Demonstrative Research Articles

STRESS TRANSFER TO THE PROCLITIC IN SPEECH ON THE RADIO AND TELEVISION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

This paper is based on the material collected according to the pronunciation of professional speakers on the Radio Television of the Republic of Srpska and shows that in modern Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect words are most often pronounced without transferring the accent. It is quite common to transfer the accents from some forms of personal and demonstrative pronouns, although even then words are more often pronounced without transferring. In the forms of some other pronouns transferring occurs by exception. Stress transfer from nouns to the proclitic it is also rarely realised. Transferring is required to the proclitic ne in the negative forms of the present in the pronunciation of the professional speakers whose dialect base is the northwestern branch of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect, which is also the case in other dialects. Anyway, in modern speech, in the transferring of accents, it is possible only from one-syllable and two-syllable words to monosyllabic proclitic, while the transferring from multi-syllable words and to monosyllabic proclitic completely disappears.

Event and Entity Coreference Across Five Languages: Effects of Context and Referring Expression

Current work on coreference focuses primarily on entities, often leaving unanalysed the use of anaphors to corefer with antecedents such as events and textual segments. Moreover, the anaphoric forms that speakers use for entity and non-entity coreference are not mutually exclusive. This ambiguity has been the subject of recent work in English, with evidence of a split between comprehenders' preferential interpretation of personal versus demonstrative pronouns. In addition, comprehenders are shown to be sensitive to antecedent complexity and aspectual status, two verb-driven cues that signal how an event is being portrayed. Here we extend this work via a comparison across five languages (English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish). With a story-continuation experiment, we test how different referring expressions corefer with entity and event antecedents and whether verbal features such as argument structure and aspect influence this choice. Our results show widely consistent, not categorical biases across languages: entity coreference is favoured for personal pronouns and event coreference for demonstratives. Antecedent complexity increases the rate at which anaphors are taken to corefer with an event antecedent, but portraying an event as completed does not reach statistical significance (though showing quite uniform patterns). Lastly, we report a comparison of the same referring expressions to refer to entity and event antecedents in a trilingual parallel corpus annotated with coreference.Together, the results provide a first crosslingual picture of coreference preferences beyond the restricted entity-only patterns targeted by most existing work on coreference. The five languages are all shown to allow gradable use of pronouns for entity and event coreference, with biases that align with existing generalizations about the link between prominence and the use of reduced referring expressions. The studies also show the feasibility of manipulating targeted verb-driven cues across multiple languages to support crosslingual comparisons.

The systems of demonstrative pronouns and derivative adverbs in the Dargin languages

This article is examines the demonstrative pronouns and derivative adverbs in a number of the Dargin languages and dialects. The Dargin languages have a rich deictic system that helps the native speakers to navigate in the severe conditions of mountain terrain, and found its reflection in pronouns and spatial adverbs. Recent changes observed in the traditional way of life of highlanders, along with the migration processes, lead to extinction of this layer of lexicon. The problem of early documentation and research of locative adverbs retains its relevance. The goal of this article lies in comparative analysis of the systems of demonstrative pronouns and spatial adverbs in different Dargin idioms. For achieving the set goal, the article employs descriptive methods and methods of field linguistics. This article is first to conduct the comparative analysis of locative adverbial form, which defines its scientific novelty. As a result, description is given to the deictic systems of pronouns and adverbs in the Akushin, Urakhin, Kajtak, Sanzhin and Itsari idioms. It is established that most Dargin idioms feature two forms of demonstrative pronouns, which differ depending on the visibility or vastness of the object. Various affixes allow forming spatial adverbs that can function in one of the local cases – lative, directive, essive, or elative. The obtained results can be valuable in preparing comparative-historical grammar of the Dargin languages.

Principles of the Translation of “The Tale of the Merchant”

The article is devoted to some principles of the translation of “The Tale of the Merchant” at the end of the 17th century, which realization is introduced on the functioning of pronouns. Adaptive and descriptive translation are widely spread in the text. Both techniques realize 1) in the observance of the book register, which supposes realization of the ternary opposition of demonstrative pronouns “sej / toj / onyj” and 2) in replacement of number category of personal pronouns in the direct speech. The article also consider features of the functioning of pronouns and pronoun constructions, in particular, with the enclitics “že” and the principles of introducing new characters into the narrative.

