Demographic Structure Research Articles

სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური ფაქტორების გავლენა შობადობის თანამედროევე ტენდენციებზე

სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური ფაქტორების გავლენა შობადობის თანამედროევე ტენდენციებზე

Impact of Content Marketing Values on Brand Value Co-Creation Effect: A Study on The Lubricant Industry in Sri Lanka

The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between content marketing values and brand value co-creation effect in the Lubricants industry in Sri Lanka. The concept of this study is still the less examined concept, as claimed in empirical research. There are studies found indirectly and directly examine those concepts in a different market but still require further investigation in the lubricant industry. The value co-creation of customer participation is essential for the institution to achieve commercial value and sustain itself in the market. Content marketing is also a powerful communication tool for assisting consumers in making decisions, enhancing brand image, establishing trust, and establishing long-term connections while creating value co-creation. Accordingly, this paper attempts to study the concept of content marketing values and brand value co-creation to verify how the consumer is used to reconnecting with the brand.The positivism philosophy view that only 'factual' knowledge gained through observation, including measurement, is trustworthy. This research proposes to follow the positivism paradigm as the research philosophy since it discusses the existing theoretical and empirical arguments. Thus, a deductive approach will follow to present the empirical relationships proposing future research plans. The research tool will be based on a questionnaire developed using literature reviews and associated journal articles, book chapters, and industry publications to review the theoretical and empirical justifications while revealing industry-related rationales (Anggraini, 2018; Becerra & Badrinarayanan, 2013; Becerra & Korgaonkar, 2011; Lou et al., 2019; Shaari & Shafinaz, 2016; Sharma et al., 2021). Responces were selected based on the convenient sampling method, mainly through the DBA students of the University of Kelaniya. Altogether 128 questionnaires were distributed through a google form, and 128 completed questionnaires were taken into the final analysis. The sample comprised a higher proportion of male respondents (78.9 percent) than female respondents (21.1 percent). As per the age distribution, most respondents (78.9 percent) were aged between 31 and 50. Therefore, the demographic structure of the sample was sufficient to examine the research issue of the given context.It reveals a strong positive correlation between content marketing values with brand value co-creation. The analysis correlation statics of 0.683 demonstrates a significantly strong relationship between content marketing values and brand value co-creation. Lubricant industry marketers can deliver tangible benefits to customers by providing relevant, informative, and entertaining content that helps to develop brand value co-creation.According to the survey data referring to the author's screening question, customers are following the service provider's word-of-mouth referrals (55.5 %) other than content marketing values to create brand value co-creation.This study has certain limitations, such as the survey was not conducted on the whole island. We ignore Sri Lanka's digital literacy rates, digital resource distribution parity, and present economic factors.The value co-creation theory connects the theoretical framework with practical issues in the industry to identify the reality of the industry. Multinational companies that import lubricants have more content to market their products. They gradually use digital content values to create the brand value co-creation effect. Nevertheless, local blenders are only attacking to price-conscious market; they are fewer content creators to build brand values. Marketers need to identify the correct content and product portfolios to create the brand value co-creation effects to market lubricant brands in the Sri Lankan market. According to the analysis, researchers have to do more research related to digital content marketing and word-of-mouth recommendations.

Geneva. An Urban Sociodemographic Database

The Geneva databases are a data resource covering the period 1800–1880 for the city of Geneva, and occasionally the canton of Geneva. The research team adopted an alphabetical sampling approach, collecting data on individuals whose surname begins with the letter B. The individuals and households belonging to this sample in six population censuses between 1816 and 1843 were digitised and linked. A second database collected marriage and divorce records for the period 1800–1880. A third collection of data included residence permits. All these sources were used for a massive reconstitution of families. This article presents the sources, the linking methods, the typologies used to code places and occupations, to study household structures and forms of solitude. Combined with qualitative information extracted from the archives of public administrations and the National Protestant Church, as well as from newspapers, these databases were used to study the transformation of a medium-sized European city, sociopolitical tensions embedded in demographic and social structures, and the impact of the immigrants who made the 'Calvinist Rome' a religiously mixed city.

