Demographic Cohorts Research Articles

Trans-Balance: Reducing demographic disparity for prediction models in the presence of class imbalance

Introduction:Risk prediction, including early disease detection, prevention, and intervention, is essential to precision medicine. However, systematic bias in risk estimation caused by heterogeneity across different demographic groups can lead to inappropriate or misinformed treatment decisions. In addition, low incidence (class-imbalance) outcomes negatively impact the classification performance of many standard learning algorithms which further exacerbates the racial disparity issues. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the performance of statistical and machine learning models in underrepresented populations in the presence of heavy class imbalance. Method:To address demographic disparity in the presence of class imbalance, we develop a novel framework, Trans-Balance, by leveraging recent advances in imbalance learning, transfer learning, and federated learning. We consider a practical setting where data from multiple sites are stored locally under privacy constraints. Results:We show that the proposed Trans-Balance framework improves upon existing approaches by explicitly accounting for heterogeneity across demographic subgroups and cohorts. We demonstrate the feasibility and validity of our methods through numerical experiments and a real application to a multi-cohort study with data from participants of four large, NIH-funded cohorts for stroke risk prediction. Conclusion:Our findings indicate that the Trans-Balance approach significantly improves predictive performance, especially in scenarios marked by severe class imbalance and demographic disparity. Given its versatility and effectiveness, Trans-Balance offers a valuable contribution to enhancing risk prediction in biomedical research and related fields.

The Demographic Ceiling of Changes Driven by the Umbrella Movement

Abstract This article explains post-Umbrella Movement shifts in public opinion in Hong Kong by correlating demographic subgroups with changes in support for the status quo, utilizing Asian Barometer Survey data regarding support for the existing system of government and idealized models for the future. The aim is to determine whether public opinion shifts occurred evenly through population subgroups or were limited to participants and peers. The findings show that while Hong Kongers’ views underwent a seismic shift, the expansion of dissent was unevenly distributed across demographic cohorts, rather than representing demographically symmetric diffusion reflecting societal bridging and cross-demographic coalition building. This indicates that, while the social movement may have shifted aggregate public opinion away from the status quo, its precepts permeated differently across age, class, and especially gender lines, and that views on the status quo were also strongly linked to idealized models for their future, relative to China.

Impact of Mammography Screening Frequency on Breast Cancer Mortality Rates.

The frequency of mammography screening remains a topic of ongoing debate. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of annual vs. biennial mammography screenings on breast cancer mortality rates. A comprehensive search of relevant literature published up to 2021 was performed, with the primary outcome being the difference in breast cancer mortality rates between annual and biennial screenings. The extracted data included relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with studies selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, emphasizing the quality of methodology and minimization of bias. Of the included studies, thirteen met the criteria, covering diverse demographic cohorts and screening frequencies. The synthesized data revealed a pattern of lower relative risk in annual screenings compared to biennial screenings across all studies. Notably, subgroup analyses indicated that age and racial background might modulate the effectiveness of screening frequency. In conclusion, this meta-analysis offers strong evidence suggesting that annual mammography screenings could be more effective than biennial screenings in reducing breast cancer mortality rates, especially in certain high-risk demographics. The results emphasize the importance of personalized, evidence-based approaches to mammography, with a call for future research to validate these findings and delve deeper into optimizing breast cancer screening strategies.

Therapeutic cannabis use by patients with cancer in Canada: A national survey of the experiences, opinions and information needs of Radiation Therapists

PurposeTo understand the experiences, opinions and information needs of Canadian Radiation Therapists when caring for cancer patients who are taking cannabis for therapeutic purposes (CTP). MethodsThe study employed prospective data collection, via a single cross-sectional web-based questionnaire. After REB approval, the questionnaire was distributed electronically to all Radiation Therapists across Canada. The questionnaire was open for a one month accrual, with reminders sent at two and four weeks. The raw data was aggregated using standard descriptive statistics. The response differences between naturally occurring demographic cohorts was determined using inferential statistics. ResultsTwo hundred and eighty two Therapists completed the questionnaire (25.6%), of which 19.1% reported being approached by patients to talk about cannabis more than once per month and 4.4% reported initiating a conversation with patients about cannabis. There were no differences between the provinces or catchment areas regarding how common or socially acceptable cannabis use by patients was. Confidence in discussing cannabis was strongly positively correlated with ratings of current knowledge (r² 0.77). Of the respondents, 99.9% believed that their radiation therapy training did not prepare them to support patients using cannabis. ConclusionsThe data revealed that patients more frequently seek out guidance for CTP than Therapists initiate those discussions. This lack of Therapist willingness to begin cannabis conversations was associated with the low levels of knowledge. Almost all Therapists recognized the limitations of their knowledge and expressed interest in receiving further information about cannabis. The findings of this study strongly advocate for the development of educational tools to meet Therapists clinical needs.

