Democratic System Of Government Research Articles

MODERNISASI PARTAI POLITIK DI ERA 4.0

In a democracy, the presence of political parties is very much needed. Political parties act as the backbone for the journey of democracy in Indonesia, because political partiesplay arole in the political process in the legislativebody, government, and other related institutions. The existence of political parties is increasingly important for channeling collective will - presenting the interests of various groups in society that are held in general elections. Modernization of political parties refers to the process of development and evolution from lower levels to higher levels. Modernization has the meaning of transformation which means a change in the existing system in a country caused by the progress of globalization that involves changes in politics, social structure, culture and economic growth. Modernization of political parties is the dynamics of political modernization which implies a process of increasing complexity of human problems that require political action. In general, it can be said that politics is a matter that includes the differentiation of roles as well as integrating the organizational structure. The modernity of the role and organizational structure of politics implies the existence of political parties that act as a link between the public and the government. Community Participation in the 4.0 era also provides opportunities for increased political participationin campaigning on social media, where campaigns carried out through social media have different valuesfrom traditional campaigns. Modernization of political parties provides opportunities and obstacles that can facilitate the realization of a democratic government system. Modernization of political parties can increase public participation in transparently viewing the proposed political party but unlimited information can also be one of the problems that will destabilize unity due to hate speech among political parties or communities of political parties aimed at related political opponents.

Democratic Movements and Challenges in Nepal

This article examines and analyses the democratic movements and challenges in Nepal. Democratic system of government is considered one of the best and most superlative governing systems of countries in the world. In the history of civilization, democracy has been fundamental in transforming the globe from monarchy, imperialism and invasion to constitutional democracy, self-determination, mutual understanding and peaceful co-existence. The democratic system is preferable and a better governing system because of the participation of people in decision-making. There have been many movements for the establishment of democracy in the world and those movements have contributed significantly not only democracy but also equally to human rights. Also in Nepal, there have been several movements for the establishment of the democratic system. For a long time, Nepal had a unitary system with absolute monarchy. A federal republic system has been established in Nepal through a long and continuous struggle involving various political movements. This study is related to those movements that have some significant role in the establishment of democracy in Nepal along with their challenges. It is qualitative research in nature and used only secondary data. The secondary data and facts have been drawn from library and related reviews and they are interpreted and analyzed with movements and challenges as analytical and descriptive method.

BIAFRA RENAISSANCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA IN SOUTHEAST, NIGERIA

The transition to democratic system of government in Nigeria has witnessed an increase in the emergence of ethnic movement groups. Such ethnic movement groups are the pro-Biafra groups in reaction to perceived socio-political and economic exclusion of the Igbo and reflect the extent of development the people benefit in Nigeria. This study examined the possible effect of Biafra renaissance on the underlying dimensions of development in South-East, Nigeria. Using relative deprivation theory, this study presented the sense of marginalization expressed by Igbo people and two dimensions of development in South-East, Nigeria. Qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were adopted, these include: in-depth interview, focus group discussion and case study. The data collected in two cities–Aba and Onitsha– were analysed using ethnographic and content analysis. It argued that Biafra holds a value that projects the needs and expectations of Igbo people and suggested the need for peaceful dialogue for socio-political and developmental changes.

REORIENTASI REFORMASI BIROKRASI DAN GOOD GOVERNANCE DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN SEKTOR PUBLIK DI INDONESIA

In order for a country to run well, it is necessary to have a well-run public bureaucracy. But unfortunately, the perception of the bureaucracy in Indonesia itself is very bad, where the bureaucracy is considered as convoluted, too many rules and very inefficient. This research then aims to look at how bureaucratic reform and good governance are reoriented in organizing the public sector in Indonesia. This research will be carried out using a descriptive qualitative approach. The data used in this study were obtained from various research results and previous studies. The results of this study then found that a clean and democratic government system must be a priority for society and government. Efforts to achieve this can be carried out through the application of the principles of good governance. In its implementation, governance reorientation can be carried out by involving stakeholders, the public and the private sector.

Democratic food governance capacity at the local level: the cases of Livorno and Pisa

ABSTRACT The democratization of food governance is considered to be one way of challenging the crisis in the global food system. Local governments have recently emerged as prominent actors in food governance. Despite the increasing interest and action from local institutions, in most countries local food policies are far from being adopted by local governments as systematic policy. This paper explores the democratic local food governance capacity model as both an analytical and normative framework aimed at supporting local governments to set up democratic local food governance architectures based on urban food strategies and food policy councils. The model is used to analyse the Italian case studies of the Municipality of Livorno and the Province of Pisa in order to identify insights and policy recommendations for local governments. The analysis reveals how the construction of local democratic food governance systems is conditioned by multiple factors related to the structural, procedural and socio-cultural support, which also influence the implementation of democratic food governance.

