Demonstrative Research Articles

Tracce d’uso del pronome dimostrativo espletivo nelle varietà d’italiano vernacolare fiorentino e pistoiese

This research into the expletive demonstrative pronouns consists of a comparison between the varieties of Italian language in Florence and Pistoia and the dialect of Salerno. The linguistic analysis points out the use of this pronouns like extra-phrasal elements with explicative semantic function. They are used only during the conversations, but not in the monologues. unlike the expletive pronouns in the non-pro-drop languages like English, French and Northern Italian dialects, in which these pronouns are expressed in both situations. The form quello, I have observed in the varieties of Italian Language of Florence and Pistoia, as well as chello/chillo I have observed in the dialectal variety of Salerno, correspond to the expressions il fatto è che.../sta di fatto che… In italian language spoken in Florence and Pistoia the expletive demonstrative pronoun quello is exclusively used in the initial position of the main clauses, otherwise in the dialect of Salerno it can occur also in the causal, temporal and completive clauses, in which the expletive demonstrative pronouns occupy the subject (or topic) position between the complementizer and the verb and they are used with explicative semantic function and their use is optional and limited to the conversation.

SPATIAL DEIXIS IN BIMANESE AND ENGLISH: AN INVESTIGATION SIMILATIES AND DIFFERENCES

Spatial deixis is the language utterance that is employed by the speaker to convey the location of objects or events in space. The purpose of this research is to look into the aspects of specific deixis that exist in both Bimanese and English, as well as how individuals use them in natural conversation. This study next looks at the parallels and differences between spatial deixis in Bimanese and English. To collect data on the use of spatial deixis in Bimanese, the study used qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews and direct observation. In the meantime, documentation such as books, articles, or movies is employed to examine particular deixes in English. The subjects of this research were drawn from five distinct locations in Bima regency: Pela, Wawo Rada, Bima City, Wera, and Sila. The data was then descriptively evaluated by identifying, categorizing, describing, and explaining related to the people employing specific deixis in Bimanese. This study found that the aspects of spatial deixis in Bimanese can be seen from the deictic system namely; locative adverbs are marked by ta (ta ake, ta ede, and, ta aka), demonstrative pronoun (ake, ede, and aka), topography system (ese, awa, dei ari, and ipa), four corners direction (ɗa, ɗo, ɗi, ele), and political dimension (ese and awa). In English, there are various types of spatial deixis: demonstrative pronouns (this, that, and with plural forms), locative adverbs (here and there), and topography systems (up and down). The three aspects of spatial deixis that are similar between English and Bimanese are demonstrative pronouns (proximal and distal), locative adverbs (proximal and distal), and topographical system (up and down). Although the 'medial' concept in Bimanese has additional form in terms of demonstrative and locative adverbs. While there are distinctions between them, the Bimanese has many more spatial deixis aspects than English in terms of directions, topography systems, and socio-political dimensions.

German Demonstrative Pronouns in Contrast

German has two demonstrative pronouns: the der, die, das paradigm and the dieser, diese, dies(es) paradigm. Previous studies mainly compared the anaphoric use of der with the personal pronoun er and observed that der refers to less prominent antecedents. However, there are only very few studies that have investigated the differences between these two demonstrative pronouns. We hypothesize that they differ in signaling topic persistence and in accessing contrastive antecedents. We tested these hypotheses in short texts that manipulated the contrast of the antecedent by inducing the expression ‘in contrast to’ vs. ‘together with’ (e.g., the cellist in contrast to the flautist vs. the cellist together with the flautist). Results from our eye-tracking reading Experiment (Experiment 1), in which participants’ eye- movements were monitored while reading sentences, show that (i) readers preferred dieser when referring to the topic of a sentence, and (ii) dieser caused less processing difficulties than der in both contrast and no-contrast contexts. Our sentence completion Experiment (Experiment 2) also confirmed that der and dieser are both used for anaphoric reference to a topical antecedent. Collectively, our experiments provide evidence that dieser functions as inducing topic persistence. These results suggest that there is a need for further experimental investigation into the semantic factors and informational structures influencing the usage of demonstrative pronouns in German.