Understanding population change: the value of the EuroCES constant-effort ringing programme

ABSTRACT Populations of many common bird species are declining in Europe and effective conservation measures require an understanding of both the environmental and demographic causes of these changes. Capture–mark–recapture analysis of data from standardised ringing sites allows estimation of key demographic parameters, including productivity, survival and population age structure. Volunteers in countries across Europe undertake standardised mist-netting of passerines during the breeding season, from which estimates of these can be derived at large, national spatial scales. The Euring EuroCES programme collates these data in a common format to facilitate the continent-wide analysis of bird population dynamics. Here, I outline the broad characteristics of Constant Effort Site (CES) ringing, and introduce an R package cesr that provides tools to read in and manipulate these data and to produce annual indices of abundance, productivity and survival, for monitoring purposes. These data have been used to identify how climatic and environmental change can affect bird populations, particularly of migratory species, at national and continental scales. I then provide some suggestions for how the programme might further be expanded and integrated with other data sets to provide evidence for the drivers of bird population change and hence benefit informed conservation management.

THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE STATE BAGHDAD IN THE OTTOMAN SALNAMES

In the first half of the XIX. century, annual books under the name of Salname began to be published in 1263/1847. These yearbooks had an important place in the administrative, economic, social and legal life of the Ottoman Empire. There are geographical structures of the provinces and historical events in these yearbooks. Those contain detailed information about the names of governors, civil servants, judges and officers, the official administrative system attached to the state, the demographic structure and the customs, life and livelihoods of the people. Therefore, we examined the Ottoman legal system in the Province of Baghdad according to yearbooks, the types of the yearbooks and their emergence. The Ottoman administration initiated the renewal of the judicial system according to the western judicial system. Thus, the judicial system in the province of Baghdad became twofold, religious and civil. In this context, information has been given about the religious and civil jurisdictions in Baghdad, their institutions, the qadi, and other officials working there.

Aging of the Global Population as an Integral Problem of the Future

This article analyzes the process of global population aging, which has a significant impact on all areas of public life in the 21st century. The influence of the population aging process on various areas of social activity will be determined by its scale and depth, i.e. by the potential demographic structure of the future society. At the same time, the ability of modern society to cope with elevated risks associated with this process is a problematic matter. The risks and problems associated with population aging include economic recessions, pension crises, the issue of caring for the increasingly more numerous disabled and frail people, maintaining the financial savings of the elderly, the issue of ageism, and the vulnerability of the elderly during periods of crisis and pandemics, and consequently maintaining life expectancy as well as stable democracy and even world order. These risks and problems are of particular concern given that by the mid-21st century two thirds of people over the age of 65 will be living in medium and low income countries. Moreover, aging will affect even today’s poorest countries that are located in Sub-Saharan Africa with their populations that are still young as of today. In view of this, the problem of social security and healthcare for the elderly is becoming increasingly acute and requires implementing proactive measures. The problem of population aging does not get enough attention from such international organizations as the UN and WHO; in general, studies on this issue both in the public realm and in scientific discourse are limited. However, even now global aging is an extremely important problem, and we assume that it will become the most crucial problem in the future. Thus, not paying sufficient attention to it might lead to negative consequences such as societal tensions, crises and intergenerational conflicts, as well as political and social instability. In this article we approach the process from the perspective of transitioning from perceiving it as a problem to considering it as something that provides new opportunities associated with the more mature and older generation possessing worldly wisdom and experience. Today specific measures must be taken in different areas, and special long-term programs must be adopted to promote a higher health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for the older generation, as well as to combat the widespread stereotype of feeling doomed at an old age, the idea being that your life is over. Grinin et al. point out the importance of technologies, the development of which can be stimulated specifically by the process of global aging and the need to increase life expectancy. As a background for the forthcoming technological wave (which we refer to as the Cybernetic Revolution), global aging may create an acute demand for labor-conservation technologies, as well as provide a powerful stimulus for the field of medicine. Progress in the latter realm would help prolong working age and improve health-related (biological) quality of life.

