Denial Of Information Research Articles

Pravni principi i mehanizam u vezi s nestalim licima u SFRJ i AP KiM

Resolving the issue of missing persons in the former SFRY, including cases of disappearances and abductions in Kosovo and Metohia, is an important humanitarian and political issue. The process of reconciliation is based on the building of multiethnic societies democracy, the rule of law and tolerance in the region largely depend on solving this complex problem. At the same time, it is the obligation of the competent authorities towards the families of missing persons who have the right to know the truth about the fate of their loved ones. As the solution of the problem of missing persons should be approached primarily as humanitarian law, it was noticed that from the very beginning of this process there is a high degree of politicization. Although the need to find out the truth about the fate of persons who disappeared during the armed conflicts is expressed primarily among their family members, and then sporadically appears on the agenda of meetings of statesmen in the region, in reality there are real obstacles to the search for missing persons. These obstacles range from insufficient capacity of state bodies involved in the search for missing persons, insufficient financial resources, to a lack of political will to improve regional cooperation and a determination to make the search for missing persons more efficient. As a consequence of the described situation, it is evident that the process is slowing down and giving priority to activities on the ethnic rather than humanitarian principle, which would enable this problem to be solved to approximately the same scope and dynamics in the entire region. Also, an insufficient degree of cooperation and openness in the exchange of information between participants in the process and cooperation for the necessary planning and synchronization of activities and the most precise determination of the dynamics in the process of exhumations and identifications in the region was noticed. Therefore, the denial of information on abductees and missing persons was characterized as a gross violation of the human rights of their family members. On the other hand, there remains an obligation that all perpetrators of crimes such as kidnappings and other acts of violence against civilians must be brought to justice in accordance with international norms and applicable domestic law. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to show the importance of consistent application of international legal frameworks in the protection of the rights of missing persons and their families, with special reference to the relationship between international and national legal framework for clarifying the fate of missing persons.

Socio-economic Determinants of Access to and Utilization of Contraception among Rural Women in Uganda: The Case of Wakiso District

Background: There's dependably an assurance that when you train a woman, a full country is trained. In matters of reproductive health, women are generally influenced because of their key parts in child birth and nurturing. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals states change of maternal health through decreasing maternal mortality by seventy five percent (75%) and accomplish all inclusive access to reproductive health (Contraceptive prevalence rate) and this demonstrates the high need for enhancing women's health since they are generally affected simultaneously. In Uganda, the yearly population rate is 3.2% and it’s one of the most striking in the world (UDHS, 2016) and this is because of the high fertility rates which have handled her in a condition of amazing poverty, putting the government in high consumptions than investment funds. High population growth rates accompany a great deal of unfavorable impacts that put the nation at danger of unemployment and under development combined with other related components. Methods: The major aim of the study was to examine the access and utilization of Contraceptive use among rural women in Uganda, with special emphasis on Namasuba village, Wakiso District. It focused on both key informants (health care providers) and rural women, combined with a couple of male respondents incorporated into the study. The study used a sample of 85 respondents. Rural Women were 55; key informants were 10 and 20 male respondents with mostly qualitative techniques, however quantitative strategies were obtained to decide the prevalence in use of contraceptive methods. Data collection strategies included personal interviews and key informant interviews which were unstructured, and documentation. Results: As per the study findings, a scope of social and economic components can impact women's access to Contraception. This implies that negative circumstances that block access to information accordingly from the above are not positive for rural women to Contraceptive use. These circumstances may include segregation or stereotyping, isolation and denial of information on the availability of contraception provided on the market. These results further revealed that rural women, who knew about contraceptives and their use, used such learning to care for themselves and living a safe sexual life. The study was mostly ruled by 20-24 female age groups. Conclusion: In terms of possible approaches to enhance access and utilization of Contraceptive use, respondents suggested that modern contraceptives ought to be provided free of charge and extended out to the household level through community outreaches and dialogues, changing the undesirable attitudes towards women's access to these contraceptives particularly the opposing generalizations labeled to them as promiscuous. On the basis of findings and interpretations made, further areas of assessment were recommended to cover the significance of use of Contraceptive use among women, and how their utilization can affect contrastingly on the development process of the country and women empowerment health wise.

