Risk Of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Articles

Spatial Analysis on the Spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

We studied the spatial patterns of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) transmission in Baubau, a city in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. DHF is a serious disease caused by the dengue virus and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. We used Moran’s Index, a spatial analysis tool, to create a DHF spread map for Baubau’s sub-districts. We found different patterns of DHF risk, such as: cold spots, Betoambari and Batupoaro had lower DHF cases, but they were vulnerable to infection from nearby areas; hot spot, Murhum had higher DHF cases and could transmit the disease to neighboring areas; and low risk, Bungi had the lowest DHF risk and was resilient to infection. Our findings suggest that preventive measures should be tailored to the specific risk level of each sub-district. Our study also provides useful guidance for controlling DHF transmission in Baubau and beyond. Our research is a beacon of hope for a safer and healthier future.

Spatial model of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) risk: scoping review

BackgroundCreating a spatial model of dengue fever risk is challenging duet to many interrelated factors that could affect dengue. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how these critical factors interact and to create reliable predictive models that can be used to mitigate and control the spread of dengue.MethodsThis scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the important predictors, and spatial modelling tools capable of producing Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) risk maps. We conducted a methodical exploration utilizing diverse sources, i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The following data were extracted from articles published between January 2011 to August 2022: country, region, administrative level, type of scale, spatial model, dengue data use, and categories of predictors. Applying the eligibility criteria, 45 out of 1,349 articles were selected.ResultsA variety of models and techniques were used to identify DHF risk areas with an arrangement of various multiple-criteria decision-making, statistical, and machine learning technique. We found that there was no pattern of predictor use associated with particular approaches. Instead, a wide range of predictors was used to create the DHF risk maps. These predictors may include climatology factors (e.g., temperature, rainfall, humidity), epidemiological factors (population, demographics, socio-economic, previous DHF cases), environmental factors (land-use, elevation), and relevant factors.ConclusionsDHF risk spatial models are useful tools for detecting high-risk locations and driving proactive public health initiatives. Relying on geographical and environmental elements, these models ignored the impact of human behaviour and social dynamics. To improve the prediction accuracy, there is a need for a more comprehensive approach to understand DHF transmission dynamics.

Relationship analysis of protection strategy and the number of containers with the existence of Aedes aegypti larvae at Tebing Tinggi city in 2022

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an endemic disease in Tebing Tinggi, the number of DHF cases in 2022 reached 175. Protection strategy and the number of landfills are risk factors for the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between protection strategy and the number of containers in the presence of Aedes aegypti. Methods: This type of research was an analytic survey with a cross-sectional research design. The study population was all families living in 5 sub-districts in Tebing Tinggi city with 500 houses selected using a cluster sampling technique. Primary data collection used a questionnaire containing questions on protection strategy and location points, also observation sheets containing the type of landfills, and the number and presence of larvae. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square test. Results: The results showed that Aedes aegypti larvae were found in 144 houses and 14% of families had made protection strategies, 41% of houses had more than 4 containers. Protection strategies against the presence of grass bushes within a radius of 100 meters from the house and the number of landfills had a relationship with the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae (p<0.05). Conclusions: Tebing Tinggi city is an area that has a high potential risk of DHF. Suggestions for increasing DHF protection strategy and eliminating resting places and breeding places are important for empowering jumantik at the family level as well as providing ongoing assistance and education.

PENGARUH FAKTOR IKLIM DAN KEPADATAN PENDUDUK TERHADAP KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI KOTA ADMINISTRASI JAKARTA TAHUN 2018-2020

Problems: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease that is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes sp. and it is still a public health problem in Indonesia. The survival of the dengue mosquito and the spread of the disease can be affected by climate factors such as rainfall, humidity, and air temperature. Population density is also a risk factor for the spread of dengue fever. The Aim of The Research: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between climate factors and population density on the incidence of dengue fever in the Jakarta Administrative City in 2018-2020. Reseacrh Method: This study uses an ecological study design by conducting statistical correlation tests on climate factor data with dengue cases in the Jakarta Administration City in 2018-2020. Spatial analysis was conducted to see the relationship between population density and the incidence of DHF in the same location. The Result: The results of this study did not find a significant relationship between rainfall and air temperature with the incidence of DHF in the Jakarta Administration City in 2018-2020. Air humidity and the incidence of dengue fever showed a significant relationship in Central Jakarta, West Jakarta, and North Jakarta, p-values ​​were p=0.017, p=0.043, and p=0.034. Population density produces dengue-prone areas in the city of Jakarta and has a significant influence. Conclusion: It is necessary to understand about the risk of DHF especially in areas with dense population density and increase our knowledge how to prevent this desease