Deiktiskās, prospektīvās un retrospektīvās frāzes zinātnes valodā

The article focuses on the dimensions of space and time in the Latvian language of science. The space dimension is expressed by the deictic constructions of place (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs), and the time dimension is expressed by prospective and retrospective constructions (adverbs and adjectives). The research material consists of the texts of scientific articles included in the project “The Latvian Language of Science in the Intralingual Aspect”. The aim of the present study is to explore research articles written in Latvian and to single out the most frequently used wording expressing the mentioned dimensions. In the present research, content analysis has been carried out to establish the knowledge gap present in the given field. It was found out that very few publications so far exist pertaining to space and time deixis in the Latvian language. The respective wording in the research material has been singled out with the help of AntConc; therefore, the present study is a study in Latvian Linguistics, with the elements of Corpus Linguistics. The content analysis and the study revealed that the deictic space and prospective and retrospective time constructions are present throughout the articles written in the Latvian language of science, i.e. in the introductory parts, in the main bodies, and the conclusions of the mentioned texts and serve the function of creating the joint psychological space of the author and the audience. They facilitate the process of communication between the author and the reader of the given texts.

On the Contrastive Analysis of a Television Text Type

Analysis of media-linguistic aspects by linguists is of great importance because the latest linguistic trends can be understood on the basis of this material. Based on the contrastive studies of the text type weather report on German and Georgian television, the following similarities and differences were highlighted: many media-linguistic aspects (sentence types, common verbs, mood, technical and local expressions, visual effects, etc.) look similar. With regard to the types of sentences, the following tendency has emerged: parataxes are the most common occurrence in TV weather reports. In second place are hypotaxes, followed by simple sentences and ellipses. German moderators tend mainly to use the oral style. This is shown by reductions, colloquial and regional expressions, breaking a sentence frame, demonstrative pronouns and modal particles. In addition, that could also indicate that they are less focused on the teleprompter. The weather report of the Georgian morning TV program "Guten Morgen, Georgia" (Rustavi 2) is broadcast live at various locations. Before the current temperature of the day is presented, the weather moderator chats casually with the studio moderators and their guests. The weather report is contextualized in this way. The weather report is almost always done with an introductory sentence. The weather data is read out by the moderator or by the respective guests. German moderators present both current temperatures and the weather forecast for the next few days. Regarding speaking speed, it can be emphasized that German moderators speak almost twice as fast as Georgian moderators. Both German and Georgian moderators are always in a good mood. The dress style of the morning presenters, in contrast to evening presenters, is mostly unofficial in both the German and Georgian weather reports. It must also be mentioned here that it is very important to deal with various types of text in both school and university foreign language lessons. Since listening to a weather report is a realistic everyday act, this type of text must find a worthy entry into foreign language lessons. It is advantageous to combine visual and linguistic aspects, because in this way both visual and hearing comprehension are trained.

Locality in the acquisition of object A’-dependencies: insights from French

Children’s difficulties with dependencies involving movement of an object to the left periphery of the clause (object relative clauses/RCs and wh-questions), have been explained in terms of intervention effects arising when the moved object and the intervening subject share a lexical N feature (Friedmann, Belletti & Rizzi 2009). Such an account raises various questions: (1) Do these effects hold in the absence of a lexical N feature when the object and the intervener share other relevant features? (2) Do phi-features with a semantic role modulate such effects? (3) Does the degree of feature overlap determine a gradience in performance? We addressed these in three sentence-picture matching studies with French-speaking children (4;8 to 6;3), by assessing comprehension of (1) subject and object RCs headed by the demonstrative pronouns celui/celle and matching or mismatching in number; (2) object RCs headed by a lexical N and matching or mismatching in animacy; (3) object who- and which-questions. Our results show that mismatches in number, not in animacy, enhance comprehension of object RCs, even in the absence of a lexical N feature, and confirm previous findings that object who-questions yield better comprehension than object which-questions. Comparing across studies, the following gradation emerges with respect to performance accuracy: disjunction > intersection > inclusion. The global interpretation of these findings is that fine-grained phi-features determining movement are both sufficient and necessary for locality, and the degree of overlap of these features can capture the pattern of performance observed in children, namely higher accuracy as featural differences increase.