Pemasaran Politik Pasangan Bobby Nasution Dan Aulia Rachman Pada Pilkada Medan Tahun 2020

Democracy gives every citizen the right to be able to participate in the formulation, development, and law-making, either directly or through representatives. Democracy covers the social, economic, and cultural fields. This condition allows freedom and diversity in the practice of politics in a democratic system. The word democracy comes from the Greek “dēmokratía” which means “rule of the people,” which is formed from the words “dêmos” which means “the people” and “kratos” which means “power” or “power”. In a democratic system, there is an election mechanism known as elections (general elections), elections become a tradition or political culture in a democratic government system. A. Ubaidillah and Abdul Rozak in a book entitled Citizenship Education (Pancasila, Democracy, Human Rights, and Civil Society) explain that, Election is a system or implementation of Democracy to determine the change of position or government power, in which the people are involved in the process of electing leaders and deputy leaders in parliament, national leaders, and regional leaders. Elections are activities that involve citizens (the people) to choose leaders or representatives of the people in a democratic country. The principles in elections are direct, public, free, confidential, honest, fair and safe.

THE EXPERIENCE OF GERMAN REUNIFICATION: LESSONS FOR UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF PROSPECTIVE REINTEGRATION

The article analyzes the experience of German reintegration after the FRG (West Germany) and the GDR (East Germany) were reunified in 1990. The analysis is focused on the process of state and national reconciliation.
 In the unified Germany, fundamental changes in the political and legal systems as well as social and economic models have been implemented due to its comprehensive policy of integration. The transition to a democratic system of governance required political and legal institutional reforms. In particular, a lustration policy was implemented to establish new state bodies, including law enforcement, security, judicial and others, and support their institutional restructuring.
 The policy of transitional justice in Germany ensured prosecutions for crimes and human rights violations during the GDR regime, compensations and reparations to the regime’s victims, truth-seeking, fact-finding and restoring justice. These multi-purpose measures have also led to crucial changes in the mentality of German society.
 The politics of memory and truth-seeking mechanisms have played a pivotal role in the willingness of German society to acknowledge and overcome the totalitarian and authoritarian past.
 The article emphasizes the importance of a strong democratic transformation as well as economic growth and social development in the successful reintegration of Germany. Despite the fact that the country’s reunification has had a positive effect, there are still some negative trends and noticeable differences between East and West Germany.
 The main purpose of the study is to assess the prospects for integration in Ukraine based on an analysis of Germany’s case of successful transformation and reunification. The findings indicate that the experience of German reunification and democratic transition contains a number of effective mechanisms, measures and practices that can be adapted in Ukraine for the future reintegration of the temporarily occupied territories.

KEKUASAAN DAN KEDAULATAN MEMERINTAH

Power and sovereignty are interrelated in governance. The government in power has sovereignty in governing which comes from the people through a consensus (government making). Therefore, the ruling government must be responsible to the people who are then transformed into citizens (citizen making). This is practiced in a democratic government system. In contrast, the authoritarian system of government power is in the hands of the government. The position of the people is weak and marginalized in power. These two systems of government are still ongoing today. However, the most dominant and widely practiced is the power that comes from the people. Instrumentation of people's power when choosing sovereign leaders through democratic elections. The choice of a leader is largely determined by the people. This proves that the power and sovereignty of governing are in the control of the people. Therefore, power needs to be oriented to the interests of the people who are citizens, and at the same time be held accountable. The people encourage all leaders in power to be accountable and take political sides with the citizens by making the government the administrator and regulator of the benefit of the citizens.

Promoting the Good Governance by Advancing the Role of Parliamentarians and the Term Offices Limitation (Comparing Nigeria and Indonesia)

In the 21st century new world order, there is growing interest more than ever before in issues related to democracy and good governance around the world. This is a reflection of the increasing acceptance of the fact that democracy and good governance are not a luxury, but a fundamental requirement to achieve sustainable development. Parliament as of the key state institutions in a democratic system of governance have a critical role to play in promoting democracy and good governance. As the democratically elected representatives of the people, parliaments have the honourable task to ensure good government by the people and for the people. In the performance of their key functions of legislation, representation and oversight, parliaments encounter challenges that negatively affect their efforts in promoting democracy and good governance. The paper attempts to discuss the concept of parliamentary governance and the contribution of the parliament in consolidating democracy in Indonesia and Africa. This includes examining how parliaments respond to the growing public pressure for greater involvement, information, accountability and better service delivery to the citizens and the limitation of term offices ans one of the accountability processes. The paper argues that parliamentary governance is the basic parameter in assessing the progress of democracy in a country and concludes that lack of it is the source of poor governance with the attendant political, economic and social problems in a state.