Better to Preach But Bitter to Practice: Indian Judiciary vis-a-vis RTI Act 2005

The Supreme Court of India, captaining Indian judiciary, has, much prior to the enactment of the Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005, enthusiastically accorded unbridled anticipatory recognition to citizen’s right to information as a fundamental right, through several proactive pronouncements. Even in the absence of any specific mention of RTI in the country’s constitution, the judiciary was eager and willing to read the right to information as being a part of the constitutionally enshrined right to speech and expression [Art. 19 (1) (a)] and also emanating from the Right to Life [Art. 21] and the Right to Equality (Art. 14). Accordingly, when the RTI Act 2005 came into force, it was initially hailed by the judiciary variously as ‘path breaking’; ‘effective tool for ensuring transparency’ and so on. The elated perceptions from the judiciary have indeed helped the Act being hoisted to a high pedestal of ‘citizen power’ in the democratic republic. But the post-RTI Act enactment scenario scripted by the judiciary has been frustrating. Instead of leading the judiciary from the front towards the broader roads of transparency, the then Chief Justice of India (CJI) ventured upon an unsuccessful attempt to gain total insulation from the Act and thus effect dilution of the RTI Act. There came a totally unjustifiable blast from the then CJI declaring that the ‘CJI is a Constitutional office and therefore exempt from the RTI Act.’ Perhaps continuing their Chief’s mindset, many High Courts have exercised the rule making power provided to public authorities under the Act in such ways as to throw more hurdles against citizen’s easy access to information from them. Moreover, many of the rules framed by the exalted seats of justice in the country betray poor drafting, impermissible excess and blatant contradictions with the aspirations and stipulations of the RTI Act. Judiciary is often seen waxing eloquent on the need to enforce transparency while adjudicating disputes from other organs of the State. But it exhibiting visible reluctance to comply with the requirements of the Act in matters related to it. (E.g. - disclosure of declaration of assets by Judges; providing information on reimbursement of medical expenses of judges and their families; information on pendency of cases in courts; information on the process of elevation of judges to the highest court of the land; details about ministerial recruitment's in courts and so on.). The ‘double-speak’ on RTI, frilled with the apathy for the Act echoed by the CJI continues as noticeable unwillingness of the judiciary to comply with the RTI Act. One is lead to strongly believe that the judiciary is still unduly demanding ‘full immunity and secrecy beyond the law and above other citizens.’ By way of abetting the dilution of the effective functioning the RTI Act, the higher judiciary has freely allowed the invoking of the writ jurisdictions on RTI issues, without meticulously scrutinizing whether such writs are actually warranted. In fact, in many cases, the “writs” on RTI disputes are simply ‘third appeals’, indulged beyond the prescribed bounds of the RTI Act. Further, in several instances, the courts have hastened to clamp indefinite stay of operation of the progressive orders of the State/Central Information Commissions, in spite of a existence of a specific bar on courts’ interventions in RTI matters. Added to all these, apparently inconsistent judicial approaches of balancing between ‘privacy’, ‘personal information’ and ‘people’s right to information’, cause mostly denial of information as the end result for the citizen.The evidenced attitude of the judiciary so far since the coming into force of the Act is more in the nature of contributing to the un-sizing and dilution of the RTI Act. The changed stance of the judiciary, an important pillar of the edifice of Constitutional trinity, would impact and eclipse the envisaged regime of transparency in all arms of the State. Here lies a danger of wrong signals getting transmitted from the judiciary to other organs of the government to weaken implementation of the Act.This paper critically looks into the manner in which RTI issues relating to Courts have been adjudicated by the judiciary; embarks upon an objective analysis of the nature and effects of such decisions and argues for positive shift by the judiciary towards strengthening the seamless functioning of the Act for ensuring better transparency in governance of the Country.