Noun Class System in Ikhin, an Edoid Language

This paper examines the noun class system in Ikhin, an Edoid language in South-South, Nigeria. Unlike other related Edoid languages examined and investigated by various scholars, nothing has been said on the noun class system in Ikhin. The paper establishes noun prefixes and concord prefixes in modifiers such as demonstrative and possessive pronouns. Although inherited, this paper confirms that majority of the nouns are inflected for number by means of prefix vowel alternation. The study also confirms that the language maintains most of the noun class distinctions in Edoid languages. The paper examines morphological alternations and their implications for phonology. It is argued that vestiges of vowel harmony appear in the patterning of vowels in nouns and in the way vowels alternate in prefixes. Vestigial evidence of concord which is normally the hallmark of a noun class system in Edoid languages was discovered in modifiers such as demonstrative and possessive pronouns.

Engagement Analysis on Indonesian Evaluative Text on Facebook Social Media

In communication act within facebook, the authors not only expressesed their thoughts and feelings, but also tried to convince readers. These efforts indicated that the author showed their "stance" in the text. In the appraisal system, these related to the aspect of engagement. The engagement aspect describes the author's 'stance' based on the source of the text conveyed by the author. the source of text consisted of internal voice (authorial voice) and external voice (other’s voice). The text type consisted of monoglossic text and heteroglossic texts. This study was aimed to identify the characteristics of language realizations in Indonesian evaluative texts which showed the author's stance from the facebook account. This study used two approaches, namely qualitative and quantitative. Qualitatively, this study used appraisal, semantic, and pragmatic analysis, while quantitatively, this study used corpus analysis to identify the frequency of use of these types of text. The research data was taken from the facebook status of the accounts Kata Kita (KK) and Rakyat Oposisi (RO). From these two accounts, the data showed that both accounts tend to negotiate their messages by being characterized by the use of heteroglossic text types (71.42% for KK and 76.73% for RO). The realization of engagement in the use of Indonesian evaluative text from these two accounts can be seen in the use of: particle ('-lah', 'mah', 'nih'), epistemic adverb ('Sesungguhnya'), demonstrative pronoun ('itu'/ 'ini'), noun ('dasar'), conditional sentences, expectational interjection ('semoga'), excalamation, and the use of survey data and headline texts as alternative voices.

Местоименные наречия локативной и темпоральной семантики в языке дабида (банту)

The paper describes linguistic properties of the Dabida pronominal demonstrative adverbs of space and time formed from the demonstrative pronouns in noun class 16 (locative) agreement through the conversion. The language data has been obtained from two Kenyan informants who were native speakers of the Mbololo dialect of Dabida studying in Moscow

Местоименные наречия локативной и темпоральной семантики в языке дабида (банту)

The paper describes linguistic properties of the Dabida pronominal demonstrative adverbs of space and time formed from the demonstrative pronouns in noun class 16 (locative) agreement through the conversion. The language data has been obtained from two Kenyan informants who were native speakers of the Mbololo dialect of Dabida studying in Moscow.