Age and sex structure of the population of the Srubnaya culture in the late bronze age (on the materials from the Samara Volga region)

The demographic structure of the population is reconstructed on the basis of 866 sex and age definitions of the skeletons of the late Bronze Srubnaya culture of the Samara Volga region. The historiographical information on this aspect of paleopopulations life in the region is given. The analysis of the materials of the early and developed stages of this culture is carried out both on the basis of traditional approaches and using the principal component analysis of multidimensional statistics. There is a high mortality rate of the childrens share of the population of the Srubnaya culture, approximate equality in the maintenance of representatives of both sexes, a somewhat longer life expectancy of the male part of the population. These characteristics are relatively close to those of the carriers of the Potapovka culture type who lived in the region in the previous time and sharply differ from the demographic indicators of the Yamnaya culture tribes of the early and Middle Bronze Age, leading a mobile cattle-breeding type of economy. In this line of historical ties, the early Srubnaya culture groups by gender and age structure, taking into account the presence of their settlement monuments, already represent a relatively settled population, with the development of domestic cattle breeding. At the developed stage of the existence of the Srubnaya culture, there is a slight decrease in the overall infant mortality, and especially among adolescents, the overall demographic indicators are more stable. Apparently, this is the time of the maximum adaptation to the natural conditions of the forest-steppe Volga region, the time of the use of their resources for the life support of the population.

Demographic and genetic structure of the quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, in the Moselle River ten years after first observation

The quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) was first recorded in France in the Moselle River in 2011. The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the species’ demographic and genetic structure ten years after its first observation. To do this, we examined quagga mussel (i) relative abundance/biomass (compared with the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), (ii) population structure, and (iii) genetic structure along the navigable stretch of the Moselle during four sampling events conducted between May 2021 and May 2022. The results indicate that, while zebra mussels are still the dominant species (ca. 2/3 of all dreissenid species), quagga mussels represent, on average, 60% of dreissenid biomass. A typical quagga population was composed of five different cohorts with wide, overlapping size ranges, suggesting that the mussels breed for much of the year. Growth in quagga mussel shell length was at least 1.4× greater than that for zebra mussels, regardless of season, with no interruption in growth observed during winter. Unlike zebra mussels, we failed to record any small quagga individuals (4–14 mm shell length) in our samples, possibly indicating high mortality induced by selective predation by invasive round gobies Neogobius melanostomus. Genetically, the three Moselle quagga mussel populations examined were highly homogeneous among themselves (based on microsatellite analysis), and very similar to those found elsewhere in Europe (diversity of CO1 haplotypes). A comparison with previous data suggests that the Moselle quagga population comprises haplotypes introduced over several successive introduction waves, a process that may continue in the future.

Demographic Transition and Population Development in Belarus: Theory and Reality

Abstract The population transition theory provides a macro-level overview where one can see the connection between social and economic development and the progression of population transition. This study conducts a systematic analysis of Belarus’ social development and immigration trends over the last 30 years to investigate the regularities and generalities in its population development. Research has shown that during this period of demographic transition Belarus has characteristics that are different from the demographic transition theory. Belarus’ demographic development is characterized by negative population growth, an imbalance in the sex ratio and an aging demographic structure, all of which are inherent to the period of demographic transition. The demographic transition of Belarus is characterized by the following trends: greater difficulty in changing fertility attitudes, a lack of a stable external environment for population development, the absence of large-scale population outflow, stability with respect to the composition of the main ethnic groups, and the susceptibility of the population to chronic diseases. The solution requires a scientifically-integrated programme for the sustainable development of the population in a stable and orderly socio-economic environment. Future research should focus on the problems of migration within the region and the impact of ethnic, religious and cultural spheres on demographic development.

Demographic turnover can be a leading driver of hierarchy dynamics, and social inheritance modifies its effects.