Problematyka większości głosów wymaganej dla zmiany Konstytucji RP z 1997 roku

SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAJORITY OF VOTES REQUIRED FOR AMENDING THE 1997 CONSTITUTION OF POLAND The aim of this paper is to supplement the findings made by the doctrine of constitutional law regarding the requirements of the majority of votes for amending the 1997 Constitution of Poland at the parliamentary stage of that procedure. The following issues will be analysed in particular: the significance of constitutional amendment rules in a democratic system of government and their impact on its rigidity and durability; the role of the quorum as a factor contributing to the majority of votes’ requirements and some political dilemmas associated with that matter; the reasons and consequences of adopting different levels of the majority of votes for amending the Constitution in the Sejm and the Senate and their relation to the form of the relationships between those chambers. Regulations regarding amending the 1997 Constitution of Poland will be presented against a background of contemporary constitutions of European states. The important interpretative context will be constituted by the issues of axiology of democracy, parliamentary bicameralism and legitimization of power.

Perception of Students as a Beginner Voter on General Election in Cianjur District

In this simultaneous election, legislative elections for the regions, provinces, and the center as well as the election of presidential pairs. There is an assumption that with the simultaneous implementation of legislative and executive elections (Candidates for President-Vice President), there appears to be an imbalance between the election of the Candidates for President-Vice President and the legislature so that the presidential election contest gets more attention than the legislative election. The public is quite enthusiastic about welcoming this election with a public participation rate of 81%, which is quite high when compared to previous elections. This study examines students' perceptions of the survey results regarding perceptions of the implementation system and socialization of the 2019 simultaneous elections on April 17, 2019. This study uses quantitative methods using a questionnaire to students. For beginner voters who in this study were represented to Universitas Suryakancana students with a sample of level 1 and level 2 students of the Teaching and Education Faculty, Universitas Suryakancana, with random sampling in the Cianjur district and sufficiently representative. The conclusions of this article are: 1) The campaign as a media of socialization and political education is seen as influencing the choice of candidates for both the executive and legislative elections; 2) Social media, which is seen as the most dominant in influencing voters' preferences for both the executive and legislative elections; 3) Beginner voters saw a necessity and felt enthusiastic about voting and were very decisive on the vote acquisition; 4) The response of first-time voters to choices for executive and legislative elections is based more on the character and authority of the prospective leaders; 5) The reaction of first-time voters to political parties in a democratic government system requires multiple parties.

Decolonising power: A critique of majoritarian democracy in Africa

In recent times, African countries like Nigeria have witnessed a lot of internal problems and challenges associated with their democratic system of governance. These problems have produced ethnic conflicts, security challenges, corruption, poor leadership, betrayal of trust and low quality of life. This article argues that a major cause of these problems is the uncritical adoption of a Western system of democracy and its concomitant structures of power in African societies. The article posits further that the neglect and despising of the indigenous African understanding of power is reasonably responsible for the unfettered flowering of corruption and ethnic conflicts in contemporary Africa. This article recommends decolonising the idea of power central to majoritarian democracy as a major pathway in addressing some pressing sociopolitical problems including conflicts in democratisation processes, injustice and the problem of dictatorships in contemporary African societies. While the indigenous notion of power binds the ruler to a covenant of commitment and performance with the society, this article contends that a reinvigoration of a decolonised notion of power is worth taking seriously.

The First SEA Common Reading Initiative, or, How to Break Down Old and New Barriers to Teaching Phillis Wheatley Peters

This reflection essay surveys the Society of Early Americanists' first Common Reading Initiative in 2020–21, which used as a common text Honoreé Fanonne Jeffers's The Age of Phillis to involve current undergraduates in the study of early America—specifically of Phillis Wheatley (Peters). I further offer the Common Reading Initiative as a creative pedagogical tool for teaching slavery, race, and racism in the face of politicized efforts to insulate students from critically engaging with topics of such vital importance to free academic inquiry and the health of our democratic system of government.

