS: ISSUES, RATIONALES AND CHALLENGES FOR WOMEN IN FACING SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Article history: Received date: 15.06.2022 Revised date: 20.07.2022 Accepted date: 30.08.2022 Published date: 29.09.2022 To cite this document: Othman, I. W., Zakaria, S., & Esa, M. S. (2022). Recognizing, Appreciating and Preserving Women's Rights: Issues, Rationales and Challenges for Women in Facing Social Responsibility. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 7 (29), 556-577. DOI: 10.35631/IJLGC.729039. This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0 The discussion in this paper focuses on issues that increase the awareness and understanding of society on the importance of achieving common equality in a fair way to optimize women's ability to provide a sustainable future for the country. Among issues discussed (i) Career issues halt for highly educated women with families, (ii) The issue of women as victims of domestic violence, (iii) Elimination of gender discrimination in an effort to dignify women, (iv) Confusion over the issue of women's human rights labelled as a family, community and welfare, and (v) Denial of women's entrepreneurial potential and leadership credibility in the national political arena. This paper uses secondary sources, such as research results published in journals, scholarly writing, online news sources, and public forums, to employ a qualitative methodology. The results of the study present information regarding (a) Gender discrimination, cultural clashes and community perceptions, (b) Implementation & enforcement of the Domestic Violence Act 1994, (c) Viability of the National Women's Policy 2009, (d) Strengthening the functions and jurisdictions of the Affairs Unit Woman (EVE). The rationale for preserving women's rights is for the society to be aware of the importance of women in mobilizing the economy, social, and culture. In addition, the recognition and appreciation of women's contributions must continue to ensure a more prosperous, peaceful and prosperous future for the country. The direction for the future undertaking should focus on the significance of women's empowerment in guaranteeing the development of the country which no longer refers solely to economic development but covers development in terms of social, personality and community unity.

Response to Leah Schwebel and Jennifer Alberghini

Response to Leah Schwebel and Jennifer Alberghini Lynn Shutters Leah Schwebel and Jennifer Alberghini demonstrate how consent remains important, even to those who secure it coercively and retroactively. Women want it—or at least the tellers of these stories want women to have wanted it. However offensive, this narrative imperative disrupts present-day perceptions that female consent was utterly foreign to medieval cultures. Yet both authors demonstrate that consent alone does not ensure female empowerment. Their work aligns with Kate Manne's argument distinguishing misogyny from sexism. Sexism, Manne argues, "discriminate[s] between men and women, typically by alleging sexual differences."1 Misogyny, on the other hand, posits men and women's common humanity and potential for virtue, even if that virtue is expressed in gender-specific terms. While sexism assumes women's blanket inferiority, misogyny "differentiate[s] between good women and bad ones, and punishes the latter."2 Consequently misogyny coopts, rather than denies, female interiority: misogyny demands that women yield men "not only their bodies but also their minds, in their capacity for choice, volition, and agency."3 In The Reeve's Tale, Schwebel explains, Aleyn reduces Malyne to a tool for exacting revenge. In Manne's terms, this treatment of Malyne is sexist, a denial of women's humanity, rather than misogynist. Why, then, the need for Malyne's retroactive consent? This vengeance on women is two-pronged: first, the Reeve discounts Malyne's personhood. Second, and contradictorily, the Reeve reinstates Malyne's autonomy through retroactive consent. Schwebel convincingly argues that Malyne's affectionate leave-taking of [End Page 359] Aleyn allows her to reclaim agency and insert herself into a narrative of romance. Additionally, in imagining Malyne as consenting, the Reeve makes her conform to the model of attentive femininity that misogyny demands. Based on his prologue, the Reeve is a man who does not get what he wants from women: we might read The Reeve's Tale as an incel revenge fantasy. The feminist pay-off might be to reframe our questions about consent by considering how an agential act might, paradoxically, be imposed. Alberghini reminds us that narrative impositions of retroactive consent can also come from well-meaning women, such as Eglantine's nurse. The nurse dismisses a non-consensual kiss as "a thynge of nought" and blames Eglantine for rejecting a "gentyl man." Yet she also assures Eglantine that nobody saw the kiss but herself, and she'll never tell. If the kiss of a gentleman can—and should—be accepted, then why is secrecy required? Alberghini suggests that we need not reduce the nurse to an ideological mouthpiece. We might instead see how she articulates the complex negotiations of agency, coercion, and consent that medieval and modern women regularly face. These essays remind us that we cannot historicize consent as a march forward from premodern women who were the dehumanized victims of ideological forces, to modern women who are empowered individuals. As Linda Martín Alcoff argues, our present-day notion of consent "ignores the constrained options within which choices are too often actually made."4 In changing the narrative, we must complicate our understanding of consent and consider additional terms in which sexual violation might be assessed. [End Page 360] Lynn Shutters Colorado State University Footnotes 1. Kate Manne, Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 79. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 108. 4. Linda Martín Alcoff, Rape and Resistance: Understanding the Complexities of Sexual Violation (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018), 127. Copyright © 2022 The New Chaucer Society, University of Miami

