Democratic System Of Government Research Articles

Actual Issues of Reform of Georgian National Security Sector’s Accountability and Oversight System

By its nature and specific obligations, the security assurance system contradicts external control, oversight and accountability principles, because its significant part and decisions are related to secret activities and documents. Therefore, in the democratic governance of national security and oversight of the activities of security institutions, the role of the Parliament, as the highest standing political authority, acting for the interests of the people is extremely important. The Parliament, as the highest legislator sets scopes for the activity, accountability and control of security institutions. Efficient parliamentary oversight increases the quality of accountability of security institutions and protects the society from arbitrary, inappropriate or repressive governance. A democratic governance system requires efficient oversight of secret activities. This objective can be achieved, first of all, via independent, powerful institutions and the system that provides oversight of personal data collection. The oversight is not limited to parliamentary oversight only, the development of governmental, judicial and independent institutions is not less important. This Paper presents experience and analysis of the development of the oversight system over the activities of the security institutions of Georgia and other democratic countries. The Paper provides the comparative analysis of experiences of Georgian and foreign countries about the oversight of the activities of security institutions and personal data protection in secret activities. The Paper puts some issues for discussion concerning the actual matters of the reform of the control system over the activities of security institutions, providing the considerations about establishing new, independent oversight institutions.

X-raying Human Rights Violations by Government Agencies in Nigeria's Democratic System of Government

Respect for human rights is diminishing within Nigeria's democracy, with the political elite often acting with impunity and ignoring the rule of law. Gender discrimination and exclusion of marginalized citizens persist in politics. This study investigated human rights violations by government agencies in Nigeria, with the aim of enhancing understanding of the situation and proposing policy recommendations for promoting human rights. The study employed a descriptive survey research design, with 150 individuals randomly selected from government agencies in Lagos state. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, with the analysis focusing on patterns in conversations, text, and activities. The findings reveal the emotional and systemic impacts of government agencies' human rights violations, calling for sweeping reforms and enhanced accountability. Respondents also stress the complexity of accountability challenges and advocate for a collaborative approach. They offer valuable strategies, including government reforms, civil society involvement, education and awareness, learning from successful examples, and using media and digital platforms to promote human rights and accountability. The study concluded that the findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive and collaborative efforts to address the multifaceted challenges of human rights violations in Nigeria. This requires the involvement of all stakeholders, including the government, civil society organizations, and the media. Sweeping reforms and enhanced accountability mechanisms are essential to ensure justice and the protection of human rights for all Nigerians. This study provides a valuable overview of human rights violations by government agencies in Nigeria's democratic system of government. The findings highlight the need for urgent action to address the root causes of these violations and to ensure accountability for perpetrators. The study's recommendations offer a roadmap for promoting human rights and strengthening democracy in Nigeria.

Typification of democracy in ancient Shona society: a paremiological perspective

ABSTRACT This article is an exegesis of democracy as it manifests in the Shona people’s selected proverbial philosophy and collective thought. It argues that, contrary to the peddled cultural prejudices and Eurocentric condescending attitudes that portray African/Shona traditional leadership as monarchical and autocratic, this society had an analogue of democratic governance system, as an established tradition. Through proverbs, a collective and engaging dialogue with chiefs and their subjects gently reminded stakeholders of their responsibilities. The article avers that vivid insights of the Shona people’s cultural norms and values exude that they had a firm, genius, significant and sustainable democracy in both theory and praxis. Furthermore, the Shona people’s linguistic treasures unraveled in this analysis, typify that they have a rich oral heritage which functions as part and parcel of their history, to be exploited also by the contemporary and future generations. Shona proverbs, as this article further argues, are oral archival material worthy re-engaging for they do not only reflect the Shona people’s democratic worldview but also act as a valid, reliable and rich linguistic transcript of their traditional leadership from the classical past. The intellectual pedestals adopted in this study are sankofa and nommoic creativity.