The Significance of Τοῦτο in Act 2:16 to the Eschatology of Acts

Abstract The demonstrative pronoun “τοῦτό” in Acts 2:16 carries pragmatic weight, suggesting markedness and emphasizing the eschaton (v. 17). Despite scholarly oversight, verse 16’s syntactical placement within the main clause underscores its significance. This article seeks to rectify this neglect by examining Acts 2:16’s theological and syntactical importance, particularly the usage of “Τοῦτο” and its implications for understanding Acts’ eschatological framework. Through linguistic analysis, theological exploration, and intertextual connections, this study aims to reveal the profound implications of Acts 2:16 for the eschatological discourse in Luke’s narrative.

Referral in demonstrative pronouns and rhetoric in rhetoric

إن الإحالة في الضمائر من أهم العلاقات المستعملة في العناصر المحلية من جهة التأويل ، وفيها كثير من الاحتمالات لعود الضمير ، فقد يكون عائداً على الأقرب ، وقد يكون عائداً على الأبعد عند عدم وجود قرينة تصرفه لغير الأقرب .

Szyk modyfikatorów wskazujących we współczesnym języku polskim i ukraińskim

Although demonstrative adjectives fall within the adjectival paradigm and, within the framework of this paradigm, implement most grammatical oppositions, in terms of linearization they differ significantly from qualitative and relative adjectives: the postposition of the demonstrative modifier has a completely different character than in the case of adjectives. The authors intend to achieve several goals. The first goal is to compare nominative constructions with the pronominal (demonstrative) modifier in Slavic languages belonging to different groups, i.e. Polish and Ukrainian. The second objective is to examine the factors determining the post-positional use of demonstrative attributes, both direct evident (functionally marked) and statistical. In this respect, the authors mention the following factors: 1) the linear position of the nominal group in relation to the predicate; 2) the position of the nominal group in the communicative (thematic-rhematic) structure; 3) the stress structure of the utterance; 4) case of the noun; 5) degree of development of the nominal group; 6) the status of the noun as a primary or derived (from an adjective) name. The empirical material of the study was collected on the basis of language corpora and source texts of various styles.

Evaluation of Indonesian to English Translation at the Undergraduate Level Using Componential Assessment

Background. The ability to translate is a crucial skill for EFL students and helps overcome language barriers. This study investigates the improvement of translation skills at Universitas Indraprasta PGRI and explains the types of componential assessment (skills assessment) as an effective translation strategy to increase students' proficiency. Purpose. This study aims to improve translation skills among students at Universitas Indraprasta PGRI by using componential assessment as a strategy to enhance their proficiency. Method. An undergraduate class of fifty students in a Translation course participated in this study. The research utilizes a sequential explanatory design, beginning with an Indonesian-to-English translation proficiency test followed by a content analysis of the translations. The study focuses on assessing lexical-semantic, cultural, pragmatic, and grammatical skills through componential assessment. Results. The quantitative results indicated that the quality of translations was generally poor. The primary reason for this was the participants' insufficient mastery of both Indonesian and English, which made achieving equivalency challenging. The qualitative analysis revealed that students faced difficulties in several areas:Lexical-semantic skills; Cultural skills; Pragmatic skills; Grammatical skills. Translation mistakes were predominantly found in grammar, specifically: Pluralization; Capitalization; Inflection of words; Present tense usage; Agreement between subject and verb participles; Use of demonstrative pronouns and fragments representing them. Conclusion. The findings of this study highlight the importance of effective translation teaching methods, particularly in Indonesian universities where students are expected to have a strong command of both Indonesian and English. Improving these methods can significantly enhance students' translation skills and overall language proficiency.