KIR copy number variations in dengue-infected patients from northeastern Thailand

Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a family of receptors expressed on Natural killer (NK) cells. The extensive polymorphism of KIR is involved in the immune responses of NK cells and influences dengue infections. We investigated the diversity of KIR copy numbers in dengue-infected patients from northeastern Thailand. Copy numbers of KIRs were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 137 dengue-infected patients, comprising 63 dengue fever (DF) and 74 dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The distribution of KIRs was observed to be between 0 and 4 copies. The KIR AA genotype with heterozygous KIR2DS4D/WT was the most common in dengue patients, 25.4% DF and 23% DHF. Forty KIR profiles were determined in dengue patients, including 31 usual, 6 expanded, and 3 contracted profiles. Investigation of KIR copy number and dengue severity indicated that two copies of KIR2DL3 combined with HLA-C1C1 associated with an increased risk of DHF (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.159–4.624, P = 0.016), whereas one copy of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 together with HLA-C1C1 associated with a reduced risk of DHF (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.058–0.482, P < 0.001). The outcomes of this study will contribute to the understanding of KIR complexity and innate immune responses in dengue infections.

The Early Vigilance of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in the Community

Early Awareness of Extraordinary Events of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) was asked to community (n= 130). Precautions were measured based on community knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior are constructs (in the form of a composite variable) from an early awareness of DHF outbreak. The result showed that the knowledge related to the transmission factor and the proliferation of dengue disease was quite good (72.3%). The DHF risk control was also good (93.9%) while the dengue fever eradication was still poor (67.7%). However, the attitude showed that it is still not ready to act on the basis of consciousness. Meanwhile, the results of the data analysis identified that the model of the early awareness measurement on DHF outbreak which consisted of construct variables (knowledge, attitude, and action) were a perfect fit. Based on the measurement model, the level of community awareness on DHF disease can be measured. This showed that the level of early awareness of DHF disease was good 76.2% and only 3.8% were less alert. This means although the less alert percentage is quite small, if people have an attitude of indifference to the prevention of DHF then the impact will affect a wider community.

Commuting Mobility as Risk Factor for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Background:In Indonesia, there has been a change in the age group of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patient population from children to adults since 1998. It raises the suspicion that an infection occurs not only in residential area but also from other places as a result of human mobility. Research on the role of people mobility as a risk factor for dengue incidence yielded different results. This study aims to reveal the relationship between human mobility and the incidence of dengue. Method: This is a case-control study that involved 276 respondents; 138 were sufferers (case group) while the other 138 respondents were non-sufferers (control group). The sample size was determined by using purposive sampling. Patient’s data and their addresses were obtained from Sleman Regency Health Office while the control group was patient’s neighbors. The people mobility data were obtained by conducting questionnaires that were divided into three categories, namely low, moderate, and high for commuting mobility and two categories, namely traveling outside and inside province for circular mobility. Chi-square analysis was used to determine whether mobility was a risk factor for DHF. Results:The result showed that commuting mobility was correlated with the DHF incidence (p=0.001) where the high mobility of 3.169 times raised the risk of DHF incidence (OR 3.169; 95% CI: 1.690-5.944) more than the low mobility. However, the DHF incidence was not correlated with moderate mobility (p=0,821). Furthermore, traveling outside the Yogyakarta Province reduced the risk by 6.175 times than non-traveling activity (p=0.000; OR 6.175; 95% CI: 2.759-13.822). Conclusion: The commuting mobility outside the village is a risk factor of DHF. Meanwhile, traveling outside Yogyakarta Province did not cause any risk for DHF and it instead tended to reduce the risk.