Characteristics of Old Georgian Literary Language in Akaki Tsereteli’s Works

Literary Works byAkaki Tsereteli are considered as versatile and diverse. In his works he touches upon almost everything by his poetry, prose, journalism or public work. It is obvious that he established "a type of versatile writer who is equally engaged in prose, poetry, journalism, dramaturgy, translations, children's literature and fables”. He was an extremely optimistic person who deeply believed in the future. The following words from one of his works seem amazingly and expressive: “Even if you kill a swallow, Spring will definitely come”. Connection between the old and the new forms, that is clearly shown within this emotionally colored expression, has become the goal of the research. We tried to find an answer to the question- what is the role of using old Georgian forms in Akaki's work?! Given paper analyses the samples such as: 1. Using proper name by its stem form in nominative case; 2. Ending words by - მან [-man] in the ergative form; 3. Full stems of demonstrative pronouns - ‘ამ’ [am] , ‘ეგ’ [eg] (=this, that); 4. Using postposition – ‘ზე’ [ze] (=on), along with the forms - ზედ [-zed] and -ზედა [-zeda] (=on, over); 5. instrumental case forms formed by a suffix - ით [-it] (=with) (without postpositions); 6. Postposition and full agreement of attribute and antecedent 7. Characteristics of using inflection as a reflection of Old Georgian (გწყალობდესთ [gtskalobdet]...; გამოვჰკითხავ [gamovhkitkhav]...; ჰსვამ [hvsvam]...; ჰნიშნავს [hnishnavs]...; წარმოსთქვა [tsarmostkva]...; გასტეხე [gastekhe]...); 8. Using conjunction - ვით [vit] (=as/like) for comparison and so on. If we ask questions concerning the function of old Georgian forms in Akaki Tsereteli’s works, it becomes clear that they can be used for: 1. rhythm, emotiveness and expressiveness; 2. Preserving traditional forms, to maintain the connection between old and new Georgian. It should be mentioned that similar forms are equally reflected in Akaki’s prose and poetry which further reinforces the idea in favor of showing the connection between the old and the new and the desire to maintain this connection and always remember where we come from and who we are ... .This fact does not completely contradict the idea that Akaki is a representative of the generation that courageously rejected the old linguistic norms and contributed to the democratization (rapprochement process with the spoken language) of the literary language.

المثنى والجمع بین البناء والإعراب (دراسة نحویة)

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة المثنى والجمع في مباحث النحو العربي، من ناحيتي البناء والإعراب، فاستعرض البحث دراسة هذين الموضوعين في أربعةأبواب نحوية، وهي أسماء الإشارة، والأسماء الموصولة، وجملة (لا) النافية للجنس، وجملة النداء. استعرض البحث أيضا کتابات النحويين في عصور النحو المختلفة، واستکشف آراءهم وأدلتهم، وشواهدهم، موافقا لهم أحيانا، ومحاولا مقابلة بعض آرائهم برأي جديد معتمدا على شواهد العربية. وجاءت نتائج البحث مواتية، حققت هدف البحث، وفيها أوجزت ما انتهى إليه البحث من نتائج، وکان أبرز ما جاء بها تبني البحث نظرية الازدواج الإعرابي وسيلة لتفسير مواضع وقوع المثنى والجمع بين ظاهرتي البناء والإعراب. The Dual and Plural in between Inflection and Parsing A Syntactic Study By: Reem Bint Khalaf Bin Meften Alj'aed Department of Language, Syntax and Morphology Faculty of Arabic Language Um Al- Qura University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Abstract This research studies the dual and Plural Words between inflection and Parsing in Arabic Syntax. The research displays this topic in four chapters: demonstrative Pronouns, relative Pronouns, La no negation of gender, and the vocative style. The research has also examined Arabic references along the history of Arabic Syntax to detect their reviews and evidence. The thesis sometimes follows and sometimes denounces the inherited views. The thesis tries to show evidence seeking proof of its attitude. The conclusion agreed with the scope of the thesis and the most important result was that the inflection duplication was a good means of illustration in many places regarding the dual and plural words between inflection and Parsing. Keywords: Muthanna dual, plural, inflection, syntax, sign, relative, inflectional pairing.

The influence of prominence cues in 7- to 10-year-olds’ pronoun resolution: Disentangling order of mention, grammatical role, and semantic role

In two visual world experiments we disentangled the influence of order of mention (first vs. second mention), grammatical role (subject vs object), and semantic role (proto-agent vs proto-patient) on 7- to 10-year-olds' real-time interpretation of German pronouns. Children listened to SVO or OVS sentences containing active accusative verbs (küssen "to kiss") in Experiment 1 (N = 72), or dative object-experiencer verbs (gefallen "to like") in Experiment 2 (N = 64). This was followed by the personal pronoun er or the demonstrative pronoun der. Interpretive preferences for er were most robust when high prominence cues (first mention, subject, proto-agent) were aligned onto the same entity; and the same applied to der for low prominence cues (second mention, object, proto-patient). These preferences were reduced in conditions where cues were misaligned, and there was evidence that each cue independently influenced performance. Crucially, individual variation in age predicted adult-like weighting preferences for semantic cues (Schumacher, Roberts & Järvikivi, ).