German demonstrative pronouns differ in their sensitivity to discourse and sentence topics

German has two demonstrative pronoun series: the short form der, die, das, and the long form dieser, diese, dieses. Both forms can be used anaphorically, and they contrast with the personal pronouns er, sie, es in that they refer to an antecedent that is less prominent at that point in the discourse when the discourse provides different potential antecedents. Demonstrative pronouns are typically used in the preverbal position in a German sentence, i.e., the topic position. Thus, they are assumed to be topic shifters (from a non-topical antecedent to the topical argument in the current sentence). However, der can be repeated, yielding topic chains, thus referring back to a topical antecedent, while this is not the case for dieser. In this article, we argue that der and dieser both contribute to topic management, but they do this in different ways: der is a marker of a sentence topic, while dieser is a marker of discourse topic shift. We present the results of two experiments that compare the use of personal pronouns with either demonstrative pronoun manipulating sentence topic or discourse topic. First, both experiments show that the personal pronoun is not sensitive to either type of topichood of its antecedent. Second, Experiment 1 shows that both demonstrative pronouns prefer a context where discourse topic and sentence topic are shifted. Third, Experiment 2 shows that only dieser prefers a context with a shifted discourse topic, but der is not sensitive to discourse topichood alone. We take the results as supporting our claim that the two demonstratives have different discourse functions: der marks a sentence topic, while dieser is a shifter (and marker) of the discourse topic.

AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİNDƏ BUDAQ CÜMLƏNİN MÜƏYYƏNLƏŞMƏSİNDƏ ƏVƏZLİKLƏRİN ROLU

The Role of Pronouns in Determining a Branch Sentence in the Azerbaijani Language Summary The article deals with the role of pronouns, especially demonstrative pronouns, in determining branch sentence types in the Azerbaijani language. It is shown that the demostrative pronouns, which act as a template, are of great importance in the definition of subordinate complex sentences. Branch clauses are named according to clause members that are omitted or marked with demonstrative pronouns in the main clause. Thus, the demostrative pronouns that determine the branch sentence type are analyzed by dividing them into two parts according to the corresponding types of subordinate compound sentences. In the first type, the main clause comes first, and the demostrative pronouns used here have a template function, while in the second type, the branch clause comes first, and in the second main clause, the demostrative pronouns are evaluated as the equivalent of connecting words expressed by interrogative pronouns. Key words: Azerbaijani language, subordinate complex sentences, main sentence, dependent sentence, demonstrative pronouns

PENERAPAN PERMAINAN NAHWU MATCHING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN ISIM ISYĀRAH

<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>This research was conducted to increase teachers' insight in applying the nahwu game model so that they can teach Arabic easily.</em><em> </em><em>This research aims to explore the implementation of Nahwu Matching game as a fun and engaging approach to teach the basic structure of isim isyarah (demonstrative pronouns) in a classroom setting. The study specifically focuses on its application in a small class of third-grade students at MI Nurul Amal. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach with field research method, utilizing observation, interviews, and documentation as data collection techniques. The main findings reveal that the implementation of Nahwu Matching game in the small class setting is effective and well-received by the third-grade students. The game provides an engaging learning experience, and the students' positive responses demonstrate its success. The study highlights the advantages of using this game in a small classroom, as it facilitates an interactive and enjoyable learning environment. No significant limitations were found in terms of its instructional aspects. The implications of this research suggest that teachers of Arabic language can consider incorporating game-based approaches into their instruction to enhance active and innovative learning experiences. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for educators in utilizing game-based models for teaching Arabic language in an engaging and effective manner.</em><em></em></p>