Conflict and coexistence: analysing the dynamics between traditional leadership and democratic governance in Dukuduku, KwaZulu-Natal

This paper examines the conflicts arising from the coexistence of traditional leadership and democratic local governance in Dukuduku, KwaZulu-Natal, a region marked by overlapping authority and contested land claims. Despite constitutional recognition, traditional leadership in post-apartheid South Africa remains ambiguously defined, leading to clashes with democratically elected structures over roles, responsibilities, and territory. This study uses a qualitative methodology to analyse archival materials, media sources, and meeting records and conducts semi-structured interviews with 25 stakeholders, including traditional leaders, senior citizens, and subsistence farmers. The findings reveal that introducing a local government system under the Amakhosi jurisdiction precipitates confrontations, particularly where duties intersect. In Dukuduku—proclaimed a state forest—the recognition of traditional authority creates disputes over land ownership and governance, complicating the administration of land and impacting service delivery. The analysis suggests that the institutional "invention" and subsequent "recognition" of traditional leadership in areas like Dukuduku not only challenge the perceptions of state land but also exacerbate power struggles, thereby affecting local development and governance. The study contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between traditional and democratic governance systems in rural South Africa. It highlights the implications for policy and local administration in managing such dual governance structures effectively. This study explains how hard it is to combine traditional structures with a modern democratic framework. It also gives us a better understanding of what this means for rural governance and land management in changing societies.

The Military Coup in Niger Republic

Abstract On 26 July 2023, Mohamed Bazoum, President of Niger, was deposed by a military coup masterminded by members of his presidential guard. The military junta dissolved the government and on 28 July General Abdourahmane Tchiani, head of the presidential guard, was pronounced Niger’s military leader. Since the coup, there have been widespread responses and reactions (local and international) to the political developments in the Niger Republic. This article uses secondary sources of data to argue that the coup was not an expression of displeasure against democracy, neither did it show solidarity for an authoritarian system. It was a symptom of the failure of democracy, including the operations of its proponents (the West, and France in particular) in the Sahel. The widespread jubilation emanated from the hope that the military leadership would put in place measures to ameliorate the security and economic woes of the country. The study concludes that the security and socioeconomic improvement of the Niger Republic is not tied to either a democratic or autocratic system of government, as proclaimed in international politics by the West, especially the US and France, and Russia and China.

THE SECURITY OF EU CITIZENS WHEN CONFRONTED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISINFORMATION

The paper explores the evolving challenges of disinformation campaigns and climate change migration within the European Union (EU) and NATO. It highlights the urgent need for proactive and coordinated responses to safeguard democratic societies and governance systems. Disinformation, propagated through digital platforms, threatens democratic processes and public discourse. Meanwhile, climate change exacerbates societal upheaval and migration patterns, posing complex security implications. The paper emphasizes the imperative of integrating environmental considerations into conflict resolution strategies and leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to counter disinformation effectively. By elucidating the multifaceted nature of these threats, the paper underscores the importance of collective action to address climate-related security challenges and preserve international stability. Ultimately, it calls for comprehensive strategies that promote media literacy, enhance digital resilience, and foster inclusive dialogue to mitigate the adverse effects of disinformation and climate change migration.

Building Inclusive Political Citizenship in the Aftermath of Village Head Election through Amos Yong's Hospitality Concept

Abstract: Indonesia as a pluralist country holds the principle of equal citizenship, which considers that every individual and community group has the same rights and obligations and adheres to a democratic system of government. One of the main platforms to determine the leader who will represent the will of the people is the village head election. However, after the village head election, conflicts or disputes often occur in various regions including Mamasa, West Sulawesi. This conflict can threaten community unity and integrity. Therefore, the author links the phenomenon of post-village head election conflicts with citizenship politics and Amos Yong's Hospitality theory. The author presents the concept of hospitality as a new approach to overcome post-village head election conflicts and encourage inclusion in society. The method used is a qualitative approach by observing the phenomenon or case study under study, and using literature review to support the analysis. The purpose of this paper is to enrich the understanding of civic politics, apply Hospitality theory, and encourage new thinking in overcoming post-village head election conflicts. Keywords: Citizenship Politics, Conflict, Difference, Hospitality, Village Head Election.

The Parliamentary Democracy in Pakistan: 2002-2018

Democracy is widely acknowledged as the preeminent political system in contemporary society. Countries that have successfully implemented a robust democratic system and demonstrate a high regard for their parliamentary institutions are thriving globally. The fundamental components of a democratic system encompass a legislative body, a judiciary that operates autonomously, and an effective executive branch. It is imperative that these three institutions operate within their designated spheres of authority and adhere to the principles outlined in the constitution. In addition, elections that are free from manipulation serve as the fundamental mechanism for guaranteeing the adequate representation of the populace. The democratic system ensures the protection of the well-being of individuals during the legislative process. Pakistan adopted a democratic system of governance within its borders. The Pakistani populace and its political representatives have significantly contributed to the process of democratization. The constitutional history of Pakistan has been marked by the interference of both military and civilian dictators, which has hindered the development of the country's democratic and parliamentary culture. Indeed, it is evident that the prevailing consensus has consistently exhibited a favorable disposition towards military governance, while concurrently acknowledging the recurrent interference of the military in impeding the advancement of civilian-led administrations. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the Pakistan parliament between 2002 and 2018, with the objective of enhancing democratic processes. This thesis examines the role of democracy and assesses the various factors that have undermined the essence of democracy in Pakistan. Additionally, it provides several recommendations to enhance parliamentary democracy in the country.