On denying presuppositions

Strawson (in Mind 59:320–344, 1950; Theoria 30(2):96–118, 1964) argued that definite NPs trigger presuppositions as an aspect of their conventional meanings, and this semantic conception of presupposition triggers is incorporated into the binding theory of presuppositions (van der Sandt, in J Semant 9:333–377, 1992 and Geurts, in Presupposition and pronouns, 1999). The phenomenon of presupposition denials, however, presents a problem for the semantic conception of presupposition triggers, for in such denials the alleged semantic presuppositions seem to be “cancelled” by a negation operator. Geurts (in Language 74(2):274–307, 1998; Presupposition and pronouns, 1999) attempts to solve this problem by utilizing the binding theory’s allowance for local accommodation. Geurts’ proposal, however, is inadequate, primarily because Geurts formulates the binding theory within discourse representation theory (DRT), which makes no allowance for the illocutionary force of denial. Asher and Lascarides’ (in J Semant 15:239–299, 1998a; J Semant 15:83–113, 1998b; The logics of conversation, 2003) segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT), however, has the resources to account for the illocutionary force of denial. Utilizing a version of SDRT I demonstrate that the “cancelling” of a presupposition by echoic negation in presupposition denials crucially depends upon the denial of information that is pragmatically communicated by accommodation.

Making Sense of Entertainment

This contribution explores the relationship of emotion and cognition in entertainment experience. Drawing on the reflective model of aesthetic experience ( Cupchik, 1995 ) and the concept of appreciation ( Oliver & Bartsch, 2010 ), we propose a multi-level view of affective processing that includes simple affect schemata as well as more elaborate forms of sociomoral reasoning that build on this basic layer of emotional meaning. To better understand how affective factors can stimulate or impede cognitive elaboration processes, we review research on motivated cognition that has dealt with the influence of arousal, valence, and personal relevance on cognitive depth. The role of affect in defensive information processing (i.e., the motivated neglect or denial of information) is also considered. Specifically, we discuss how research on motivated cognition can help explain thought-provoking entertainment experiences, and the potential of such experiences to stimulate self-reflection and personal growth.

A Framework for Countering Denial-of-Information Attacks

Denial-of-information (DoI) attacks degrade a given user's ability to seek, assimilate, and process information, and are becoming more prevalent due to the Internet's rapid growth. To counter such attacks, the authors' taxonomy provides structure to this area and proposes a model for describing the information space.

National Security And Threat Awareness

Today’s ubiquitous technology environment has brought about a change in the threats posed to National Security. As we continue to move from a hierarchical, industrial-based society to a networked, information-based and technology-dependent society, our political, economic, social and technical bases continue to evolve. This has led to a change in both the vulnerabilities of Nations and their infrastructures and in the threats that they may suffer. The emergence of a new crime context has, obviously, opened the way to a new kind of criminal activity: info-terrorism. The most effective tactic that info-terrorists have is to focus the use of Weapons of Mass Destruction not on physical destruction but on area denial or economic damage. Information denial, distortion or theft can be much more destructive than waging a traditional mechanical war. Unfortunately, the proliferation of the Internet and other means of data retrieval, as well as the pervasiveness of information technology have not only facilitated the work of Intelligence experts in both the corporate and the State environments but have also aided the epidemic of cyber-crime. Such a complex scenario has switched the focus from Information Security to Information Process Security (IPS). In order to guarantee the integrity of IPS, it is paramount that employee threat awareness is promoted at all levels. This new challenge offers the opportunity to re-think Security Awareness Programs through the management, measurement and the benchmarking of the processes and techniques. The globalization of information retrieval and transfer bring about the need to create a solid front against these threats. This front should be made up of a network of Government and private sector agencies and should be oriented towards the research, development and implementation of measures that will counter the hazard of Information warfare.

The use of taped parental interviews to improve communication with childhood cancer families.

Communication with the parents of children with cancer is essential. Denial of information given, confusion over details, and emotional distress all prevent comprehension by parents. Information-giving sessions were taped and the effect this had on parental contentment and understanding was assessed. The use of simpler language by doctors and repetition of complex information was requested by parents. Those parents who have not reached emotional homeostasis will not absorb what is said to them, but replaying the tapes may assist in overcoming this.