Тройна показателна местоименна система в диалекта на с. Речане, Призренско

In the article, from the point of view of the theory of grammatical oppositions, the organization and composition of the triple demonstrative pronoun system in the Rechanе dialect, which marks the western border of the Bulgarian linguistic land, is presented. It is emphasized on the signs on the basis of which it is built, and the existence of a logical relationship between them, which predetermines the number of its constituent members. The reasons that led to the limitation of the area of distribution of the triple paradigm of demonstrative pronouns and to the development towards its reduction to two-part, which characterize today the predominant part of the speech on our linguistic territory, and which has imposed itself as a norm from the point of view of the contemporary Bulgarian literary language, are also indicated. A parallel is drawn with the development of the four-member morphological category definiteness / definiteness (which arises on the basis of the phenomenon analyzed in the article) and its development, emphasizing the existing similarity in the two developmental processes. The presented analysis of the triple demonstrative pronoun system of the speech of the village of Rechane, Prizrensko is based on material personally collected by the author during the course of candidate student courses in Bulgarian language, literature, history and culture for the Bulgarian minority there in the period 2015–2019.

Adverbial causal clauses as relative clauses

This paper investigates to what extent adverbial causal clauses and relative clauses can be reduced as one and the same phenomenon. Whereas causal clauses have always posed a challenge for a unified account of relativization and adverbial subordination in theoretical studies, typological research has long demonstrated that causal clauses are diachronically connected to relative clauses as well as to adverbial subordinates that have been theoretically analysed as relative clauses. We argue that at least some causal clauses are underlyingly relative clauses over situations (see Arsenijević 2021). Our claim is supported by the diachronic development of the Italian subordinator siccome ‘because/since’, an univerbated form morphologically composed of two items, the comparative-similative wh-pronoun come ‘how’ and the demonstrative adverbial pronoun sì ‘so’. We demonstrate that the causal subordinator is derived from the comparative-similative one via a three-stage diachronic change which is formally captured in terms of type of movement and null elements (Kayne 2005, Cinque 2020b). In so doing, our paper extends a relative clause analysis to causal clauses and adds a novel path to the diachronic development of causal clauses.

Textual Consistency and Harmony in the Poetry of Dr. Adel bin Khamees Al-Zahrani (Between Tradition and Renewal)

The theory of Text Linguistics is one of the most important modern theories associated with linguistic heritage. It bears significant benefits as it starts where traditional grammar ends. The traditional approach used to consider the sentence as the basic unit. However, Text Linguistics moves beyond this by recognizing a larger semantic unit, one that encompasses context and related meanings (both before and after), taking into account the circumstances of the receiver. This approach results in a methodology leading to a complete understanding of texts in terms of reference and intent. Nonetheless, it doesn't deviate from traditional grammar. The grammatical heritage and the concepts and rules it contains are the actual foundation for textual trends and a source for many of its ideas and concepts. This study has achieved crucial textual criteria: consistency and cohesion in its various forms and elements, which are built upon it. The poetic texts in this collection have demonstrated that textual consistency and cohesion, according to Text Linguistics theory, have no bounds. The linguistic depth it possesses does not surrender to the limits of modern theory. It has managed to introduce forms beyond its bounds. Some of these include rhetorical questions, imperative style, and various verb forms referring to the future. Additionally, the study has shown that Arabic grammar has defined the distant reference in the demonstrative pronoun. However, this reference remains challenging for text linguists to specify. The study recommends further research into narrative discourse in the collection since it contains a scholarly material that can complement the series of this study.

Shì as a Complementizer

In this article, it is argued that a purely functional and semantically bleached shì in Mandarin could in many contexts be best analyzed as a complementizer. As such, i t is comparable to English that and functions as an (optional) introducer of the clausal arguments. Our survey shows that the morpheme shì as a complementizer occurs after quite a number of clause introducing operators, for instance, epistemic modals, clausal adverbs, clausal conjunctions, and verbs taking clausal objects like psych verbs and speech act verbs. Like in some other languages, e.g., the West African language Twi and Dutch, the complementizer can merge with a preceding element and the two elements are turned into one frozen combination involving reanalysis and constituency rebracketing . We argue that Mandarin shì has gone through similar developments as complementizer in many frozen combinations such as shuōshì . As a piece of additional evidence, we find that in Gangou dialect, a Mandarin variant, shì can also take on a complementizer function. In the end, based on the fact that shì is used as a demonstrative pronoun in Pre Qin times, we argue that Mandarin indeed has complementizers from two different sources out of the five major sources across languages listed by Chappell (2017), i.e., shuō , the complementizer (as argued by many) originally from a verb of saying, and shì , originally a demonstrative.