Drivers of Chaos in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Warfare

Eastern DRC is seriously affected by a protracted warfare involving illicit exploitation of natural resources, corruption, humanitarian crisis and terrorism carried out by armed groups including the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and the Movement of 23 March (M23). According to DRC government, M23 is a terrorist group supported by Rwanda Defence Forces (RDF). Invasion and terrorism drive the war and the chaos. For Rwanda, fighting and chaos derive from ethnic conflicts over land, citizenship, local political power, and state failures. To many observers, ongoing violence and fighting are driven by rent seeking by Congolese military commanders, lack of State authority, distorted rule of law at both national and local levels, the abuse of public office for private gain (corruption), failed defence/security and justice sector reforms, undisciplined civilian armed and unarmed combatants, warlords and opportunist warmongers. Overall, state failures combined with globalized war diseconomy as conducted by multinational companies, failed multiparty system regarding democratic governance system drive ongoing chaos and armed violence, beyond government control and defence capabilities, despite peace agreements and the involvement of international and regional peace peacekeeping initiatives. Our analysis suggests that the war strategy being used resembles to what McKew refers to as the Gerasimov Doctrine, a chaos theory of political warfare which is used by Russia in Ukraine war. It is a silent total warfare combining politics and war activities with the objective of weakening, controlling and submitting an enemy by influencing its domestic politics and security. It creates a chaotic environment as a result of Clausewitzian friction. Hence, the search for sustainable peace and political stability needs to address factors which drive and sustain the chaos. Such strategic change requires top leadership involvement at the Head of State level, in his capacity of commander in chief of the armed forces. It is a matter of rebuilding the State, transforming non-state forces into a professional military and inducing few innovations into the defence reform process. Such innovations will include establishing territorial armies in eastern provinces where armed groups and foreign forces take advantage of State weaknesses to exploit resources and abuse local defenceless populations.

Ислам и Российское государство в имперский период: характер взаимоотношений и этапы

The article is devoted to the study of the Islamic policy of the Russian state in the Imperial Period, which today is of great interest to the Russian academia due to a wide involvement of socio-historical knowledge in the process of developing a modern concept of state structure in the Russian Federation. Analyzing the current controversy on this issue associated with finding legitimate, political and ideological grounds for the new concept and comparing various ideological positions and assessments of the nature of the relationship between Islam and the imperial state, the authors discover a differentiated approach of the imperial state to different Muslim peoples and their social categories. A significant drawback of contemporary controversy is that its participants, when dealing with such an essential issue, do not attach importance to the Eurasian, multi-ethnic, confessional and civilizational foundations of integration and modernization of the Russian society, thus repeating the mistakes of tsarism and post-Soviet “Westernizers”. Due to the use of new ideological approaches and sources of information, the authors integrate the most important elements of Islamic political culture with political and legal processes in the Russian state and analyze the conditions and positive factors that can give stability and dynamic development to the Russian society proceeding from its civilizational essence. The work highlights qualitatively different stages of the relationship between Islam and the imperial state, reveals the socio-political, ideological and moral limitations of tsarism. The authors conclude that only a truly democratic and legitimate system of government in Russia is capable of creating and sustaining the political and ideological foundations of state-building based on indepth civilizational, ethnic and confessional Eurasian priorities. Regrettably, these characteristics were not inherent to the Russian Empire and are not typical of contemporary Russia.

Beleidsdiskriminasie, verandering en entrepreneurskap: Beperkte politieke regte vir "Kleurlinge" in Suid-Afrika tot 1979

Hierdie artikel kontekstualiseer, verduidelik en beoordeel die ontwikkeling van politieke regte vir "Kleurlinge" in Suid-Afrika, tot 1979. Dit word gedoen vanuit die teoretiese perspektief van beleidsentrepreneurs wat verskillende persoonlike, professionele en ander sosiale netwerke tot hulle beskikking gebruik om direkte beleidsbeïnvloeding te doen. Die artikel skets eers kortliks die teoretiese uitgangspunte en kenmerke van beleidsentrepreneurskap en -netwerkbeïnvloeding en som dan die ontwikkeling van politieke regte vir die "Kleurlingge-meenskap" in die land op, tot PW Botha die leierskap van die Nasionale Party oorgeneem het. Die artikel kontekstualiseer en fokus veral op die aanloop tot en die afloop van die Erika Theron-kommissie, wat 'n direkte rol gespeel het by die uiteindelike instelling van 'n fun-damentele nuwe staatsbestel in die land. Die ondersoek illustreer die toepassing en impak wat doelgerigte individuele beleidsentrepreneurskap en -netwerkbeïnvloeding deur strategies geposisioneerde individue, groepe en netwerke op fundamentele samelewingsverandering kan hê. Dit illustreer en staaf verder die belangrike kumulatiewe effek wat beide interne en eksterne politieke druk op beleidsverandering kan hê. Dit het belangrike implikasies vir huidige en toekomstige beleidsaanpassings in Suid-Afrika en in ander demokratiese beleidsveran-deringsprosesse.