Structured Lipids Engineering for Health: Novel Formulations Enriched in n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Potential Nutritional Benefits.

Structured lipids (SLs) offer a promising avenue for designing novel formulations enriched in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) with potential health benefits. Triacylglycerols (TAGs), the most common fats in the human diet, are both non-toxic and chemically stable. The metabolic efficiency and digestibility of TAGs are significantly influenced by the position of fatty acids (FAs) within the glycerol backbone, with FAs at the sn-2 position being readily absorbed. Over the past two decades, advancements in SL research have led to the development of modified TAGs, achieved either through chemical or enzymatic processes, resulting in SLs. The ideal structure of SLs involves medium-chain FAs at the sn-1,3 positions and long-chain n-3 LCPUFAs at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, conferring specific physicochemical and nutritional attributes. These tailored SL formulations find wide-ranging applications in the food and nutraceutical industries, showing promise for dietary support in promoting health and mitigating various diseases. In particular, SLs can be harnessed as functional oils to augment TAG metabolism, thereby impeding the development of fatty liver, countering the onset of obesity, and preventing atherosclerosis and age-related chronic diseases. In scrutinising prevailing research trajectories, this review endeavours to provide an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted advantages and repercussions associated with the synthesis of SLs. It elucidates their burgeoning potential in enhancing health and well-being across a range of demographic cohorts. Specifically, the implications of SL utilisation are discussed in the context of healthcare environments and early childhood developmental support.

Sometimes Littering Is Acceptable—Understanding and Addressing Littering Perceptions in Natural Settings

The detrimental impact of visitor-induced litter pollution on ecosystems, wildlife, and overall quality of life emphasizes the urgency of mitigating it. This study uniquely focuses on diverse visitors’ perceptions of littering behavior in open spaces, facilitating comprehensive assessment and targeted mitigation strategies. This study aimed to analyze attitudes, willingness to act, and responsibility perceptions, considering diverse demographics in Israel’s multicultural context. It sought insights into littering rationales, potential remedies, and the identification of relatively acceptable littering behaviors for focused attention. This profound comprehension is crucial for conserving ecologically sensitive open areas, necessitating optimized management for interface preservation. Leveraging insights from an online survey involving 401 recent open-space visitors, this research reveals a disparity between self-professed and actual littering practices. Intriguingly, 32% of participants who claimed never to litter described instances of doing so. Furthermore, disparities emerged between anti-litter attitudes, willingness to act, and individual accountability, which were influenced by demographic variables. While individuals from various demographic cohorts attested to littering behavior, young ultra-Orthodox Jews possessing solely a high school level of education exhibited a proclivity for increased littering. Perceptions predominantly attribute purposeful and recreational motives to littering, rather than substantial reasons. Participants conceive a diverse range of effective strategies to address the issue, highlighting its intricate and multifaceted nature. Consequently, this study advocates for a multifaceted approach combining enhanced enforcement, educational campaigns, informative initiatives, and infrastructural enhancements. By acknowledging the complexities of littering behavior and embracing multifarious interventions, policymakers can enhance the likelihood of successfully curbing this pervasive challenge.

Veterinarian burnout demographics and organizational impacts: a narrative review.

Burnout is a work-related syndrome of physical and emotional exhaustion secondary to prolonged, unresolvable occupational stress. Individuals of different demographic cohorts may have disparate experiences of workplace stressors and burnout impacts. Healthcare organizations are adversely affected by burnt out workers through decreased productivity, low morale, suboptimal teamwork, and potential impacts on the quality of patient care. In this second of two companion reviews, the demographics of veterinary burnout and the impacts of burnout on affected individuals and work environments are summarized, before discussing mitigation concepts and their extrapolation for targeted strategies within the veterinary workplace and profession.