Is the Post-Reformation System of the Indonesian Government a Parliamentary Form?

Indonesia's democratic government system has experienced ups and downs based on history, where at the beginning of independence Indonesia used a presidential system, then changed to a parliamentary and then returned to a presidential system. The reformation period was a milestone in changing the government system where previously the president was elected by the MPR as the highest state institution to switch to direct presidential elections carried by a party or a coalition of parties - due to the existence of regulation on the threshold for nomination (parliamentary threshold) - but to maintain the implementation of the presidential campaign promise to establish a coalition of parties supporting the government which has an impact on the role of the People^s Representative Council only as a stamp of government interests. The problem in this study is how the presidential system exists in the post-reform Indonesian government system. The form of the research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and an analytical descriptive approach that examines primary and secondary legal materials, besides examining the synchronization and harmonization of law. The conclusion is that the current Indonesian government system tends to be parliamentary. This is due to the weak bargaining position of the DPR in supervising the running of government because the majority of DPR members are supporters of the government, while the opposition forces are unequal with the majority, which prioritizes the most voting system over consensus deliberation for the benefit of the people. so that checks and balances - separation of powers - turned into a division of powers - dividing power.

Constitutions as Mediums of Collective Identities

Constitutions as Mediums of Collective Identities

PELAKSANAAN REKRUTMEN CPNS DI LINGKUNGAN BAWASLU RI PADA TAHUN 2021 BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR.5 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA

Abstract A democratic, innovative and transparent government system has always been the hope for society and government in this modern era. One element of government that must be considered in order to realize this, one of which is through the arrangement of Human Resources (HR) within each agency or institution. Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning ASN and with internal regulations in the RI Bawaslu is a guideline for BAWASLU in carrying out recruitment of ASN employees in the BAWASLU environment for the 2021 fiscal year. The main problems of this thesis are 1) How is the selection (recruitment) of CPNS at RI Bawaslu environment in 2021? 2) Is the implementation of CPNS recruitment in the RI Bawaslu environment in accordance with Law Number 5 of 2014?. This thesis is a normative legal research that is descriptive in nature, with literature studies and interviews as well as deductive conclusions. The secondary data obtained was processed qualitatively. The results of the research show that: 1) The author describes the flow of the recruitment process in the RI Bawaslu Environment based on related regulations. 2) The author found negligence and violations that had been committed by unscrupulous CPNS selection teams in the Bawaslu environment in 2021 which were not in accordance with Law no. 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus. Keywords: State Civil Apparatus (ASN); Indonesian Bawaslu; Recruitment

The Democratic Self-Defence of Constitutional Courts

Abstract Courts around the world are under attack. They are being captured, packed, threatened, and their authority and powers are being limited by governments that seek to undermine the democratic constitutional order. Once courts are weakened or captured, it is easier for these governments to undermine other democratic institutions and even set courts themselves against democracy. Accordingly, using the rationale of ‘militant democracy’, this article proposes the theory of democratic self-defence of constitutional courts. According to this theory, constitutional courts (including apex courts with constitutional review powers) should declare the unconstitutionality of reforms to their institutional design when these are instrumental to a process of democratic decay. Not only that they should do so, but they must do so – as a duty – when the viability of the democratic system of government is at stake. The aim of this self-defence is not the self-interest preservation of institutional powers but the protection of democracy itself. In order to be able to protect democracy, courts must be able to protect themselves.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS OF DECENTRALIZATION REFORMS IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION

The article analyzes the state of state-building, particularly decentralization in Ukraine and the Carpathian region, as the basis for forming self-sufficient public authorities through the amalgamation of territorial communities and fundamental changes in the principles of forming their resources, including financial potential. The article highlights current theoretical and practical problems of state-building, decentralization, regulation of socio-economic and budgetary processes, and their improvement for the significant enhancement of providing public services to the population and engaging it in state-building processes. It is emphasized that the reform of decentralization and administrative-territorial structure is crucial in building a state, allowing the construction of a democratic governance system, and creating resource conditions for the development of civil society.
 The implementation of the decentralization policy in Ukraine is an effective factor in stabilizing the socio-economic situation, overcoming the financial crisis, overcoming contradictions between different levels of government, organizing relations between the center, regions and territorial communities on the principles of distribution of responsibilities and competencies, as well as partnership in providing Ukrainian citizens with state and local benefits, and will help to increase the efficiency of using budget funds at all levels of government.