The Role of the Election Supervisory Board (BAWASLU) in Preventing Criminal Actions of Corruption in Elections in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the role of the Election Supervisory Body (Bawaslu) in preventing corruption in elections in Indonesia. Indonesia as a country that adheres to a democratic government system as referred to in Article 1 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, where the general election is a means of implementing people's sovereignty which is carried out directly, openly, honestly and fairly. Therefore, the law serves to resolve disputes or problems. It is hoped that the holding of elections can maintain public trust in democratic institutions. Where currently corruption is still happening in the implementation of elections. This research method is descriptive with the type of normative juridical research, using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study show that there are still many violations in the form of criminal acts of corruption and there are still many election disputes that occur in the implementation of elections. Based on the results of the study indicate that the role of Bawaslu in preventing corruption in elections is considered less than optimal. Although the establishment of the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Gakkumdu) functions as a center for resolving election crimes which is a repressive effort, it has not provided a deterrent effect for perpetrators of corruption in the administration of elections. Based on this, the authors view that preventive efforts are seen as more effective efforts in preventing corruption in elections in Indonesia. Therefore, it is important to realize elections with integrity through optimizing the role of Bawaslu in fostering an anti-corruption culture

Bridging the Gulf on Healthcare Policy Beyond the Affordable Care Act

This article presents a brief overview of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and changes ushered into the health care system by the Act. The overview is followed by arguments for and against the ACA, integrating and situating the divergent arguments within the context of both democratic and conservative standpoints on health care policy. Furthermore, the article explores the possibility of identifying factors responsible for the seeming difficulty in transiting policy from agenda status to adoption in a democratic system of governance. The article concludes with suggestions on ways and strategies that can help in bridging the ostensible gap between divergent positions, with the hope of charting the course to the desired destination of an equitable and sustainable health care policy for the United States.

Official Visits and Democracy

This paper examines whether the number of official visits to and from the U.S. allows the country to adopt a more democratic system of governance. To achieve its objective, the paper develops a model that derives the conditions under which a host invites a guest to persuade or pressure for democratic improvement, and the conditions under which the guest accepts an invitation to visit and decides to improve the quality of democratic governance after the visit. To test our hypothesis, we introduce novel variables that indicate the number of leader’s trips to the U.S., and the number of visits of U.S. Presidents and Secretaries of State to the country, from 1960 to 2015. The estimation results show that the official visits have a statistically significant positive effect on democracy. These results are robust. The paper also uses 3SLS to deal with potential endogeneity. The estimation confirms our previous findings that the official visits have a statistically significant positive effect on democracy. Finally, we explore the channels of transmission and find that American administrations use bilateral trade flows and U.S. aid as an incentive for countries to democratize. This supports our model predictions.

Higher Education's Contributions to the U.S. Democratic Society

College experiences can contribute to teaching, learning, and instruction within higher education. The framework for this essay treats the college community as prototypic of the U.S. political society. Several aspects of the national political culture have been approximated within a collegiate culture. For example, every political problem within our society can be represented in a miniature fashion within a program of studies in a university. Much of students’ political information can come from the interaction between teachers and students. However, a sizable portion of this learned information can extend through interaction among students. At that point, teachers would point students to information that expands their reservoir of collegiate information. Ultimately, students would refine their political information by exchanging valuable information with one another, as well as with their teachers. We have chosen to target higher education rather than pre-collegiate levels in emphasizing how higher education and our democratic system of government can be intertwined. We highlight the possibilities of college students’ understanding and appreciating others’ political views in working with one another rather than against one another in educational and political planning. Specifically, we include in this report the following issues: (a) political information resources routinely available in higher education, (b) college students’ learning to participate in broader political conversation, (c) college students’ examination of high profile U.S. constitutional declarations, (d) college students’ deepened comprehension of their own political perspectives, and (e) college students’ understanding that the knowledge derived from higher education can strengthen our democratic system of government.