Demonstration Of S-100 Protein Research Articles

Immunohistochemical Demonstration of S-100 Protein in the Chicken Uropygial Gland During the Post-Hatching Period

S-100 proteins are calcium-activated signaling proteins that interact with other proteins to modulate biological functions such as cell migration, growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, contraction, and the inflammatory response. Although S-100 proteins are expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, their localization in the uropygial gland was not known. This study concerns the immunohistochemical detection of localization of S-100 alpha, S-100 beta, and wbS-100 in the chicken uropygial gland during development from days 1-150 days post-hatching. In 1-day-old chicks, the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells in the luminal epithelium and the tubules of the gland stained positively for S-100 alpha, S-100 beta, and wbS-100. Seven days after hatching, immunoreactivity for S-100 alpha, S-100 beta, and wbS-100 was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells in the germinative and intermediate layers of the central zone, but was found only in the germinative layer of the peripheral zone. In addition, in cells of the degenerative and secretory layers of both the central and peripheral zones, S-100 alpha, S-100 beta, and wbS-100 were present in the plasma membrane. In uropygial glands studied from days 7-150 post-hatching, the number of immunopositive cells in the central zone Increased with the advance of age and glandular growth. The results indicated that the chicken uropygial gland contains both alphabeta and beta beta dimers. Although the biological significance of the expression of wbS-100 and its subunits in the uropygial gland remains unknown, these notable calcium-binding proteins may be associated with the processes of gland-cell differentiation and apoptosis, and the antimicrobial properties of preen wax or lipids.

S100 protein in oral biology and pathology.

The demonstration of S100 protein is used extensively for both research and diagnostic purposes in oral biology and pathology. This article reviews the structure and putative function of S100, technicalities of S100 immunohistochemistry, the cells of the oral and perioral tissues which express S100 and the possible significance of S100 expression in disease.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of S100 protein in malignant melanomas of the facial skin and oral cavity.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of S100 protein was performed in 56 cases of malignant melanoma of the facial skin and oral cavity. The depth of invasion was measured comparatively in HE sections and in sections stained for S100 protein. Comparison of measured melanoma invasion depth in S100- and HE-stained sections revealed a deeper invasion of the tumor in S100-stained slides than in slides stained routinely with HE according to Breslow's melanoma staging procedure. A reverse relationship between the intensity of immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein and survival rate was found in both melanomas of the facial skin and oral cavity. Although the presence of S100 protein has been demonstrated previously in skin melanomas, no similar investigations concerning the oral mucosa have been performed up to now.

S-100 protein in ovarian tumors : a comparative immunohistochemical study of 135 cases

The distribution of S-100 protein in 135 ovarian tumors, of which 127 were epithelial, was investigated using the immunoperoxidase method. S-100 protein has been demonstrated previously in tumors of various origins. The present study further revealed its characteristic distribution in common epithelial tumors of the ovary. S-100 protein was present in 69% of serous tumors (benign, 50%; borderline, 100%; malignant, 71%), as well as in the serous elements of serous & mucinous mixed tumors (30%). S-100 protein was also demonstrated in 25% of clear cell carcinomas and 29% of endometrioid carcinomas. Interestingly, none of the mucinous tumors were positive for S-100 protein. In addition, the expression of S-100 protein by epithelial ovarian tumors was compared with that of CA 125 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The distribution of S-100 protein was similar to that of CA 125, since both antigens were frequently present in serous tumors, although their expression patterns were different. On the other hand, S-100 protein-positive cases were almost negative for CEA or vice versa. Our observations indicate that demonstration of S-100 protein in common epithelial tumors of the ovary and comparison of S-100 protein distribution with that of CA 125 and CEA may further clarify the characteristics of common epithelial tumors of the ovary.

Immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein in epithelial cells of bovine oviduct.

The present study deals with an immunohistochemical localization of S-100 protein in the bovine oviduct. The epithelium of the infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus showed a positive staining for S-100 protein. The immunoreactivity for S-100 was observed both in the ciliated and nonciliated (secretory) cells of the oviductal epithelium at any stages of the estrous cycle. The immunoreactivity was also found in nervous elements and endothelial cells of blood vessels. No cell outside these cells showed any immunoreactivity for S-100. Although the functional significance of S-100 protein in the oviductal epithelium remains to be elucidated, the present results introduce new perspectives into the investigation of function and localization of S-100 protein.

Immunohistochemical staining for vimentin filaments and S‐100 protein in myxoma of the jaws

Two jaw myxomas have been analyzed by a panel of antibodies to characterize this tumour type. Vimentin, but not keratin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament (NF), desmin and Factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-AG), demonstrated positivity in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells. Moreover, an antibody against S-100 protein also showed a strong positive reaction in the cytoplasm of the tumour cells examined. Thus directly indicating a mesenchymal derivation for odontogenic myxoma, and is the first demonstration of S-100 protein within the cells of this tumour type.

Microinvasive lentigo maligna melanoma

Ninety-one skin biopsy specimens previously identified as lentigo maligna were examined for the presence of microinvasion, using the demonstration of S100 protein within atypical cells as the means for locating these superficial foci. In 14 cases, atypical melanocytes were identified, most often in the papillary dermis. The mean depth of invasion in this group was 0.23 mm with a range of 0.10 mm to 0.75 mm. In these cases, atypical cells were difficult if not impossible to identify in routinely processed sections, either because the invasive cell was a spindle cell variant and indistinguishable from a fibrohistiocytic cell, because the invasive cells were occasionally solitary or in small groups, or because there was an inflammatory infiltrate that obscured the tumor cells. Recent studies of lentigo maligna melanoma have revealed no better prognosis when compared to that of other forms of malignant melanoma after normalization for depth and body location. We therefore advocate close examination of lentigo maligna with the use of appropriate immunohistochemical techniques if there are areas of dermal fibrosis or inflammation that might obscure invasion.