THE SUBJECT'S POSITION IN THE SENTENCE IN MASS-MEDIA ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSE (IN THE GERMAN-LANGUAGE MEDIA)

The article is devoted to the study of word order in sentences in German-language media texts on environmental topics. It describes the key points in the formation of the analytical structure in the German language and its influence on the word order in a sentence. The cases of the subject in the fourth place in a simple sentence and in the second place in the subordinate clause are analyzed. The sentence members shifting the subject to the right, such as the objects of time and place, mode and degree, conditions, direct and prepositional supplements, were revealed. The frequency of their use is determined. The link between the word order and the actual sentence segmentation is characterized. An attempt has been made to identify the markers of a rhema in the analysed cases and the frequency of their use. Quantitative and ordinal numerals, nouns with quantitative meaning, indefinite article, prepositional group, negation, subordinate clause and demonstrative pronoun were found to be markers of a rhema.

“Rus', You are but a Kiss in the Cold!” (1921) by V. Khlebnikov: Text as a Combinatory Model / Dynamic Construction

The paper is devoted to analysis of the poem by Velimir Khlebnikov “Rus', you are but a kiss in the frost!” (1921) as part of a study of transformation of the sonnet genre in the poet’s verses. Velimir Khlebnikov elaborates his version of a lyrical story of ‘a kiss in the frost’, originating from the poem by Alexander Pushkin “Winter. What do we do in the village?…” (1829). The love scene is represented as a natural phenomenon, embedded not only in the winter landscape but also in the Universe. There are no persons in the Nature’s integrity, and the couple of lovers are designated only by demonstrative pronouns. The tension of feelings (“the lightning kiss”) is but one of the manifestations of the Elements. The phenomenon of a lightning as a “potentially energy-embracing symbol” has a conceptual character in Khlebnikov’s perception of the world, is both the “primordial image” of the world and the principle of universal unity, which has already been noted by the eminent researchers’ of Khlebnikov’s works. From the formal viewpoint, the text is a special variant of structural deformity and overcoming it, which is directly related to the idea of accumulation of energy, explosion, and return to tranquility. The poem is characterized by increased expression of the arrangement of its sounds; alliteration of the occlusive, fricative, and sonorant sounds, their combinations, and paronymic attraction create the effect of a special energy of sound-making. The rhythmic arrangement of the text “deceives” the reader’s expectations: fast shifts and transitions from one meter to another (polymetry in the first stanza), occasional caesuras in the first, fourth, and ninth verses, an enjambement in the seventh and eighth verses: breakage of the seventh verse, when the verb “would [swiftly] outline” starts a line, visualizing the movement of a lightning. Structural deformities are settled in the final — the last verse is written in a classical iambic tetrameter. Graphically, the lyrical text is a combinatory dynamic model which may vary in terms of strophic division, the “headless” sonnet, preserving the characteristics of the Italian sonnet, dominates. The mechanism of cohesion is ensured by all the levels of the artistic whole, and the genre of the sonnet is a harmonizing form, balancing the structural instability of the text.

