Demilitarized Zone Research Articles

A Comprehensive Tutorial on Science DMZ

Science and engineering applications are now generating data at an unprecedented rate. From large facilities such as the Large Hadron Collider to portable DNA sequencing devices, these instruments can produce hundreds of terabytes in short periods of time. Researchers and other professionals rely on networks to transfer data between sensing locations, instruments, data storage devices, and computing systems. While general-purpose networks, also referred to as enterprise networks, are capable of transporting basic data, such as e-mails and Web content, they face numerous challenges when transferring terabyte- and petabyte-scale data. At best, transfers of science data on these networks may last days or even weeks. In response to this challenge, the Science Demilitarized Zone (Science DMZ) has been proposed. The Science DMZ is a network or a portion of a network designed to facilitate the transfer of big science data. The main elements of the Science DMZ include: 1) specialized end devices, referred to as data transfer nodes (DTNs), built for sending/receiving data at a high speed over wide area networks; 2) high-throughput, friction-free paths connecting DTNs, instruments, storage devices, and computing systems; 3) performance measurement devices to monitor end-to-end paths over multiple domains; and 4) security policies and enforcement mechanisms tailored for high-performance environments. Despite the increasingly important role of Science DMZs, the literature is still missing a guideline to provide researchers and other professionals with the knowledge to broaden the understanding and development of Science DMZs. This paper addresses this gap by presenting a comprehensive tutorial on Science DMZs. The tutorial reviews fundamental network concepts that have a large impact on Science DMZs, such as router architecture, TCP attributes, and operational security. Then, the tutorial delves into protocols and devices at different layers, from the physical cyberinfrastructure to application-layer tools and security appliances, that must be carefully considered for the optimal operation of Science DMZs. This paper also contrasts Science DMZs with general-purpose networks, and presents empirical results and use cases applicable to current and future Science DMZs.

Wintering Habitat Use Pattern of Red-Crowned Cranes in the Korean Demilitarized Zone

The study was the first attempt to identify the habitat use pattern of red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) around the demilitarized zone (DMZ) by overlapping coordinates with the land cover classification (LCC). Daily habitat use pattern was highly different (P = 0.000) between daytime (06:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–06:00). Cranes in Cheolwon used agricultural paddies more frequently in the daytime (P = 0.002), and forest areas at night and this indicated that cranes presumably use rice paddies for feeding and forests for resting, respectively. Cranes night time in Paju used wetlands more often than random expectation based on the available wetland surface area (P = 0.017). This indicated a different habitat use pattern between coastal (Paju) and inland (Cheolwon) areas. Securing agricultural paddies is important for providing crucial areas for feeding, and forests should be important for rest during the night time in Cheolwon, which support crane populations during their wintering migration in Korea.

Spatial Pattern and Factor Analyses for Forest Sustainable Development Goals within South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer specific guidelines for improving sustainable forest management, especially Goal 15. Goal 15 protects, restores and promotes the sustainable use of land ecosystems, manages forests sustainably, prevents was against desertification, stops and reverses land degradation and prevents biodiversity loss. The Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) south of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating North and South Korea has functioned as a unique biological preserve due to traditional restrictions on human use but is now increasingly threatened by deforestation and development. We used hot spot analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze spatial patterns of forest land use and land cover (LULC) change and variables influencing these changes, within the CCZ. Remote sensing imagery was used to develop land cover classification maps (2010 and 2016) and a GIS database was established for three change factors (topography, accessibility and socioeconomic characteristics). As a result of Hotspot analysis, Hotspots of change were distributed mainly due to agricultural activities and the development of forest and expansion of villages. Subsequent factor analysis revealed that accessibility had greater influence (−0.635) than the other factors. Among the direct factors, change to bare land had the greatest impact (−0.574) on forest change. These results shed light on forest change patterns and causes in the CCZ and provide practical data for efficient forest management in this area with regards to the SDGs.