Individuals and societies are linked through a feedback loop of mutual influence. Demographic turnover shapes group composition and structure by adding and removing individuals, and social inheritance shapes social structure through the transmission of social traits from parents to offspring. Here I examine how these drivers of social structure feedback to influence individual outcomes. I explore these society-to-individual effects in systems with social inheritance of hierarchy position, as occur in many primates and spotted hyenas. Applying Markov chain models to empirical and simulated data reveals how demography and social inheritance interact to strongly shape individual hierarchy positions. In hyena societies, demographic processes-not status seeking-account for the majority of hierarchy dynamics and cause an on-average lifetime decline in social hierarchy position. Simulated societies clarify how social inheritance alters demographic effects-demographic processes cause hierarchy position to regress to the mean, but the addition of social inheritance modifies this pattern. Notably, the combination of social inheritance and rank-related reproductive success causes individuals to decline in rank over their lifespans, as seen in the hyena data. Further analyses explore how 'queens' escape this pattern of decline, and how variation in social inheritance generates variability in reproductive inequality. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary ecology of inequality'.

Ageing of juvenile coral grouper (Plectropomus maculatus) reveals year-round spawning and recruitment: implications for seasonal closures.

Temporal patterns in spawning and juvenile recruitment can have major effects on population size and the demographic structure of coral reef fishes. For harvested species, these patterns are crucial in determining stock size and optimizing management strategies such as seasonal closures. For the commercially important coral grouper (Plectropomus spp.) on the Great Barrier Reef, histological studies indicate peak spawning around the summer new moons. Here we examine the timing of spawning activity for P. maculatus in the southern Great Barrier Reef by deriving age in days for 761 juvenile fish collected between 2007 and 2022, and back-calculating settlement and spawning dates. Age-length relationships were used to estimate spawning and settlement times for a further 1002 juveniles collected over this period. Unexpectedly, our findings indicate year-round spawning activity generates distinct recruitment cohorts that span several weeks to months. Peak spawning varied between years with no clear association with environmental cues, and little to no alignment with existing seasonal fisheries closures around the new moon. Given the variability and uncertainty in peak spawning times, this fishery may benefit from additional and longer seasonal closures, or alternative fisheries management strategies, to maximize the recruitment contribution from periods of greatest reproductive success.

A Temporal Assessment of the Demographic Structure of a Protected Alligator Snapping Turtle Population

Macrochelys temminckii (Alligator Snapping Turtle) were commercially harvested for consumption, and Louisiana was the last state to ban this commerce. There are no demographic studies on healthy populations within the state. We conducted trapping surveys at Black Bayou Lake National Wildlife Refuge near Monroe, LA, from 2004 to 2020. We captured 90 individual Alligator Snapping Turtles over 17 years. We compared survey data between the 2004–2005 survey period and the 2019–2020 survey period to estimate changes in demography. We found the population to be stable, but the low number of juveniles captured raises concerns for the future of the population. Continued monitoring is recommended to evaluate the stability of the population.

Toward spatially polarized human pressure? A dynamic factor analysis of ecological stability and the role of territorial gradients in Czech Republic.

In light of global change, research on ecosystem dynamics and the related environmental policies are increasingly required to face with the inherent polarization in areas with low and high human pressure. Differential levels of human pressure are hypothesized to reflect development paths toward ecological stability of local systems vis à vis socioeconomic resilience. To delineate the latent nexus between socioeconomic development paths and ecological stability of local systems, we proposed a multidimensional, diachronic analysis of 28 indicators of territorial disparities, and ecological stability in 206 homogeneous administrative units of Czech Republic over almost 30years (1990-2018). Mixing time-invariant factors with time-varying socio-environmental attributes, a dynamic factor analysis investigated the latent relationship between ecosystem functions, environmental pressures, and the background socioeconomic characteristics of the selected spatial units. We identified four geographical gradients in Czech Republic (namely elevation, economic agglomeration, demographic structure, and soil imperviousness) at the base of territorial divides associated with the increased polarization in areas with low and high human pressure. The role of urbanization, agriculture, and loss of natural habitats reflective of rising human pressure was illustrated along the selected gradients. Finally, policy implications of the (changing) geography of ecological disturbances and local development paths in Czech Republic were briefly discussed.