고령화 시대 일본 소비세 인상의 정치경제

This study examines Japanese citizens’ attitudes toward the consumption tax hike, focusing on satisfaction with democracy and political efficacy, outside of age. Especially, this study enhance the validity of the survey by utilizing data presumed the trade-offs between the consumption tax hike and the welfare transition for all generation. Using data from the “Democratic Fragmentation and the Role of the Electoral System” survey conducted in January and February 2018, this study empirically demonstrates that age, satisfaction with democracy, and political efficacy have a significant impact on citizens’ attitudes toward the consumption tax hike amid the tax and welfare reforms. First, this study empirically find that those in their 20s and 30s are more supportive of tax increases than those aged 65 and older. Next, this study show that satisfaction with democracy and political efficacy, which have been neglected by previous studies, are positively and statistically significantly related to tax increase attitudes. The significance of this study has several implications. While previous studies have focused on analyzing the axis of burden-benefit conflict centered on generation and income, we show that despite this conflict, satisfaction with democracy and political efficacy can serve as mechanisms to mitigate this conflict. It shows that governments need a wellfunctioning democratic governance system and a sense of trust and efficacy to mobilize citizen support for comprehensive reforms including taxation and welfare re-calibration.

The Political and Historical Identity of the North African Mediterranean Region: A Case Study: Tunisia

The paper outlines the importance of historical identity in the Southern Mediterranean region through a case study of Tunisia. It explores Tunisia’s political development up until the fall of the Ben Ali regime in January 2011, and its influence on the post-Arab spring period of constitutionalism of the new democratic government system. The theoretical framework of this paper involves a strategic approach to transition, emphasizing the influence of the historical relationship between religion (Islam) and politics on the role of the Islamic party in transition. The influence of the historical relationship between the military and politics on the role of the military in transition is also evaluated. These transition actors are chosen for a deeper investigation because of their historically negative image in Arab societies. In line with all available data, this article shows that the pre-independence ‘twin tolerations’ between the State and religious citizens as well as the civilian control over the military positively influenced Tunisia’s contemporary democratic development. Post-independence Bourguiba’s ‘state-controlled Islam’ and Ben Ali’s ‘zero tolerance’ towards Islamists, somewhat paradoxically, contributed to the reaffirmation of Tunisian Islamic values and Ennahda’s concept of Muslim democracy. The political and economically marginalized position of the military determined its promotional role in the democratic transition. Applying the single case study as comparison method developed by Landman and Linz-Stepan, we came to the conclusion that, due to the positive role of Ennahda and the military, Tunisia achieved a successful democratic transition even though its democracy is not yet fully consolidated.

Good Intercollegiate Athlete Representation: "All Hands on Deck"

The current landscapes of intercollegiate sports and higher education are experiencing shifts toward more democratic representation. In college sport, student-athlete representatives are more engaged in policy decisions, hold voting rights, and are included on boards and committees. Despite this shift, little is known about what good intercollegiate athlete representation entails and how multi-level, democratic governance systems may support or impede good representation in the context of college sport. This paper explores qualities of good college athlete representation (CARep) and factors contributing to and/or detracting from the process of good CARep in the context of a democratic multi-level intercollegiate sport governance system. Findings showed individual attributes of good CARep, including interpersonal skills and leadership, were based on democratic representation virtues (i.e., fairmindedness, trust building, good gatekeeping) and helped foster democratic values of civic equality, self-governance, and inclusion. The intercollegiate sport governance system supports the work of athlete representatives primarily through its educative function. More specifically, administrators were key to identifying experiential learning opportunities for athlete representatives, which contributed to the process of good representation through responsiveness, inclusiveness, and egalitarianism. Lack of administrative support and education for all relevant interest groups characterized governance system inconsistencies impeding good CARep, primarily at institutional levels where the purpose of student-athlete committees varied and/or athlete representative roles were less understood. Implications for practice and directions for future research on good athlete representation are presented.