Malaria control and chemoprophylaxis policy in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces for the previous 20\xa0years (1997\u20132016)

BackgroundVivax malaria reemerged along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), Republic of Korea (ROK), in 1993. While it was hypothesized that vivax malaria would spread throughout the peninsula, nearly all cases were due to exposure near the DMZ. To reduce spillover of vivax malaria to the civilian community, the ROK Ministry of National Defense (MND) initiated malaria prevention policies including a large-scale chemoprophylaxis programme in malaria high-risk areas in 1997. The present study investigated the overall changes in the incidence of malaria among ROK soldiers and the mass chemoprophylaxis program from 1997 to 2016.ResultsPeak numbers of vivax malaria were reported in 2000, with most cases reported near the DMZ, before declining to the current levels. To combat the rapid increase in the number of malaria cases and its expansion throughout the ROK, the MND implemented mosquito control and personal protection programmes. The MND also implemented a large-scale vivax malaria chemoprophylaxis programme using hydroxychloroquine (400 mg weekly) in 1997, and primaquine (15 mg × 14 days) as terminal chemoprophylaxis in 2001. Additionally, an improved medical system enabled the rapid detection and treatment of malaria to reduce morbidity and decrease transmission of malaria from humans to mosquitoes. Following the full implementation of these programmes, the incidence of vivax malaria declined in both ROK Armed Forces and civilian populations. Subsequently, several changes in the ROK Armed Forces chemoprophylaxis programme were implemented, including the reduction of the period of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis by 2 months (2008) and other changes in the chemoprophylaxis policy, e.g., only ROK Armed Forces personnel in moderate risk groups received terminal primaquine chemoprophylaxis (2011), and in 2016, the discontinuation of terminal primaquine chemoprophylaxis in moderate-risk area.ConclusionsThe resurgence of vivax malaria in the ROK Armed Forces personnel near the DMZ was successfully suppressed through the implementation of a mass malaria chemoprophylaxis programme initiated by the MND in 1997, as well as several other factors that may have contributed to the reduction of malaria transmission since 2000. Given the current malaria situation in the ROK and North Korea, it is necessary to reevaluate the ROK Armed Forces and civilian malaria control policies.

Politics of forest fragmentation: a multiscale analysis on the change in the structure of forest landscape in the North and South Korean border region

In this paper, we examine the changes in forest structures in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and surrounding areas with different civilian access restrictions in the North and South Korean border region during a 23-year study period from 1992 to 2015 (four to six decades after the end of the Korean War). Forest maps were derived from Landsat images, and forest structures were assessed at multiple spatial scales using lacunarity analysis. The results show that the forest structures changed over the 23-year study period, but the directions of change varied according to the degrees of access restriction. Strict access restriction to the DMZ mitigated small-scale forest fragmentation because forests were regenerated on abandoned farmlands. In spite of the small-scale forest regeneration, infrastructure development associated with the economic cooperation between North and South Koreas in the 2000s aggravated large-scale forest fragmentation in the DMZ. Forest fragmentation was even more serious in the surrounding areas where civilian access is allowed because of farmland and suburban developments. These findings reveal the need to adopt a land use regulation system, such as transboundary protected areas, in the North and South Korean border region, to prevent deforestation under the present divided condition as well as under the one after Korean reunification.

한반도 비무장지대 일원 정책과 연구의 변화 및 시사점

한반도 비무장지대 일원 정책과 연구의 변화 및 시사점

Envisioning Scientific Innovation in Korea’s Demilitarized Zone: A Step toward Economic Progress and Global Peace

Ongoing progress in inter-Korea relations suggests that a new era of peace could soon emerge on the Korean Peninsula. There is renewed hope for scientific cooperation between the two Koreas, along with broader engagements with other stakeholders. Key needs include managing the region's biodiversity and fostering economic progress with an eye toward potential unification. Herein, we introduce current efforts to preserve the biodiversity of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) through conservation efforts, while discussing how the DMZ question highlights a broader need to promote scientific innovation and economic development through mutual cooperation. Using the DMZ as an example, we discuss how sustainable natural resources, such as pollen grains present there, might serve as a catalyst to promote scientific cooperation, foster high-tech innovation, and generate economic impact. Looking forward, such efforts will hopefully lead to a bright future on the Korean Peninsula and global peace.