Affecting Factors of E-Commerce Courier Services on Consumer’s Purchasing Behavior and Satisfaction Level

Due to the impact of COVID-19, the nation implemented stringent measures that limited the populace's capacity to participate in physical activities. As a result of these regulations, consumers, particularly those residing in Metro Manila, have predominantly resorted to online shopping as their primary means of procuring goods. The capacity of diverse logistics enterprises to furnish door-to-door courier amenities is a key element that contributes to the triumph of door-to-door e-commerce. This service provides affordable accessibility options; however, it is accompanied by several drawbacks that significantly influence the purchasing decisions of consumers. This research study titled "Affecting Factors of E-Commerce Courier Services on Consumers' Purchasing Behavior and Satisfaction Level" aims to thoroughly examine the impact of e-commerce courier services on consumer behavior and satisfaction. The researchers aim to ascertain the demographic profile of the respondents and its impact on their purchasing behavior and satisfaction. The study aims to analyze the respondents' perceptions of courier services, consumer satisfaction, and purchasing behavior. It also seeks to identify any significant relationship between purchasing behavior and consumer satisfaction, as well as any significant differences and predictions between the two. The researchers employed distinct methodologies and approaches to conduct an in-depth investigation of this research study. The descriptive method was the research design that the researcher used. The study was conducted in Metro Manila, with a total of 385 respondents. The instrumentation and statistical treatment utilized in the study included descriptive analysis, mean and standard deviation, test of significance difference, correlation measures, and predictive analysis. The study revealed that the demographic characteristics of the participants exert a considerable influence on the determinants of e-commerce courier services that impact consumer buying behavior and satisfaction levels. The findings of the study revealed that the dimensions of tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance of delivery services have a significant effect on both consumer satisfaction and purchasing behavior. Nonetheless, the research revealed that there was no statistically significant disparity in the way consumers perceived delivery service, consumer satisfaction, or purchasing behavior. This implies that there may be divergent preferences and priorities among distinct demographic cohorts regarding e-commerce courier services. The study provides recommendations for consumers, e-commerce businesses, future researchers, and national and local governments to enhance online shopping experiences and minimize risks.

Evaluating the status of the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery indicators for India.

For universal surgical, obstetric, trauma, and anesthesia care by 2030, the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) suggested tracking six indicators. We reviewed academic and policy literature to investigate the current state of LCoGS indicators in India. There was limited primary data for access to timely essential surgery, risk of impoverishing and catastrophic health expenditures due to surgery, though some modeled estimates are present. Surgical specialist workforce estimates are heterogeneous across different levels of care, urban and rural areas, and diverse health sectors. Surgical volumes differ widely across demographic, socio-economic, and geographic cohorts. Perioperative mortality rates vary across procedures, diagnoses, and follow-up time periods. Available data suggest India falls short of achieving global targets. This review highlights the evidence gap for India's surgical care planning. India needs a systematic subnational mapping of indicators and adaptation of targets as per the country's health needs for equitable and sustainable planning.

Determinants of Healthcare Expenditures among People with Aphasia: Importance of Race, Sex, Residence, and Aphasia Type