The irrelevance of intentions to refer: demonstratives and demonstrations

The irrelevance of intentions to refer: demonstratives and demonstrations

Pronominally headed relative clauses in early English

Present-day English is unlike Old English in not using singular demonstrative pronouns with anaphoric reference to human beings. This article adds to the contributions of Cole (2017) and Los & van Kemenade (2018) in our understanding of the factors determining the choice between personal and demonstrative pronouns in Old English by documenting the hitherto unexamined use of these pronouns as heads of relative clauses. It also traces how the singular demonstrative pronouns referring to humans retreated as heads of relative clauses in Early Middle English. A corpus-based study shows that third-person personal pronouns were unusual as heads of relative clauses in Old English and normally referred to specific individuals, while demonstratives were the pronouns of choice for generic reference but could also refer to specific individuals. The increased use of personal pronouns for generic reference is well underway in Early Middle English. While the retreat of the singular demonstrative pronouns to refer to humans in Early Middle English seems to have some connection with the reduced marking of feature distinctions in that period, a simple explanation in terms of loss of gender is untenable.

Speech Pauses and Pronominal Anaphors

This paper addresses the usefulness of speech pauses for determining whether third person neuter gender singular pronouns refer to individual or abstract entities in Danish spoken language. The annotations of dyadic map task dialogues and spontaneous first encounters are analyzed and used in machine learning experiments act to automatically identify the anaphoric functions of pronouns and the type of abstract reference. The analysis of the data shows that abstract reference is more often performed by marked (stressed or demonstrative pronouns) than by unmarked personal pronouns in Danish speech as in English, and therefore previous studies of abstract reference in the former language are corrected. The data also show that silent and filled pauses precede significantly more often third person singular neuter gender pronouns when they refer to abstract entities than when they refer to individual entities. Since abstract entities are not the most salient ones and referring to them is cognitively more hard than referring to individual entities, pauses signal this complex processes. This is in line with perception studies, which connect pauses with the expression of abstract or complex concepts. We also found that unmarked pronouns referring to an entity type usually referred to by a marked pronoun are significantly more often preceded by a speech pause than marked pronouns with the same referent type. This indicates that speech pauses can also signal that the referent of a pronoun of a certain type is not the most expected one. Finally, language models were produced from the annotated map task and first encounter dialogues in order to train machine learning experiments to predict the function of third person neuter gender singular pronouns as a first step toward the identification of the anaphoric antecedents. The language models from the map task dialogues were also used for training classifiers to determine the referent type (speech act, event, fact or proposition) of abstract anaphors. In all cases, the best results were obtained by a multilayer perceptron with an F1-score between 0.52 and 0.67 for the three-class function prediction task and of 0.73 for the referential type prediction.

A Study on the Factors in Modality Selections of “NP+Yao+VP” Construction in Modern Chinese

From the perspective of modality, this paper studies the interaction between semantics and syntax of modal verb “Yao(要)”. Examines the syntactic features of construction “NP+Yao+VP” which behaves as dynamic modality, deontic modality and epistemic modality respectively on the basis of the established corpus. And there are differences in the grammatical functions between diverse “Yao(要)”.<BR> First, when “Yao(要)” presents a dynamic modality, “NP” can be a persona noun, a person pronoun and a demonstrative pronoun. When “Yao(要)” presents a deontic modality, “NP” can be a persona noun, a time noun, a place noun, a person pronoun and a demonstrative pronoun. And when “Yao(要)” presents an epistemic modality, “NP” can be a persona noun, a time noun, a place noun, and a demonstrative pronoun.<BR> Secondly, volitional verbs can enter any state of modality, a small number of nonvolitional verbs can enter the dynamic modality and deontic modality, and most nonvolitional verbs can enter the epistemic modality.<BR> Thirdly, when “NP+Yao+VP” to express dynamic modality and deontic modality, it can co-exist in most adverbs; when “NP+Yao+VP” to express epistemic modality, the degree adverbs and negative adverbs cannot appear in “NP+Yao+VP”.<BR> Finally, according to EDD rules and combined with the corpus , we found that when “NP+Yao+VP” to express dynamic modality, any modality verb can appear in front of “Yao (要)”. When “NP+Yao+VP” to express deontic modality, only deontic modality verb can appear in front of “Yao(要)”, When “NP+Yao+VP” to express epistemic modality, only epistemic modality verb can appear in front of “Yao(要)”.