Preliminary Survey on Spider Fauna of DMZ Areas in Korea

Spider fauna of Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and adjacent areas in Korea was surveyed in 2001-2003, 2013-2015, and 2017. Total of 34 surveyed areas across 10 provinces were divided into four main regions (east coast, mid-east mountain, midland, and west coast areas) in accordance with administrative districts and topography. Total of 273 species of 145 genera in 32 families were identified from 10,886 collected spiders. In conclusion, the spider fauna in the DMZ is 281 species of 147 genera in 32 families with 162 species of 99 genera in 23 families in the previous reports. This corresponds to about 37.6% of the Korean spiders as of 2015. The species richness among surveyed localities was ranged 45 species to 92 species. The species richness of each taxon is high in Araneidae, Salticidae, Linyphiidae and Theridiidae. Habitat generalists were 22 species and habitat specialists were 69 species. The 143 species were web builders and 130 species were wanderers by the outlined life style. In DMZ spiders, only 7 species, Thymoites ulleungensis, Arcuphantes pennatus, Lycosa coreana, Allagelena koreana, Cybaeus mosanensis and Cybaeus triangulus, Kishidaia coreana, were recognized as Korean endemic. Five species, Scytodes thoracica, T. ulleungensis, Lycosa labialis, Takeoa nishimurai, and Phrynarachne katoi, are rare species with a trend of decreasing density in recent years. Araneus rotundicornis has been discovered for the first time since its first report. This study may be useful in the conservative management and will contribute to knowledge of the distribution and biogeography of DMZ areas in the future.

Implementing DMZ in Improving Network Security of Web Testing in STMIK AKBA

The aims of this research are to design and to implement network security system in internal web testing using DeMilitarized Zone Method and Microtic Router on Siakad server of STMIK AKBA. Data analysis techniques that possible to use is descriptive method. The significances of the study are 1) to avoid the attack of cracker who intend to access the system without permissions and 2) to improve network securityon web testing services on Siakad server of STMIK AKBA. The data are obtained by having literature review and observation. Literature review assists the researchers to collect the theory on DeMilitarised Zone Method and the previous studies which were used as comparison to the recent study. Obervation was carried out directly to the field to observe the running system. Based on the results and discussion, it is shown that the aplication of DeMilitarized Zone Method on microtic can secure the web testing on Siakad server of STMIK AKBA and can maintain the whole series of online services that are available in the server.

Vigilance responding to number of conspecifics among mixed groups of cranes in demilitarized zone

ABSTRACTNumerous studies have addressed antipredatory benefits of mixed-species flocks of foragers, but studies on individual's vigilance as a function of group size are limited. In the Cheolwon area of the Korean Demilitarized Zone, vigilance of the subordinate White-naped cranes (Grus vipio) in 11 groups composed of conspecifics and the dominant Red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) was examined. Vigilance correlated negatively with group size due to negative correlation with the number of conspecifics, but not the dominant heterospecifics. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a decrease in vigilance in larger groups is due to antipredatory benefits from increased predator detection in larger groups (associated with the presence of a larger number of conspecifics). This suggested that the mechanism leads to canceling out of the otherwise expected antipredatory benefits to the subordinate species from the increased predator detection by larger group size (associated with larger number of dominants). This is one of only a few behavioral studies of these endangered crane species in the relatively inaccessible wintering area of international importance in the areas of high conservation value.

Sistem Keamanan Jaringan Local Area Network Menggunakan Teknik De-Militarized Zone

ABSTRACT
 
 Islamic University”45” computer network needs a safe network to strengthen the network security systems to protect servers from attacks such as Port Scanning and DoS attack (Denial of Service). One of the network security techniques is De-Militarized Zone (DMZ) that is a mechanism to protect the internal system from hacker attacks or other parties who want to enter the system with no access. The purpose of this Project is to implement LAN network security system using De-Militarized Zone (DMZ) technique, with a single firewall that supports the internal and external networks. The results of the DMZ technique implementation at the Islamic University's "45", it is found that filter DoS attack can be implemented well. Data analysis results show DoS attack with the type of ICMP Flooding attack, and UDP Flooding attack can be blocked with Percentage of success is 98%.
 
 Keywords : attack, network security, de-militarized zone
 
 
 ABSTRAK
 
 Jaringan komputer Universitas Islam “45” memerlukan keamanan jaringan untuk dapat memperkuat sistem keamanan jaringan pada server dari serangan seperti Port Scanning dan DoS (Denial of Service). Salah satu teknik keamanan jaringan yaitu De-Militarized Zone (DMZ) yang merupakan mekanisme untuk melindungi sistem internal dari serangan hacker atau pihak-pihak lain yang ingin memasuki sistem tanpa mempunyai hak akses. Tujuan Tugas Akhir ini adalah untuk mengimplementasikan sistem keamanan jaringan LAN menggunakan teknik De-Militarized Zone (DMZ). metode dasar adalah dengan menggunakan firewall tunggal yang menjadi penyangga jaringan internal dan external. Hasil penelitian implementasi teknik DMZ pada layanan server jaringan komputer Universitas Islam “45” dapat melakukan filter DoS attack dengan baik, data hasil analisa menunjukan DoS attack dengan jenis ICMP Flooding attack, dan UDP Flooding attack dapat di-block dengan Persentase keberhasilan sebesar 98%.
 