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in TNF-α (−308G/A and −238G/A) to dengue: Case-control and meta-analysis study

Dengue is an acute viral disease whose clinical condition is related to the interaction of factors related to the Dengue virus (DENV), environment and the host, with the immunity of the human host contributing a substantial role in the pathogenesis of DENV infection. Studies have demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter regions of cytokine genes such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) affect transcription and/or expression; and therefore, may influence the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, such as dengue. Consequently, the objective of this study was to assess through a case-control study whether there was an association between the presence of SNPs −308G/A and −238G/A in the TNF-α gene and 158 patients with dengue and 123 controls. No association was found between the SNPs and the dengue cases in the study population. We then performed a meta-analysis, retrieving data from case-control studies in the literature for the same polymorphisms. For SNP-308G/A, the GG genotype was associated with dengue fever (DF) risk (OR = 1.24, 1.00–1.53; p = 0.05; I2 = 0%), while the GA genotype (OR = 0.75, 0.60–0.93; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%) and allele A (OR = 0.75, 0.60–0.93; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%) were associated with protection. The genotype GG population in the Asian continent (OR = 1.81 [1.06, 3.09], p = 0.03, I2 = 0%) and American (OR = 1.29 [1.00, 1.65], p = 0.05, I2 = 0%) was also associated with protection in the comparison between the cases versus the control group. In each comparison, the dominant model AA + GA (p < 0.00001) conferred protection. For SNP-238G/A the GA genotype was associated with risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF; OR = 2.17, 1.28–3.67; p = 0.004; I2 = 0%)), and the dominant AA + GA model (p < 0.00001) was associated with protection in each comparison. In summary, our results did not associate SNPs in the TNF-α gene to dengue in the Brazilian northeast population. However, combined literature data suggested the effect of the GG and GA genotypes of the SNP-308G/A on risk and protection, respectively, in Asian and American populations.

THE POTENTIAL OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF) PARTICIPATORY MAPPING TRAINING FOR LARVAE OBSERVER CADRES (JURU PEMANTAU JENTIK / JUMANTIK)

Jumantik plays a pivotal role in the control of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Participatory mapping training can enhance its risk of transmission recognition. This research aims to identify the potential use of DHF risk factors participatory mapping training for Jumantik. This experimental research carried out from October 2013-January 2014 in four DHF highest prevalence regions in Malang. Mapping is based on data from Google Earth, DHF risk factors like homes, ovitrap sites, and larva-positive buildings, and the DHF prevalence over the past 6 months. The results indicate a variety of participant’s capacity to generate maps while the ability to analyze and plan was conspicuously absent. Qualitative data reveals there's an intention to map DHF individually by a few numbers of jumantik and primary healthcare staff. The conclusion is that this training prototype can be further adapted by accounting participant’s features, approaches, and capabilities as well as primary healthcare commitment for its continuity.

Genetic risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue fever in multiple ancestries

BackgroundGenetic risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) and dengue fever (DF) are limited, in particular there are sparse data on genetic risk across diverse populations.MethodsWe conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a derivation and validation sample of 7, 460 participants of Latin American, South Asian, and South East Asian ancestries. We then developed a weighted polygenic risk score (PRS) for each participant in each of the validation cohorts of the three ancestries to predict the risk of DHF/DSS compared to DF, DHF/DSS compared to controls, and, DF compared to controls.FindingsThe risk of DHF/DSS was significantly increased, odds ratio [OR] 1.84 (95%CI 1.47 to 2.31) (195 SNPs), compared to DF, fourth PRS quartile versus first quartile, in the validation cohort. The risk of DHF/DSS compared to controls was increased (OR=3.94; 95% CI 2.84 to 5.45) (278 SNPs), as was the risk of DF compared to controls (OR=1.97; 95%CI 1.63 to 2.39) (251 SNPs). Risk increased in a dose-dependent manner with increase in quartiles of PRS across comparisons. Significant associations persisted for PRS built within ancestries and applied to the same or different ancestries as well as for PRS built for one outcome (DHF/DSS or DF) and applied to the other.InterpretationThere is a strong genetic effect that predisposes to risk of DHF/DSS and DF. The genetic risk for DHF/DSS is higher than that for DF when compared to controls, and this effect persists across multiple ancestries.

Dynamic dengue haemorrhagic fever calculators as clinical decision support tools in adult dengue.