Perbandingan Kebijakan Pendidikan antara Negara Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara

This research provides a deeper understanding of significant differences in educational approaches and their impact on human resource development in both Koreas. Education is crucial and a primary focus in every country's issues, as the level of education often determines a nation's advancement. The majority of countries mandate their residents to experience and acquire education within a specified timeframe. South Korea and North Korea originated from one country, but the influence of two major world blocs led to the division of Korea into two parts, the South and the North. This study aims to compare the education systems between South Korea and North Korea. South Korea, embracing liberalism and employing a democratic governance system, has managed to establish itself as one of the countries with the best education systems globally, contributing to its status as an advanced nation. On the other hand, North Korea, adhering to communism and employing an authoritarian government system, restricts social mobility and knowledge dissemination. The research methodology employed is qualitative, utilizing a descriptive comparative approach through literature review. The findings reveal that education in South Korea is highly organized, ranging from institutions like KICE to programs initiated by KOICA. Human resources from South Korea tend to excel in various sectors. Meanwhile, North Korea's education system focuses on ideology, with a lack of academic freedom impacting the quality of human resources. Consequently, human resources from North Korea are categorized as low quality. In an effort to improve the quality of education, it must go hand in hand with the improvement of the human resources' quality in a country so that the people living within it can have a decent life.

Implikasi Demokrasi Pilkada Serentak 2024 Dan Polarisasi Politik Islam

Indonesia is a country with a democratic system of government. Democracy is understood as a system of government that ensures the welfare of the people. In another sense, democracy is often referred to as government of the people, by the people, and for the people. As a political system, democracy is the most widespread system in many countries because it can regulate and resolve social and political relations within a country. Article 1 Paragraph 3 of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945. As a state of law that upholds the values of legal norms based on laws and not a state of power, Indonesia has the highest legal norms, namely Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as the center of laws and regulations. Therefore, the existence of guidelines contained in laws and regulations must not conflict with the law. As the pandemic hit the country, a new political model was built with rising political temperatures. This can be seen from the trend caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, where there are still many problems to be resolved and the political map is developing until 2024. Indonesia faces at least two major challenges during this pandemic, namely the pandemic and political polarization. The traces of polarization are also inseparable from previous political struggles, where there are still political traces that continue to influence subsequent political struggles.

JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC INFORMATION DISCLOSURE IN GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS IN THE DIGITAL ERA

This article conducts a juridical analysis of public information disclosure in government systems in the digital era. The purpose of compiling this article is to identify legal issues related to public information disclosure in the digital era and provide appropriate legal solutions to overcome these problems. The research method used is a literature study by analyzing laws and regulations related to public information disclosure, as well as collecting the latest data and information about the use of information technology in government in a descriptive-analytical manner. The study results show that public information disclosure is a basic principle in a democratic government system that is fundamental for strengthening government accountability and encouraging public participation in policy-making. In the digital era, public information disclosure is becoming increasingly important, but it also requires the protection of information security and privacy because public information disclosure in the digital era has complex legal implications, such as issues of information security, personal data protection, and copyright issues. This article suggests that the government strengthen regulations regarding public information disclosure in the digital era, including developing strict information security standards and protecting intellectual property rights. In addition, the government also needs to increase public awareness about their right to obtain public information and develop an effective and efficient information system to facilitate access to public information.

Implementasi Demokrasi pada Jenjang Perkuliahan

Democracy as a system has been used as an alternative in various social and state activities in several countries, one of which is Indonesia which adheres to a democratic government system. Democracy as a state principle is essentially oriented towards the role of society in administering the state as the highest institution which aims to realize people's sovereignty. The application of democracy in Indonesia often experiences changes, there are several types of democracy such as: 1) democracy based on channeling the will of the people 2) democracy based on ideological principles 3) democracy based on the focus of attention. The democratic system implemented in Indonesia often experiences changes from democracy during the revolution (1945-1950), parliamentary democracy (1950-1959), guided democracy (1955-1966), democracy in the New Order government (1966-1998), democracy during the New Order era. reform (1999-present). In this research, the researcher wants to know about democracy at the college level. With that, researchers used qualitative methods. Qualitative methods are used to obtain in-depth data on research conducted. In this research, the data used is based on the results of interviews conducted directly with one of the sources, so that the data obtained can be verified as true. The research results show that democracy is a form of government in Indonesia, in which form of government the highest power is in the hands of the people. Apart from being applied in a democratic society, it is also applied at the college level. At the college level, democracy is applied to all students, namely by giving them the right to express their opinions and ideas. The implementation of democracy at the college level certainly cannot run smoothly without experiencing obstacles. However, apart from obstacles, there are also supporting factors that are driving the implementation of democracy at the college level.