 Kata kunci : Serangan, Keamanan jaringan, De-Militarized Zone

Transcriptome profiles of Daphnia magna across to the different water chemistry of surface water of the Korean Demilitarized Zone

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has almost completely protected surface water conditions. Despite the water conditions of DMZ are excellent clear, downstream of river or natural irrigation ponds near the region are recently developed by human activities such as agriculture, ginseng fields or ecotourism. To understand the potential effect of physico-chemical characteristics of the DMZ water, the freshwater model Daphnia magna was exposed to water samples that were collected from four sites near the DMZ. RNA-seq identified some differentially expressed transcripts which are sensitive to small differences of water chemistry. Particularly transcripts coding for the stress responsive heat shock protein (Hsp) superfamily and innate immune system were significantly increased in response to the water samples of irrigation ponds and downstream of Seweol river where are analyzed to have low pH and high levels of chemical fertilizer nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). These water samples decreased mRNA expressions of crucial members which are involved in crustacean morphogenesis and reproduction metabolism (e.g. cuticle protein family, ecdysteroid metabolism, vitellogenesis). Evidence on the high transcriptional sensitivity of the aquatic model D. magna against small differences of water chemistry will be a useful strength for further applications in environmental and ecotoxicological genomics.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis Detected by RDT in Residents near the DMZ (demilitarized zone) of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among the residents of Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, which partly includes the demilitarized zone (DMZ), were surveyed for 4 years and evaluated by RDT using recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1A). Sera from 1336, 583, 526, and 583 adult residents were collected on a yearly basis from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The total positive seroprevalence was 19.3, 21.9, 23.4, and 26.8% from 2010 to 2013, respectively. The positive seroprevalence in men (23.6, 27.5, 29.5, 34.6%) was far higher than women (14.1, 18.3, 19.4, 21.4%), from 2010 to 2013, respectively. This high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Cheorwon-gun may have been influenced in part by its geographical locality of the area as it includes the DMZ, where civilian access is strictly limited, thus creating a relatively isolated area that is a well-preserved habitat. Further research is necessary to study the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this area.

Assessing native desert vegetation recovery in a war‐affected area using multispectral and hyperspectral imagery: a case study of the Sabah Al‐Ahmad Nature Reserve, Kuwait

AbstractThe primary aim of this project was to assess vegetation changes in the Sabah Al‐Ahmad Nature Reserve, Kuwait, which is a war‐affected area following the Iraqi invasion in 1990. After the liberation in 1991, several portions of the reserve were under a restoration program. Remote sensing has been used as a tool to assess vegetation and land cover changes. We studied the feasibility of three common methods—the Mahalanobis distance (MD), maximum likelihood (ML), and support vector machine (SVM)—for classification of the multispectral imagery (Landsat) and hyperspectral (Hyperion). The reserve was also compared to the demilitarized zone (DMZ) located at Umm Nigga at the northern border of Kuwait, as it had recovered naturally, to distinguish between an autogenic recovery and a restored area. We discovered that the location was damaged during the military occupation, but a rapid recovery of the vegetation was then recorded in the reserve after the war from less than 1% measured in 1991 to 42% in 1998. Then, the vegetation cover significantly decreased in 2002 (26%) and slightly increased in 2013 (28%). We found that similar rapid increase in vegetation cover occurred in most parts of the reserve that was under the restoration program, and in the DMZ, which was naturally recovered. We concluded that remote sensing technologies are helpful tools in understanding the process of vegetation recovery as it provides information on location and timing of recovery, particularly where optimal condition exists.

A novel flavivirus detected in two Aedes spp. collected near the demilitarized zone of the Republic of Korea.