The objective of this study was to develop multiple prediction tools that calculate the risk of developing dengue haemorrhagic fever. Training data consisted of 1771 individuals from 2006-2008 admitted with dengue fever whereby 304 developed dengue haemorrhagic fever during hospitalisation. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was used to construct three types of calculators, static admission calculators and dynamic calculators that predict the risk of developing dengue haemorrhagic fever for a subsequent day (DAily Risk Tomorrow [DART]) or for any future point after a specific day since fever onset (DAily Risk Ever [DARE]). From 119 admission covariates, 35 were in at least one of the calculators, which reported area under the curve (AUC) values of at least 0.72. Addition of person-time data for DART improved AUC to 0.76. DARE calculators displayed a large increase in AUC to 0.79 past day 7 with the inclusion of a strong predictor, maximum temperature on day 6 since onset, indicative of a saddleback fever. All calculators performed well when validated with 2005 data. Addition of daily variables further improved the accuracy. These calculators can be used in tandem to assess the risk of dengue haemorrhagic fever upon admission and updated daily to obtain more precise risk estimates.

Low socio-economic status associated with increased risk of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Taiwanese patients with dengue fever: a population-based cohort study.

Evidence indicates that socio-economic status (SES) may affect health outcomes in patients with chronic diseases. However, little is known about the impact of SES on the prognosis of acute dengue. This nationwide cohort study determined the risk of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Taiwanese dengue fever patients from 2000 to 2014. From 1 January 2000, we identified adult dengue cases reported in the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System Database. Dengue cases were defined as positive virus isolation, nucleic acid amplification tests or serological tests. Associations between SES and incident DHF were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Of 27750 dengue patients, 985 (3.5%) had incident DHF during the follow-up period, including 442 (4.8%) and 543 (2.9%) with low and high SES, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, history of dengue fever and comorbidities, low SES was significantly associated with an increased risk of incident DHF (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.61 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.42 to 1.83]). Rural-dwelling dengue patients had a higher likelihood of DHF complication than their urban counterparts (AHR 2.18 [95% CI 1.90 to 2.51]). This study suggests low SES is an independent risk factor for DHF. Future dengue control programs should particularly target dengue patients with low SES for improved outcomes.

Multilevel Analysis on the Contextual Effect of Village on the Incidence of Hemorrhagic Dengue Fever in Grobogan, Central Java

Background : Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. DHF is an endemic disease in more than 100 countries. There were 728 cases of DHF and 8 cases of death in Grobogan, Central Java, in 2017. The purpose of this study was to examine the contextual effect of the village on the incidence of DHF. Subje cts an d M et hod : This was a case-control study conducted in Grobogan, Central Java, from November to December 2018. A sample of 200 study subjects was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was DHF. The independent variables were the presence of water shelter, ponds, farmland, mosquito larvae, hanging clothes, house density, eradication of mosquito nest, education, and employment. The data were collected by questionnaire and observation. The data were analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression. Results : Existence of water shelter (b= 4.53; 95% CI= 1.29 to 7.76; p= 0.006), ponds (b= 2.71; 95% CI= 0.26 to 5.17; p= 0.030), farm land (b = 3.40; 95% CI = 0.52 to 6.28; p= 0.021), mosquito larvae (b= 3.45; 95% CI= 0.61 to 6.29; p= 0.017), hanging clothes (b= 2.39; 95% CI= 0.23 to 4.56; p= 0.030), and house density (b= 5.55; 95% CI= 1.59 to 9.51; p= 0.006), increased the risk of DHF. Education ≥senior high school (b= -4.79; 95% CI= -8.44 to -1.13; p= 0.010), employed (b= - 5.36; 95% CI= -9.22 to -1.49; p= 0.006), and exposed to DHF mosquito nest eradication program (b= -4.31; 95% CI= -7.64 to -0.97; p= 0.011) decreased the risk of DHF. Village environment had strong contextual effect on DHF with ICC= 51.33%. Conclusion : Existence of water shelter, ponds, farmland, mosquito larvae, hanging clothes, and house density, increase the risk of DHF. Education ≥senior high school, employed and exposed to DHF mosquito nest eradication program decrease the risk of DHF. Village environment has a strong contextual effect on DHF. Keywords : dengue hemorrhagic fever, environmental factors, eradication of mosquito nests, village strata, multilevel analysis Correspondence : Ambar Sari. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: ambarsari69.as@gmail.com. Mobile: +625647847180; 08562623045 Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2019), 4(3): 156-170 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.03.02

Dengue Surveillance Information System: An Android-Based Early Warning System for the Outbreak of Dengue in Padang, Indonesia

The morbidity and mortality rate of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) causes social and economic impacts. Dengue prevention efforts have not been effective in reducing the incidence of DHF. This research aims to design and develop a prototype early warning system for DHF. This prototype is designed to determine the potential risk of DHF in Padang City. Method: System development in this research uses the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method of rapid application development with a choice of prototyping system models. Result: Information system development is done by the surveillance of puskesmas and health cadres who perform system input. Presentation of the information is in the form of tables, charts, and maps showing the situational risk of DHF in the work area of Padang. This information system can be accessed online via smartphone or computer. In Conclusion, the development of the DHF awareness information system can facilitate decision making and planning in the Padang City Health Office.