Demonstration of S-100 protein in sustentacular cells of phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas.

Eighteen phaeochromocytomas, including both sporadic and familial cases, four cervical paragangliomas, two jugular paragangliomas, and one abdominal paraganglioma were examined immunohistochemically for the presence of S-100 protein. Positive staining in cells morphologically similar to the sustentacular cells of normal paraganglia and adrenal medulla were found in all paragangliomas and in the benign and aggressively growing phaeochromocytomas. In the two malignant tumours no positive reaction was demonstrated. In one tumour the sustentacular cells were shown to contain glial fibrillary acidic protein further supporting their Schwann cell relationship. The number of S-100 positive cells varied considerably. They demonstrated a spindle celled or elongated configuration with long slender processes. The nature of the sustentacular cell proliferation, neoplastic versus reactive, is discussed.

Juxtadrenal schwannoma: Verification of the diagnosis by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies

Solitary schwannomas arising in the juxtadrenal region are exceedingly rare. A middle-aged woman with a confusing clinical course was found to have a solid periadrenal mass, which was surgically excised. The gross and light microscopic appearance of the tumor was suggestive but not diagnostic of this entity. However, electron microscopic evaluation of the neoplasm revealed prominent basal lamina and interdigitating cellular processes characteristic of a schwannoma. The diagnosis of schwannoma was further supported by the demonstration of S-100 protein, type IV (basement membrane) collagen, and laminin immunoreactivity by immunohistochemical techniques. The use of these special studies to arrive at the diagnosis in this case and in the larger context in the diagnosis of rare adrenal and periadrenal tumors of uncertain origin is fully discussed.

DISSEMINATED HISTIOCYTOSIS X

Fourteen cases of disseminated histiocytosis x (HX) from a 15 year period were studied clinicopathologically. Morbidity and mortality were comparable to that of previous reports on disseminated HX. S-100 protein, recently established as a HX marker, was demonstrated immunohistochemically in the cytoplasm and the nuclei of the HX cells of 12 examined cases. Neuron specific enolase (NSE) positive material was found in a minority of the cells of 2 cases. Cytoplasmic lysozyme was present in the mononuclear cells accompanying the HX cells in all examined cases. These results show that immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein and lysozyme can be successfully applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue after storage at room temperature for as long as 15 years. The presence of cytoplasmic NSE positivity in the lesions from 2 patients was surprising and has not previously been observed in HX. This finding suggests an antigenic heterogenicity between cases with the disease of unknown prognostic significance. Nor did the presence of lysozyme in the lesions from patients with acute as well as chronic disease yield any prognostic information.

Blue nevus of the uterine cervix

The clinical, gross pathologic, and light and electron microscopic features of three blue nevi of the endocervix were studied. Immunocytochemical studies for the localization of S-100 protein in the blue nevus cells were performed. A comprehensive review of 47 previously published cases is also presented. Blue nevi of the endocervix appear to be rare incidental lesions; they are often found in hysterectomy specimens from middle-aged women. The lesion is seldom detected clinically or colposcopically. However, it appears in most instances as a blue-black lesion in the posterior wall of the endocervix on gross pathologic examination. The demonstration of S-100 protein in the blue nevus cells before and after bleaching in the present study, along with the ultrastructural observations, supports combined melanocytic and schwannian differentiation of the blue nevus cell.

T-zone histiocytes in granulomatous skin diseases.

We investigated the distribution of T-zone histiocytes by immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein in granulomatous skin diseases (granuloma annulare, 8 cases; necrobiosis lipoidica, rheumatoid nodule, sarcoidosis, lupus vulgaris, and foreign-body granuloma; 5 cases each). T-zone histiocytes were regularly found in the lymphohistiocytic mantle, but also occasionally between epitheloid cells. Our results show that, besides the monocyte-macrophage system, T-zone histiocytes consistently contribute to the formation of cutaneous granulomas. These findings may indicate a role of delayed-type hypersensitivity.

Role of antibody to S100 protein in diagnostic pathology.

Normal tissues and various tumors were examined for S100 protein, using anti-S100 protein antiserum, in an immunoperoxidase reaction. Among normal tissues, in addition to the previously reported presence of S100 protein in some neurons, glial, and Schwann cells of the nervous system, melanocytes and Langerhans cells of the skin, interdigitating reticulum cells of lymph nodes, and chondrocytes, we demonstrated it in myoepithelial cells and ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands, and the breast, serous glands of the lung, fetal neuroblasts, and sustentacular cells of the adrenal medulla. Among neoplasms, S100 protein previously has been reported in neurogenic tumors, melanomas, and neuroblastomas; we have demonstrated it in mixed sweat gland tumors, histiocytosis X, pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland, medullary carcinomas of the breast, bronchioloalveolar carcinomas of the lung, sustentacular cells of pheochromocytomas, teratomas of the ovary, and tumors of cartilage (enchondromas, osteochondromas, and chondrosarcomas). With S100 protein producing tumors, a normal progenitor cell was identified, indicating that demonstration of S100 protein in tumors confirmed their origin.