Demographic dividend-favorable policy environment in two pre-dividend African nations: review of national policies and prospects for policy amendments in Nigeria and Tanzania

BackgroundIn collaboration with local partners, we reviewed 18 national policy documents across two sub-Saharan African countries identified as pre-dividend nations by the World Bank in 2017: Nigeria and Tanzania. Our aim was to assess national policies in pre-dividend countries and to determine whether national strategies were primed to capitalize on changing demographic structures, maximally attain the demographic dividend, and augment socio-economic growth.MethodsWe conducted policy reviews by focusing on five key sectors of the Gates Institute Demographic Dividend Framework: Family Planning, Maternal and Child Health, Education, Women’s Empowerment, and Labor Market. This framework was developed as a tool for countries to apply targeted policies for accelerating the demographic dividend based on their demographic structure. For each component we used a comprehensive list of indicators, defined via a systematic literature review, through which we assessed national policies aimed at maximizing the demographic dividend.ResultsBetween the two countries, we observed persistent gaps in policies targeting family planning. Although more comprehensive, policies addressing maternal and child health, education, women’s empowerment, and labor market still lagged in their specificity and measurability. We identified specific policy amendments and alternatives that Nigeria and Tanzania could consider to mitigate these gaps. We also stress the importance of designing measurable policy initiatives across sectors.ConclusionsBased on these recommendations, as Nigeria, Tanzania, and other pre-dividend nations start experiencing rapid demographic changes, they may consider implementing routine policy reviews to strengthen policies across the five key sectors and harness the benefits of a demographic dividend.

Examining the Effectiveness of Financial Protection Schemes in Reducing Health Inequality.

Health protection schemes such as health insurance and financial assistance provide immense help and support to access health care services, especially to the poor and marginalized section of society. India is witness to low health-related expenditure, and the society's socioeconomic and demographic structure further drops health care access to the new bottom. Consequently, inequality in health care access is highly observed across many socioeconomic attributes. The condition of Bihar, the poorest state of India, is more alarming. The analysis suggests that financial support in terms of universal health insurance coverage considerably reduces out-of-pocket expenditure and thus health inequality. Further, the low health insurance coverage is not solely due to a lack of institutional commitment and implementation process; the cognitive behavior and attitude of people are equally responsible for low health care access. An intensive awareness program to show the benefit of the health insurance scheme and sensitization of people against the social stigma is important to provide better health care access and reduce health inequality.

The Impact of Rural Enterprise Park Policy on the Income of Rural Residents: Evidence from China

Improving the income of rural residents plays an important part in sustainable rural development. Using a difference-in-difference (DID) approach and Chinese counties’ data from 2014 to 2019, this paper evaluates the effects of the rural enterprise park policy on the income of rural residents. We find that the policy significantly promotes rural residents’ income, and a series of additional tests suggest that the effects appear robust. We also find that stimulating entrepreneurial activities serves as a channel through which the policy affects rural incomes. Finally, the policy effects are mainly significant for counties with a higher level of human capital, a younger demographic age structure, and a higher level of financial development.

Sex Ratio, Age Structure and Parasitism in Unaspis mabilis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Philippines

Lanzones scale insect (LSI) has been an important insect pest of lanzones since its first record in 2004. It causes massive defoliation on trees which eventually results to underdeveloped and sour fruits. Different lanzones-growing areas in the Philippines were surveyed for LSI along with its associated parasitoids in commercial lanzones farms located in Laguna (Los Baños,Nagcarlan and Sta. Maria), Oriental Mindoro (Villa Cerveza, Villa Cerveza, San Gabriel-Alcate), Negros (Abante-Pamplona, Poblacion - Pamplona, Lunga, Valencia, Talisay - Negros Occidental, Jawa-Valencia, Lunga-Valencia, Bongbong), Misamis Occidental (Aloran - Misamis Occidental, Calamba, Oroquieta, Sapang Dalaga, Plaridel), Camiguin (Catarman, Poblacion, Sagay, Tagdo, Mahinog), North Cotabato (Makilala, Kidapawan, and Kabacan) and Sulu (Maimbung, Patikol,Talipao). From each collection site, a total of 10 infested trees were sampled at random with leaflets (N=10) collected in four cardinal directions around canopy. Leaflets were scanned, photographed, and transported to the laboratory. Population estimates of each local population was obtained along with demographic structure viz. age structure and male-female sex ratio. The sample per tree were kept individually in customized cages for parasitoid emergence and determination of parasitization rate. Parasitoids were identified as Aphytis sp., Encarsia sp. and 2 other unidentified species. LSI population and percent parasitism in Laguna were quite high compared to North Cotabato. Results of this study will contribute to the basic knowledge needed to improve control strategy on LSI.