ABSTRACT Introduction Roughly 30% of stroke survivors suffer from aphasia—a communication disorder that affects the ability to communicate effectively—but little is known about their healthcare expenditure or how it varies between aphasia subtypes. This study evaluates the relative differential in healthcare expenditure of anomic, Broca’s, Wernicke’s and Conduction aphasia and assesses expenditure between demographic cohorts Methods Individual level data from the 2010 Moss Aphasia Psycholinguistic Project Database was matched with the 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey using a propensity score algorithm based on functional, health, and demographic characteristics. Multilevel, generalized, nonlinear regression models were applied to the resulting data set to assess the correlation between annual healthcare expenditure, time post onset (tpo), sex, race, family size, marital status, income, education, aphasia type, and region of residence. Results were used to predict expenditure by aphasia subtype, race, and sex. Multiple distributional specifications tested the sensitivity and ensured the robustness of estimates. Results Regression results indicate that individuals with Broca’s aphasia had statistically higher healthcare expenditures paying an average of $10,896.45 annually when compared to anomic ($7,927.60), Wernicke’s ($7,096.22), and Conduction ($9,447.19) aphasias. Additionally, healthcare expenditure increased with each year of age (β=0.004, SE=0.005), but decreased with each year after stroke (β=-0.002, SE=0.001). Females (β=0.358, SE=0.131) and Blacks (β=0.103, SE=0.200) paid significantly more annually compared to males and Whites, respectively. Neither region of residence, income, nor level of education were significantly correlated with healthcare expenditure. Conclusion This study showed that, while individuals with Broca’s aphasia had higher average healthcare expenditure than other subtypes, the differential was not statistically significant. Sex and race cohorts did, however, show statistically significant differences in healthcare expenditures. While causality is outside the scope of this analysis, additional work is needed to determine the best strategy to mitigate these disparities.

Disparities in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion provision and outcomes for cervical stenosis

Disparities in neurosurgical care have emerged as an area of interest when considering the impact of social determinants on access to health care. Decompression via anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for cervical stenosis (CS) may prevent progression towards debilitating complications that may severely compromise one's quality of life. This retrospective database analysis aims to elucidate demographic and socioeconomic trends in ACDF provision and outcomes of CS-related pathologies. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample database was queried between 2016 and 2019 using International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes for patients undergoing ACDF as a treatment for spinal cord and nerve root compression. Baseline demographics and inpatient stay measures were analyzed. Patients of White race were significantly less likely to present with manifestations of CS such as myelopathy, plegia, and bowel-bladder dysfunction. Meanwhile, Black patients and Hispanic patients were significantly more likely to experience these impairments representative of the more severe stages of the degenerative spine disease process. White race conferred a lesser risk of complications such as tracheostomy, pneumonia, and acute kidney injury in comparison to non-white race. Insurance by Medicaid and Medicare conferred significant risks in terms of more advanced disease prior to intervention and negative inpatient. Patients in the highest quartile of median income consistently fared better than patients in the lowest quartile across almost every aspect ranging from degree of progression at initial presentation to incidence of complications to healthcare resource utilization. All outcomes for patients age > 65 were worse than patients who were younger at the time of the intervention. Significant disparities exist in the trajectory of CS and the risks associated with ACDF amongst various demographic cohorts. The differences between patient populations may be reflective of a larger additive burden for certain populations, especially when considering patients' intersectionality.

The Relationship between Daily Behavior Changes and Vaccine Attitudes at the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Japanese People from Different Demographics: A Retrospective and Exploratory Examination Using a Free-Response Survey.

This study investigated how daily behaviors of Japanese people changed during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and whether the change was mediated by demographics. It also examined whether the magnitude of behavior change in a demographic group is related to their attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine. 301 Japanese responded to an online survey in February 2021, in which they first wrote some activities they frequently performed before the virus outbreak and then wrote about activities in their current life. The number of gathered answers were 1858 for 'before' and 1668 for 'after', and they were grouped into 19 behavior categories. Overall, behaviors such as traveling, eating out, and shopping were much less frequently described in the 'after' condition; while housework, food delivery, and pandemic prevention were mentioned more. However, the change pattern was significantly influenced by demographics of age, gender, having children or not, and household income. Especially women, younger generations, and people without children showed the greatest extent of behavior change compared with the other demographic cohorts. These groups were reported to be vaccine-hesitant in the literature. This study suggests that individuals with hesitant attitudes towards vaccines are more willing to change their behaviors to control viral transmission.

Sick, Hungry, and Vulnerable: Federal Stimulus and Food Security on Marginalized Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In addition to the threat of serious illness, COVID-19 and subsequent restrictions had devastating economic consequences for many US citizens. This study examines the evolution of food security over the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic testing whether the initial economic stimulus payment improved the nutritional well-being of vulnerable populations. We use data from phase 1 of the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey among a nationally representative sample of adults and the 2017-2018 Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement. Using an ordered logistic regression, we assess differences in the incidence and severity of food security across demographic, income, geographic, and employment status cohorts and assess the effects of the first economic stimulus payment. Our results show that marginalized groups faced greater food insecurity and had food-related outcomes worsen over time. Blacks, Hispanics, and individuals living in rural areas became less food secure as the pandemic progressed. However, receipt of a stimulus payment appears to have improved conditions. Rising food prices and persistent high unemployment have the potential to exacerbate food insecurity among marginalized and at-risk groups.