DP 생성 메커니즘을 통한 ‘X’의 고찰 -‘向/往/到+X’구를 중심으로

This study analyzed the DP generation mechanism regarding ‘X’ from a generative grammar point of view, after categorial features of ‘X’ in structures which consist of ‘direction(向/往/到)+X’ were classified into [-V] and [+V]. First, phrases related with ‘De(的)’ has been separated into three types as the DP(Determiner Phrase) with referentiality, the DeP(‘的’-particle Phrase) with modifier function, the NominalP(Nominalization Phrase) to nominalize properties of verbs or adjectives for the DP derivation of [±V]. As for conclusions analyzed, it suggests the results summary in order of the categorial features of ‘X’, the derivation of a DP in [-V] and the derivation of a DP in [+V] below. The categorial features of ‘X’ is summarized as follows. The figure is expressed as a percentage according to being placed before(B) and after(A) the predicate within structure in order of ‘向+X’, ‘往+X’ and ‘到+X’. In case of ‘向 +X’, 92.5%(B) and 93.5%(A) in [-V], 7.5%(B) and 6.5%(A) in [+V] ; in case of ‘往+X’, 84.5%(B) and 100%(A) in [-V], 15.5%(B) and 0%(A) in [+V] ; in case of ‘到+X’, 99.5%(B) and 89.5%(A) in [-V], 0.5%(B) and 10.5%(A) in [+V]. The derivation of a DP in [-V] is summarized as follows. One is that the explicit referential DP includes personal pronoun, only a few of time unit words, a demonstrative pronoun, ‘referential determiner +‘De(的)’+noun’ and so on. They are directly assigned to a ‘D(head)’ from the lexicon and then projected onto the DP. The other is that the implicit referential DP includes bare nouns(proper and common nouns), ‘NumP+ClP+NP’ and phrases by ‘yi(一)’. Bare nouns are projected onto the DP by the head movement principle from a N to a D. The rest can be projected onto the DP by a null determiner because of the head movement constraint. The derivation of a DP in [+V] is summarized as follows. The maximal projection of [+V] can be regarded as the implicit referential DP. NominalP to nominalize properties of verbs or adjectives is projected onto the DP by head movement from a Nominal to a D. AP/VP, AP/VP+(了/裏/處), VdP and CP are constituents to be projected as DeP which modifies null(empty) nouns phonologically. The derivation of a DP related with them is derived by a null determiner. Because the DeP is located in a specifier of a NP, it can not be raised to a D by head movement principle. Furthermore, the movement of a N causes contradiction between surface structures and deep structures. This studied with regard to the DP generation mechanism regarding ‘X’ and then showed only some opinions, this will be willing to do its best to make a progress of a better research continuously.

Features of Poetic Ecphrasis in A. Pushkin’s Poem “The Commander” (1835): from Draft to Clean Copy

The urgency of the matter is associated with the need to clarify the features of Pushkin's pictorial ecphrasis. For the first time it is indicated that the originality of the ecphrasis in the poem “The Commander” is determined by its odic genre content, characterized by plasticity, kaleidoscopicity, and spatial dimensionality. The role of lexical and grammatical semantics, semantics of syntactic constructions in the visualization of the verbal image and the verbalization of the pictorial artifact was determined by comparing the drafts and the clean copy of the poem “The Commander”. Particular attention is paid to verbs with visual and mental meaning, creating the effect of presence, the effect of visual allusions, the effect of a revived picture, creating a psychological portrait of the hero. The role of adverbs and demonstrative pronouns with deictic semantics, contributing to the creation of the effect of presence and serving as a means of designating spatial coordinates, is indicated. The role of reception of movement and reception of contrast in creating the illusion of a visually perceived image is emphasized. Through an analytical analysis of the ecphrasis of the poem "The Commander", Pushkin's concept of the image of General M. B. Barclay de Tolly, who appears as a rejected and unappreciated heroic figure by the crowd. The hypothesis is put forward that by verbalizing the portrait of the work of J. Dow, Pushkin canonizes in the mind of the reader the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, poetically transforming his portrait into an icon.