Impact of demographic age structure on energy consumption structure: Evidence from population aging in mainland China

Impact of demographic age structure on energy consumption structure: Evidence from population aging in mainland China

A Review of Contraceptive Prevalence Rates in Afghanistan

Background and Objective: Family planning programs and the use of contraceptives are among the priorities of maternal and child health. Adequate information about the prevalence of family planning programs and contraceptive use in Afghanistan is not readily available. This review attempts to provide an appropriate perspective on the prevalence rates of contraceptive use based on existing data and suggests practical measures to improve the prevalence of contraceptive usage.
 Research Method: In this review, data from Google Scholar, PubMed, the Ministry of Public Health website, the World Health Organization, and the National Family Planning Program were utilized. Seven articles published between 2001 and 2023 were selected and analyzed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
 Findings: A narrative summary of the results of the selected articles is presented in this paper. According to studies conducted in the country, statistics on the prevalence of contraceptive use show significant differences in comparison to demographic structures. The lowest figure reported in these studies is 10.4%. The utilization of contraceptives is reported as follows: oral contraceptives 38.5%, condoms 30.3%, medroxyprogesterone 17.0%, intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) 15.6%. Overall, the prevalence rate of contraceptive use in the entire country reaches 15.4%.
 Conclusion: In Afghanistan, due to numerous barriers, the use of contraceptives and the gap between pregnancies have not been promoted. Conversely, according to the conservative beliefs of the illiterate segments of society, the use of contraceptives is considered contrary to their religious beliefs and even in conflict with divine instructions. Therefore, it is imperative for policymakers to develop comprehensive and inclusive programs in this regard and seek assistance from religious leaders to align the community with these programs. Ultimately, the entire society needs to be mobilized.

Bioarchaeological analysis of the human skeletal remains from cliff tomb burial of the Wangyuancun site in Leshan, Chengdu Plain, Southwest China

Though archaeological and historical-document evidences for the cliff necropolises in ancient China were reported in literature, the bioarchaeological analysis for them is still absent. It is therefore the aim of this paper presents the first bioarchaeological analysis for the skeletal samples of cliff necropolises from the Iron Age in China. In this work, skeletal remains of 16 individuals (two males, three females, seven unsexed adults, one subadult, and three indeterminate sex and age individuals) of Wangyuancun site (on the border of the Chengdu Plain, China) were examined for the stature, dental pathologies, linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, degenerative osteoarthritis of the vertebrae and major joints, periostitis, trauma and other evidence of disease. The demographic structure of Wangyuancun site is characterized by a younger mean age at death and a low mortality rate for infants and children. The stature estimates show that these Iron Age people were similar in size compared with the people live in contemporary southwestern region of China. Most of the samples lacked indications of stress, but a few had cribra orbitalia, osteoarthritis, osteophytosis and various dental pathologies. Periosteal reactions were common, but the lesions are generally moderate or mild. These bioarchaeological results broaden our understanding of the health and lifestyle of the cliff tomb population of Chengdu Plain in the Iron Age. Our bioarchaeological examination of the skeletal samples of Wangyuancun site provides a rare opportunity to address questions concerning ancient people’s diet, health, disease and stress of population in the Iron Age of Chengdu Plain, Southwest China.