Why do lower-income areas experience worse road safety outcomes? Examining the role of the built environment in Orange County, Florida

Lower-income areas experience an increased incidence of traffic crashes, injuries, and deaths than more affluent ones. Researchers tend to blame these outcomes on differences in car ownership, with lower-income households expected to use vulnerable active modes at higher rates, as well as being more likely to drive older vehicles with fewer safety features. While these explanations seem plausible enough, they likely fail to provide a complete picture of the problem. This study examines the role of the built environment in road safety outcomes for lower- and higher-income block groups in Orange County, Florida. It finds that the hazard posed by urban arterials is three times greater for lower-income environments than for more affluent communities. Sidewalk buffers, ordinarily regarded as a pedestrian amenity, were associated with crash increases in affluent areas but not lower-income ones. Areas with concentrations of black residents were found to be increased risk, even after accounting for differences in income. Considered as a whole, the risk factors for lower-income and high-income populations are not the same. This article examines the underlying reasons that lead to these outcomes and discusses the need to better account for the manner in which design may uniquely affect the safety of different demographic cohorts.

Defining demographic cohorts in clinical trial populations using large electronic health records databases

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stressed the need to ensure that clinical trial study populations accurately reflect the patients likely to use the product, if approved. However, the FDA has not provided specific guidance on how clinically relevant demographic characteristics might be defined. Therefore, the present study was designed to develop a framework that could be used to rapidly identify population demographics for any medical condition. Then, these real-world data were used as the basis to calculate acceptable demographic parameters (with 95% confidence intervals) for clinical trial populations. Data on Alzheimer's Disease were used as an example of the proposed approach.

Gender and outcomes in total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review on healthcare disparities in the United States

Background: The authors evaluated the currently available evidence regarding the effect gender has, if any, on utilization of and outcomes after total knee (TKA) and hip (THA) arthroplasty. Recent studies have shown that TKA and THA are not utilized equally across different demographic cohorts. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE database was performed using keywords “disparities,” “arthroplasty,” “joint replacement,” “hip,” “knee,” “gender,” and “outcomes” in all possible combinations. Methods: All English studies with levels of evidence I to IV published over the last 20 yr were included in the review. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on the data collected where applicable. Results: A total of 33 articles that met inclusion and quality criteria were analyzed. Overall, men and women have similar utilization rates of THA and TKA. Men and women have similar expectations regarding outcomes after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Female gender has been shown to be protective against mortality, major complications, and revisions after TJA. However, women are at higher risk of being discharged to a facility after TJA compared with men (P<0.05). Functional outcomes are similar for men and women. Conclusions: This systematic review showed that there are no significant differences in utilization of and outcomes after TJA between men and women. Female gender was shown to be protective against complications but remained a risk factor for nonhome discharge after TJA. Level of Evidence: IV

Explaining Brexit: The 5 A’s - Anomie, Alienation, Austerity, Authoritarianism and Atavism

Although support for Britain’s withdrawal in the 2016 Referendum emanated from all sections of society, it was much stronger and prevalent among specific socio-economic and demographic cohorts, namely older citizens, people who had received a minimal formal education in their youth, and those on low incomes. These were the citizens who had benefited the least, and whose communities had suffered the most, from four decades of deindustrialisation, globalisation, neoliberalism, and apparent neglect or abandonment by politicians in Westminster and the London-centric national media. Leave voters (Brexiters) were also notable for the extent to which they shared five social, cultural and political attitudes, characteristics or experiences, all beginning with the letter ‘a’: anomie, alienation, austerity, authoritarianism and atavism. Only by examining these five aspects can we fully comprehend the fears, frustrations, grievances and resentments which underpinned support for Leave in Britain’s 2016 EU Referendum, and why these characteristics were very strongly concentrated in specific sections of British society.