Flaviviruses comprise a large and diverse group of positive-stranded RNA viruses, including tick-, mosquito- and unknown-vector-borne flaviviruses. A novel flavivirus was detected in pools of Aedes vexans nipponii (n=1) and Aedes esoensis (n=3) collected in 2012 and 2013 near the demilitarized zone (DMZ), Republic of Korea (ROK). Phylogenetic analyses of the NS5, E gene and complete polyprotein coding sequence (CDS) showed that the novel virus fell within the Aedes-borne flaviviruses (ABFVs), with nucleotide identity ranging from 57.8-75.1 %, 46.1-74.2 % and 51.1-76.2 %, respectively. While the novel ABFV was distant from other flaviviruses within the group, it formed a clade with Ilomantsi virus (ILOV). Sequence alignments of the partial NS5 gene, full-length E gene and polyprotein CDS between the novel virus and ILOV showed approximately 76.2 % nucleotide identity and 90 % amino acid identity, respectively. The ABFV identified in Aedes mosquitoes from the ROK is a novel ABFV based on the sequence analyses and is designated as Panmunjeom flavivirus (PANFV).

Astraeus ryoocheoninii sp. nov. from Korea and Japan and phylogenetic relationships within Astraeus

The morphological characteristics of a collection by C. I. Ryoo and K.-H. Ka from the demilitarized zone (DMZ) of Korea, invalidly published as "Astraeus koreana", are re-evaluated, described, and illustrated. Phylogenetic analysis using nrITS sequence data indicate that "Astraeus koreana", an unnamed "Japanese Astraeus group 2", and a Japanese specimen E0059827 all differ from A. hygrometricus var. koreanus and represent a new species, proposed here as Astraeus ryoocheoninii.

The influence of self-congruity, perceived value, and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a case study of the Korean DMZ

ABSTRACTDestination management organizations have increasingly recognized that destination loyalty provides a strategic competitive edge in tourism. In order to better understand the importance of heritage destinations, this study examined the roles of self-congruity, value perception, and travel satisfaction in the development of loyalty in the Korean demilitarized zone (DMZ) destination context. Data were collected among domestic tourists that had visited the DMZ with tour guides. Results identified that destination loyalty was positively affected by self-congruity and travel satisfaction; travel satisfaction was positively influenced by self-congruity and perceived value; and perceived value was positively influenced by self-congruity. Overall, these findings indicate that the interaction of self-congruity, perceived value, and travel satisfaction to the DMZ is essential in influencing visitors’ destination loyalty.

Denaturing the Korean DMZ

In this essay, I analyze representations of nature in the landscape architecture and architecture of the partially built Migratory Bird Village (MBV) project proposed near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. In an international context of conflicting political and economic agendas, this ecotourism project represents the particular contexts of local human and nonhuman populations. The project embeds within its design drawings, maps, and charts a grounded environmentalism responsive to local farmers, birds, and history. MBV demonstrates how landscape architects and architects can work with communities to value nature as a locally specific cultural and spatial condition. But, like other representation projects addressing biodiversity, this speculative project also demonstrates the perils of greenwashing. Despite the careful particularity of its ecological and social goals, the project replays an international greening style that portrays environmentally destructive development as natural. This formulaic eco-logic readily backfires by supporting associated territorial and capital growth more than the nature it represents. I draw on Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive analysis of nature’s cultural formulation to examine how the idealized representations of ecological design projects can act paradoxically to denature even as they naturalize environments.

The use of spatial empirical models to estimate soil erosion in arid ecosystems.

The central objective of this project was to utilize geographical information systems and remote sensing to compare soil erosion models, including Modified Pacific South-west Inter Agency Committee (MPSIAC), Erosion Potential Method (EPM), and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and to determine their applicability for arid regions such as Kuwait. The northern portion of Umm Nigga, containing both coastal and desert ecosystems, falls within the boundaries of the de-militarized zone (DMZ) adjacent to Iraq and has been fenced off to restrict public access since 1994. Results showed that the MPSIAC and EPM models were similar in spatial distribution of erosion, though the MPSIAC had a more realistic spatial distribution of erosion and presented finer level details. The RUSLE presented unrealistic results. We then predicted the amount of soil loss between coastal and desert areas and fenced and unfenced sites for each model. In the MPSIAC and EPM models, soil loss was different between fenced and unfenced sites at the desert areas, which was higher at the unfenced due to the low vegetation cover. The overall results implied that vegetation cover played an important role in reducing soil erosion and that fencing is much more important in the desert ecosystems to protect against human activities such as overgrazing. We conclude that the MPSIAC model is best for predicting soil erosion for arid regions such as Kuwait. We also recommend the integration of field-based experiments with lab-based spatial analysis and modeling in future research.

Invasive Others and Significant Others: Strange Kinship and Interspecies Ethics near the Korean Demilitarized Zone

Invasive Others and Significant Others: Strange Kinship and Interspecies Ethics near the Korean Demilitarized Zone