Shashi Deshpande, Anita Desai, and Bharati Mukherjee: A Comparative Study

Shashi Deshpande, Anita Desai and Bharati Mukherjee are contemporary Indian English Writers. They have represented the case of Indian women who are the subject of negligence, suffering, suppression and exploitation. The problems of identity figures more prominently in the novels of Bharati Mukherjee and Anita Desai. Shashi Deshpande’s main concern also has been to trace out the root cause of denial of women’s self and their struggle for self-identity. Thus all these factors give rise to emergent trends and tendencies like hybrid cultural forms among the migrants. These three female authors who have been under the influence of trans-nationalism, immigration, migration as well as re-housement, began to take deep interest in study of the women’s problems in India and giving them insight and outlook that have some relevance with the Western culture and social back-grounds.

Women, Land Dispossession and Agricultural Production in South-East Nigeria: An Eco-Feminism Perspective

The Twenty-first century has witnessed change in the nature, dimension and dynamics of gender role and relationship. An important area of the change is in women rising engagement in agricultural production Sub-Saharan Africa. While women profile in agribusiness has risen, there remains impediments. One of these is the denial of women the right to land ownership through inheritance. This denial continued to be sanctioned through reference to cultural practices that limit women rights to inheritance. Given that land remains the major factor of production for agricultural activities, its accessibility particularly to women that are engaging in agribusiness in sub-Saharan Africa remains a major concern. This is because dispossessing women right to land ownership impedes the production of food crops, thus exacerbating household poverty. Adopting eco-feminism as theoretical prop, this paper examines women engagement in agriculture within the context of the land dispossession using South-Eastern Nigeria as point of reference.

How does gender affect the perceived security of land and property rights? Evidence from 33 countries

Secure tenure over women’s land and property rights is increasingly considered an important means to promote economic, social and even environmental outcomes. Where gender-unequal tenure security exists, promoting women’s land and property rights is therefore a key component of SDGs 1.4.2 and 5.a.1, which call for gender-equal access and security of resources, including housing and land. Both development goals acknowledge that measuring men and women’s self-perceived tenure security is an important way of monitoring progress, but until recently there has been a lack of consistent and comparative global data on this front. In this paper, we analyse the perception data of 28,132 women and 25,048 men in 33 countries to assess potential gender imbalances. We find that overall, men and women’s perceived tenure security does not differ significantly. However, significant in-country differences exist that can in part be explained by gender-differentiated sources of insecurity. Women are more likely to feel threatened by internal sources of insecurity from within the family or the community, particularly when faced with scenarios of divorce or spousal death over the long-term expected duration of their tenure. Men, in turn, are significantly more likely to cite external sources of insecurity such as government expropriation or private investment in the near- or middle-term. Furthermore, the results of our models suggest that the possession of (named) formal property rights documentation may be effective in protecting both men and women from external threats, but not internal ones. Formalisation of property rights therefore needs to be complemented with measures that tackle the day-to-day denial of women’s rights within families, communities and societies.

Chronicles of challenges confronting HIV prevention and treatment in Nigeria

Background: Antiretroviral therapy reduces mortality and morbidity amongst people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, improves their quality of life and reduces the potential to infect others. The goal of National Agency for the Control of AIDS is to achieve and sustain an AIDS-free Nigeria by 2030 hinged on its strategic framework. Achieving this goal is threatened by certain identified challenges. Aim: This study is to review the contents of the national HIV and AIDS strategic framework in a bid to identify the challenges confronting its full implementation in the management of HIV in Nigeria. Methods: Several published articles on HIV prevalence, factors influencing trend and spread, and sociodemographics of the affected were reviewed as well as three federal government of Nigeria national HIV and AIDS strategic framework. Articles were sourced from online indexes such as Medline; sampling about 60 peer-reviewed articles from which information relevant to the topic were retrieved. Publication by relevant bodies on HIV and AIDS was likewise reviewed, and relevant information was retrieved from them. Results: Challenges identified include AIDS-related stigmatisation and discrimination, socio-cultural norms and practices, especially denial of women to inheritance and widow inheritance with its resultant feminisation of poverty and female genital mutilation, reduced funding following the withdrawal of donor agencies, anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer bias, bureaucratic and structural problems, as well as negative attitude of healthcare professionals. Conclusion: The study concludes that achieving an AIDS-free Nigeria with zero new infection and zero. AIDS-related stigmatisation by 2030 will require mitigating against the aforementioned challenges.