Does continuing professional development enhance patient care? A survey of Irish based general practitioners

IntroductionThe Irish Medical Council has regulated mandatory continuing professional development (CPD) for doctors since 2011 to enhance the quality and safety of Irish healthcare. The Irish College of General Practitioners (ICGP), as the professional body for general practitioners (GPs) in Ireland, operates a Professional Competence Scheme (PCS) for doctors working in general practice. As PCS evolves over time, it is important to measure the impact of mandatory CPD on patient care. The ICGP undertook this study to answer the research question: Does CPD enhance patient care? Research has been conducted on the impact of CPD on the medical profession, both in Ireland and abroad, on GP engagement with existing CPD supports and on the impact of CPD for GPs in other countries. To date, no study has been carried out in Ireland on GP views on the impact of mandatory CPD on patient care or on which type of CPD activity is perceived to be the most effective in this regard.MethodsAll PCS enrollees on the 2018/2019 year who had provided an email address (n = 4,415) were asked to complete an anonymous online survey available in April and May 2019. The survey aimed to obtain feedback on existing CPD supports, enhancement of CPD supports, CPD impact on general practice and on patient care. The survey questions which related specifically to patient care were used to inform this paper.ResultsA total of 1,233 (27.9%) PCS enrolees participated in the survey. Overall, 73.9% (n = 836) of respondents agreed that CPD assisted them in improving the quality of patient care with females significantly more likely to consider that CPD improved patient care. A total of 74.9% (n = 848) reported changes to patient management as a result of CPD activity and over half (56.4%; n = 464) of these believed that external CPD activity (courses/conferences) had the most potential to benefit their patient care, however, differences were observed across gender and age group.ConclusionThe majority of GPs who completed the survey found CPD engagement beneficial to their patient care. The majority of respondents agree that peer engagement activities are most likely to impact patient care thus demonstrating that mandatory CPD has been successfully implemented in this respect in Irish general practice. However, there is a difference in response to the various CPD formats across different demographic cohorts and this should be considered when designing the format of educational activities.

Forms of Employment from the Perspective of Demographic Cohorts

Based on the literature review, the need to analyse the use of employment forms in different cohorts has been emphasized from the standpoint of sustainable HRM. Voluntary choice of the employment form and respect for employee interests in the long-term perspective has proved to be important. Empirical research was conducted using the CAWI technique among 1,000 working Poles. Variation has been found across four cohorts: 18–24, 25–39, 40–54, and 55–64 years. Young people mostly work in non-standard forms (twice as often as the average), with non-standard employment in this group dominated by civil law contracts and unregistered employment. In the next two age groups, the proportion of stable employment forms increases significantly. The proportion of non-standard forms among the oldest is significantly higher than in the previous two cohorts. The proportion of involuntary forms of employment increases with age, as statistically confirmed by the observation that younger employees more often declare that non-standard forms allow for meeting their interests. Much greater disproportion, manifesting itself in a lower level of meeting the employee interests than employer interests occurs for non-standard forms. This highlights the importance of the form of employment in meeting the employee interests and its dependence on the cohort.

A comprehensive map of genetic relationships among diagnostic categories based on 48.6 million relative pairs from the Danish genealogy

For more than half a century, Denmark has maintained population-wide demographic, health care, and socioeconomic registers that provide detailed information on the interaction between all residents and the extensive national social services system. We leverage this resource to reconstruct the genealogy of the entire nation based on all individuals legally residing in Denmark since 1968. We cross-reference 6,691,426 individuals with nationwide health care registers to estimate heritability and genetic correlations of 10 broad diagnostic categories involving all major organs and systems. Heritability estimates for mental disorders were consistently the highest across demographic cohorts (average h2 = 0.406, 95% CI = [0.403, 0.408]), whereas estimates for cancers were the lowest (average h2 = 0.130, 95% CI = [0.125, 0.134]). The average genetic correlation of each of the 10 diagnostic categories with the other nine was highest for gastrointestinal conditions (average rg = 0.567, 95% CI = [0.566, 0.567]) and lowest for urogenital conditions (average rg = 0.386, 95% CI = [0.385, 0.388]). Mental, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurological conditions had similar genetic correlation profiles.