Episodes of the epidemiological factors correlated with prevailing viral infections with dengue virus and molecular characterization of serotype-specific dengue virus circulation in eastern India

BackgroundDengue is one of the most important and widespread viral infection comprises 4 related serotypes (DEN-1, 2, 3, and 4). Infection with one serotype does not protect against the others, and sequential infections put people at greater risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). This study determines the epidemiology of prevailing viral infections with dengue and molecular characterization of serotype-specific DENV circulation in Odisha of eastern India. MethodsDuring the year 2013, 1980 blood samples with suspected dengue cases were obtained between days 1–10 of illness and analyzed by NS1 Ag-RDT, NS1 Ag-ELISA, and RT-PCR. The differential detection of dengue infections and DENV serotyping were carried out by IgM/IgG Ab-ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. ResultsOf the 1980 samples, 733 (37.0%) were positive for dengue RNA by RT-PCR. The confirmed cases of dengue were more in males (73.6%) in comparing to females (26.4%). The age group of 15–44years (527 cases, 71.9%) were more susceptible to dengue infections. 656 (89.5%) cases had infected with monotypic infection by different DENV serotype and 77 (10.5%) cases had multitypic infections by multiple serotypes of DENV. Of the total multitypic infections, there were 74 (10.1%) cases had infected with DENV-2 and DENV-3 serotypes at a time; and only 3 (0.4%) cases had the concurrent infections of all three serotypes that were, DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3. Of the 28 DHF cases, there were 17 (2.3%) cases had infected with multitypic infections and 11 (1.5%) cases had infected with monotypic infection. ConclusionDengue infections have prevailed from the month of July and grasped it's the peak in September. Rain, temperature and relative humidity have favored the dengue infections. Young adults and males are more susceptible to dengue infections. Serotypes DEN-2 followed by DEN-3 was dominant among the confirmed dengue cases. Co-circulation of multitypic infections with multiple DENV serotypes and the emergence of DHF cases suggested that eastern Indian state Odisha was becoming a hyper-endemic province for dengue; therefore, continuous surveillance is suggested for understanding the epidemiology of the diseases and monitoring the changes in the characteristics of circulating DENV strains.

Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Immune-Related Genes with Development of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in a Mexican Population.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurring in immune-related genes have been associated with risk or protection for development of dengue, depending on ethnicity. Here, we genotyped seven SNPs located in immune response-related genes to identify their association with severe forms of dengue in patients from an endemic region in Mexico. One hundred and thirty-eight patients with dengue fever (DF), thirty-one dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients, as well as 304 healthy donors were genotyped by using a TaqMan-based approach. SNP analysis, including rs1800629 (TNF), rs4804803 (CD209), rs2780831 (JAK1), rs1801274 (FCGR2A), rs231775 (CTLA4), rs12979860, and rs8099917 (IFNL3), was performed. The rs1800629 A-allele in the TNF gene was associated with an increased risk of DHF (OR = 3.4, CI = 1.235-9.284 p = 0.0212) whereas SNPs rs4804803, rs2780831, rs1801274, rs231775, rs12979860, and rs8099917 showed no association in this cohort. These results show that allelic variations in TNF can play an important role in the development of DHF. However, the lack of association between all remaining SNPs and DHF suggests that the genetic background might directly modify the role of these immune-related molecules, leading to the milder illness often observed in a Mexican population.

THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER RISK ASSESSMENT IN SAMUT SONGKHRAM PROVINCE, THAILAND

Samut Songkhram is one of popular tourist destinations in Thailand; however, it is the very high risk province of the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) outbreak. Therefore, it is essential and urgent to monitor the tourists within the areas from the DHF. This research aimed to study the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in DHF risk assessment and to study factors influencing of this province. The researcher collected 11 factors data including population density, household number, elevation,temperature, humidity, rainfall, residential areas, drainage areas, agricultural areas and man-made and natural water resources from related organizations to analyze relationship with DHF patients in the province. With the Pearson’s Correlations statistic, there were four main factors relating the DHF incidence including population density, household number, residential areas and man-made water resources. According to the created GIS model of DHF risk assessment, it was discovered that 9% of the total areas were the very high risk areas, 23.89% were the high risk areas, 13.14% were the moderate risk areas, and 53.97% were the low risk areas. At a district level including Muang Samut Songkham, Bang Khonthi and Amphawa, it was found that Muang Samut Songkham was the only very high risk area covering 79.78km2. At a subdistrict level, MaeKhlong and Lat Yai were the very high risk areas. The factors influencing showed residential areas. Afterapplying the GIS in DHF risk assessment, it was demonstrated that the GIS was one of an effective tools for DHF surveillance.

Investigation on the influence of the extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid ratio at dual frequencies for prognosis of dengue fever in Indian children

A noninvasive investigation to ascertain the severity of dengue was conducted on 44 hospitalized dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) subjects, male and female aged between 3 and 14 years using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Among the 44 subjects, 30 subjects were confirmed with NS1 positive at the time of admission, whose blood investigations such as haematocrit (HCT), platelet (PLT) count, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was taken for classification of risk under low risk and high risk DHF. For comparison, BIA of 53 healthy controls was also taken. To provide a better and accurate estimate, a dual frequency method is proposed to calculate body fluid volumes such as total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF). The impedance at 100 kHz is used to estimate TBW while impedance at 5 kHz to estimate ECF. Statistical analysis identifies that the ratio of ECF/ICF estimated using the proposed dual frequency method, shows significant difference between control and DHF risk groups and also shows good correlation with the blood investigation results. In addition, statistical analysis of proposed ECF/ICF method on other fever subjects indicate significant difference with DHF.

Inorganic Waste Management in Decreasing Maya Index and Entomology Index of Mosquito Larvae

Inorganic waste management through Malang Waste Bank (BSM) is expected to reduce the risk of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). However, the number of neighborhood groups (RT) which become BSM participant varies. The problem is whether or not this variation will result in different entomology of mosquito larvae indexes. The purpose of this study is to prove the role of inorganic waste management to the risk of DHF transmission. Longitudinal survey was conducted weekly for 4 months in 2013 in six villages with the highest dengue cases in the city of Malang. Villages were classified into 3 types of membership of Malang Waste Bank (BSM). The result shows that the number of controllable containers is more than disposable container. Kruskal Wallis test mentions that the House Index (HI), Breteau Index (BI), Container Index (CI), and Density Index (DI) of the three villages are significantly different (p &lt;0.05), while MI is not different. MI is related to all of mosquito larvae entomological indexes except with HI. Therefore, it can be concluded that the level of cleanliness of an area (MI) can be an indicator of the high index of mosquito larvae entomological indexes.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DENGUE'S INCIDENCE ON CERES-GO COUNTY BETWEEN 2012 AND 2015

Dengue is an infectious disease caused by a virus Flaviirus genus, transmitted by a vector, the Aedes aegypti. The aim of this study was promote an epidemiological study to identify the incidence of dengue cases reported in the city of Ceres, Goiás. Study was conducted epidemiological, descriptive, ecological type, cross-sectional, quantitative, accomplished by the data collection of the number of reported and confirmed cases of dengue, in the 2012 period to 2015, provided by municipal surveillance in the city of Ceres, Goiás, and the site of the Goiás State Department of Health. Between 2012 to 2015 were reported 4556 dengue cases in the municipality of Ceres, and of these, 45.96% were confirmed by serological tests. Of the total cases reported during this period (n = 4.566), 50.53% (2.290) are the only cases reported in 2015. The incidence rate of the disease in 2015, in Ceres, was 11.051 cases / 100.000 inhabitants, values surpass the previous years (2012-2014). This result demonstrates the high burden of disease in the population of this municipality in 2015. The data also suggest the addition of a new serotype in the region. This increase of the risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever, which characterized as a complication of classic disease, however, data for cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were not available. There was a considerable increase in the number of dengue cases in 2015 compared to previous years, 2012 to 2014. This growth suggests that serological studies focusing on serotypes detection should be conduct on region. KEY WORDS: Aedes aegypti; serogroup; epidemics.