Gender Injustice and the Pandemic

In this twenty first century, women continue to be reckoned as the most oppressed class; and at times are even denied the basic human rights. When women have fewer resources, less power and less influence compared to the male counterparts, they are made to experience inequality and there is discrimination based on class, ethnicity, age, as well as religious and other fundamentalism. Gender inequality, also happens to be the key driver of poverty and a fundamental denial of women’s right. Even in this 21st century, it goes without saying that, a near universal phenomenon is gender-based violence, which threatens the well-being, rights and dignity of women. An instance of such gender based violence is Domestic Violence- which forms the subject matter of this paper. Viewed from the perspective of human rights violation, with the application of human rights law, the State’s obligation to respect individual rights of each and every person gets reinforced, so much so that, the wrong doer can be held accountable for abuse of those rights of private individuals. Therefore, even if the State does not actually commit the abuse, it has the obligation to guarantee legal protection to the women victims. In attempting to discuss about one form of household abuse, which is seen to be aggravating more during this COVID-19 Pandemic, and the Lockdown that is operating in India, since March 24th, 2020, in this paper, discussion will centre round the principle of Equality which the framers of the Indian Constitution has also recognized as a Fundamental Right as well as a Directive Principle of State Policy, and which right has been secured to all citizens by the Preamble to the Indian Constitution. Despite every safeguard being provided by law, the Indian woman has been made to swim through troubled waters, which in itself is a matter of grave concern.

The Potential of Domestic and International Courts to Protect Women’s Right to Family Life in the North Caucasus

Abstract The North Caucasus region of Russia is known for spawning the highest number of adverse judgments from the European Court of Human Rights compared to any other Russian region—over 500 as of mid-2020. Since 2005, the Court has found Russia responsible for enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings and torture carried out on a mass scale during the second Chechen war and in its aftermath. The Head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, has become internationally infamous for the brutal repression of even his mildest critics, ensuring that most Chechens will be too afraid to claim their rights in any forum. Domestically, the Russian federal authorities have either ignored or tacitly condoned the increasing subversion of state law in the region in favour of de facto customary norms—adat—and elements of sharia law that have had a devastating effect mainly on women’s and girls’ rights. Harmful traditional practices such as ‘honour killings’, child marriage, bride-kidnapping, and—in certain remote mountain regions of Dagestan—female genital mutilation take place on a regular basis. Yet such violations, however grave, do not easily lend themselves to litigation. This practice note focuses on one of the few areas in the region in which systematic focused litigation is being carried out in domestic courts, often against enormous odds: the systematic denial of women’s right to family life after divorce or the death of their children’s biological father.

구미호(九尾狐)로 상징된 여성 섹슈얼리티에 대한 남성의 경계와 거부-전설의 고향(傳說의 故鄕) <구미호(2008)>를 중심으로-

구미호(九尾狐)로 상징된 여성 섹슈얼리티에 대한 남성의 경계와 거부-전설의 고향(傳說의 故鄕) <구미호(2008)>를 중심으로-

Exploration of Public Perception About Drama Serial Meri Zaat Zarra-E-Benishan A Feminist Perspective

The purpose of doing this study is to record and collect the views and thoughts of people about how women are portrayed by our media and to what degree this portrayal matches with real life situations females face and the treatments they get in their real lives. Several issues have been raised in past decades regarding denial of women's existence, brutality on women, resistance against the higher education for women, status of women in Islam, women rights and more. Few issues like higher education for women, forceful marriages, and injustice with women were considered for this study and respondents were asked about these issues and the acceptance or rejection of these issues by using Drama Serial "Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan" as a tool for content analysis. Respondents were asked about the situations in the drama and the real-life situations and incidents they face; close to the story line of this drama. The result of the study was somehow positive; it was found that the intellectual level of people is comparatively better than those from the last two decades. People have started being positively inclined towards giving basic rights to females and they appreciate higher education for women in a pretty higher ratio now.

Women, Culture and Africa's Land Reform Agenda.

Pre-colonial Africa prides itself on adherence to diverse cultural affinity and traditional belief systems, which defines the place of women in respect to land access, use and ownership. Land resources continue to play important roles in both agrarian and industrial societies; thus the absence of effective land management and gender construction in land allocations has deepened gender inequality, restricted women’s capacity building and agricultural development in Africa. This article explores the impact of traditional African practices and cultural beliefs on women’s land ownership and use, and also reconciles women’s land rights (access and control) with the realities of land reform in post-colonial Africa. It explores how gender inequalities, in terms of land ownership and rights, have jeopardized attempts at agricultural productivity and sustainable development in Africa. However, it is tasking to ‘universalize’ African culture and locate it in a center, due to the diverse cultural values found in Africa. However, there are certain belief systems that run through most African communities, such as the denial of women’s land rights and the patriarchal nature of societies. Thus, the article found that, despite the development of legal frameworks that expand women’s property rights, cases of cultural impediments to the exercise of land rights abound in Africa.