Morpho-syntactic structure of code-switched sentences produced by Albanian bilingual speakers

This paper aims to analyze the structure of code-switched sentences uttered by Albanian bilingual students. It examines the predictions made by two theoretical viewpoints, namely Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame (MLF) and MacSwan’s approach within the Minimalist Program (MP). The students were observed in informal environments within Prishtina international school settings, such as during recess time, on the playground, etc. Tape recordings of the conversations were used to record this naturalistic data, which was then transcribed. In particular, examples from the Albanian/English pair were analyzed, and the MLF and MP predictions regarding combinatorial possibilities were tested. The findings show that our data can only partially be accounted for by the MLF and MP approaches. Switching is mainly unidirectional, with insertions from English into an Albanian syntactic frame. Determiners, such as demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, adverbs of quantity, as well as copular verbs, auxiliary verbs, and clitics, come from the Matrix Language (ML), complying with the MLF model. However, violations of the MLF model are encountered as well, such as the non-occurrence of stem/affix switching, the occurrence of bare forms, and Embedded Language (EL) islands not always constituting the maximal projection of the phrase, which are further described and predicted in MP model. The paper provides evidence that neither MLF nor MP are able to adequately account for the possible combinations in the mixed clause. According to what the literature to date indicates, integrating the approaches rather than using each one individually results in a better understanding of the grammar of code-switching.

On English-Chinese Translation of Past Participles and Demonstrative Pronouns in Seeing and Knowing

With the development of international cultural exchanges, art exchanges among countries are increasing, and there is a growing demand of the translation of books on art works. As a result, the author undertakes English-Chinese translation of the book, Seeing and Knowing. The writer of this book, Bernard Berenson, indicates his viewpoints of seeing and knowing, and states that the convention is significant to the widespread of art. The translation of this kind text will introduce the western works on art to more people and provide the reference resources for the study and research of fine arts. In the thesis, the author introduces the source of the original text, linguistic features of the source language, the process of translation, and summarizes the translation of the past participle, demonstrative pronouns and the translation strategies such as conversion. The author hopes that this paper can provide some references for the translation of art works.

О тематической функции частицы аан ‘то есть, именно’ в тувинском языке

The special cases of the functioning of the particle aan ‘that is, exactly’, which is very frequent and actively used in the oral speech of Tuvan native speakers, are considered. The research material was examples of dialogic speech from the texts of fiction. Our observations on Tuvan colloquial speech were also involved in the study. The use of aan is due to the presence of presuppositions: the speaker uses a particle, referring to information that the addressee also owns to some extent. This particle is a means of expressing a topic that resumes in conversation. The structure of such statements is characterized by the presence of demonstrative pronouns, pronominal words or adverbs that directly or indirectly indicate the subject of conversation, serve to reintroduce them into the context, to remind them if, in the context of the narrative, attention to these subjects was temporarily lost

Manifestations of grammatical renewal of Abu Aus Al-Shamsan

This research attempts to highlight the manifestations of novelty in the grammatical opinions of Abu Aus Ibrahim bin Rashid al-Shamsan, and "novelty", in his opinion, has several manifestations. It may imply an unprecedented new opinion or expand into an old or modern opinion and theorise it, and it may theorizing also seem like a new clarification for an old opinion. To achieve this target, the research began with a chapter in which I tried to devise the factors that influenced Abu Aus's opinions as his understanding of the points of view of the ancient and modern grammarians. His acquaintance with recent studies and gaining benefits from them and his scientific humbling to benefit from his peers and his scientific audacity. Then, in the second chapter, I dealt with his integrated theory of the declension cases in Arabic, a theory in which he differed from the grammarians’ doctrine. He believes that there are six declension cases, three of which are short and three are long, and he does not see that the letters act on behalf of the declension cases. In the third chapter, I dealt with his doctrine of the articulation and declension of articles or nouns that he considers to have no place in the parsing, such as the demonstrative pronouns, interrogative words, and others. In the fourth chapter, I studied separate issues in which he has new opinions, such as his perspective concerning the formal action, that the implicit emphasis is from the appositive and the conditional statement sentence, and that the imperative verb is not a verb. Then, I concluded the research with a conclusion that mentioned the most important findings and recommendations.