Marital Rape: An Overview

Though marital rape is the most common and repugnant form of masochism in Indian society, it is hidden behind the iron curtain of marriage. Social practices and legal codes in India mutually enforce the denial of women sexual agency and bodily integrity, which lie at the heart of women human rights. Rape is rape. Be it stranger rape, date rape or marital rape. The law does not treat marital rape as a crime. Even if it does, the issue of penalty remains lost in a cloud of legal uncertainty. The legal system must be forced to accept rape within marriage as a crime. Further, women themselves must break free of societal shackles and fight for justice. They must refuse to comply with the standards applied to them as the weaker sex. Rape is an offence, which hinges on the absence of consent of the woman. It is important to realise that the absence of consent does not have to be only in the form of the word ‘no’. It should be assumed from the context of the situation. The offence of marital rape has not been sufficiently accounted for in the law.

Rape Narratives, Courtly Critique, and the Pedagogy of Sexual Negotiation in the Middle English Pastourelle

This essay focuses on Middle English pastourelles, a popular but understudied medieval lyric genre centrally concerned with women's experiences of the threat of sexual violence. This genre offers contemporary audiences a rich and valuable resource for understanding medieval ideas about rape and resistance. The pastourelles closely echo the language of courtly love lyrics and thus function as a critique of courtly ideology, for they expose its violent denial of women's erotic subjectivity. Some pastourelles feature antirape pedagogical methods familiar to modern educators, including peer education models and the use of risk avoidance discourse. The genre's narrative diversity and pedagogical possibilities are particularly evident in a unit of three pastourelles copied in the early sixteenth-century Welles Anthology along with male-voiced poems of courtly love and misogynist vitriol and female-voiced erotic lyrics, demonstrating how the pastourelle can reinforce certain rape myths, authorize women's desire, and challenge courtly paradigms.

Divisions of zadrugas between 1827 and 1844: Normative frames and judicial practice

Regulations and judicial practice regarding divisions of so-called zadrugas (extended families, common among South Slavs) during the first reign of Princes Miloš and Mihailo Obrenović are subject of this paper. It is also pointed to nonrecognition of zadruga' s female members rights of successions in judicial practice, as a means of preventing partial dissolutions of patriarchal families. Namely, denial of women' s property rights contributes to preserving wholeness of zadrugas, as women would leave their families after marriage and at that point they would single out their shares in zadruga' s property. In the second half of the 1830s divisions of zadrugas became increasingly common. Attemps that had been made to diminish widespread fragmentation of zadruga' s estate and decrease frequency of dissolution of extended families in legislation and judicial practice are examined in this paper. However, strict punishments could not stop divisions of traditional rural families, as they were in sharp contrast to market economy, prevailing private property and entire social-economic progress in 19th century.

Collective Female Identities in Discussions about Pussy Riot’s Performance

In this paper, I address the issue of collective female identities in contemporary Russia. The Pussy Riot performance is regarded as a critical event that serves as a trigger for certain 'groupness'. Taking critical event perspectives avoids framing the respondents with the researcher's predetermined categories. The empirical data is collected via collective interviews with the diverse group of Moscovites. Analysis highlights the domination of an authoritarian/collectivistic interpretative repertoire in older participants' discussions about the performance, which has resulted in the articulation of the image of the disadvantaged female and the denial of women's agency. The younger participants, being familiar with a co-existing liberal interpretative repertoire, have continued to use a conservative repertoire to discuss Pussy Riot. This and a general lack of gender problematisation in the interviews indicate that feminist discourse is not at all widespread in the Moscovites' everyday discourse.

Abortion law reform in Nepal

Across four decades of political and social action, Nepal changed from a country strongly enforcing oppressive abortion restrictions, causing many poor women’s long imprisonment and high rates of abortion-related maternal mortality, into a modern democracy with a liberal abortion law. The medical and public health communities supported women’s rights activists in invoking legal principles of equality and non-discrimination as a basis for change. Legislative reform of the criminal ban in 2002 and the adoption of an Interim Constitution recognizing women’s reproductive rights as fundamental rights in 2007 inspired the Supreme Court in 2009 to rule that denial of women’s access to abortion services because of poverty violated their constitutional rights. The government must now provide services under criteria for access without charge, and services must be decentralized to promote equitable access. A strong legal foundation now exists for progress in social justice to broaden abortion access and reduce abortion stigma.