Demarcation Of Boundaries Research Articles

Assessing the Contribution of Participatory Mapping Data Collection Methods in Detecting and Mitigating Land Boundary Conflicts on Farm Areas: A Methodological Framework

Land conflict is a serious and sensitive issue in Africa. Disputes about land occur at all levels, which are: Conflicts between neighbors about field boundaries; between pastoralists and farmers; between states and indigenous peoples; etc (Wardell & Lund, 2006). These conflicts are a serious threat to agricultural and land productivity. Now our days there exist several methods of land data collection which facilitates land conflict mitigation, and each of these methods are been explained in various papers. However, none of these papers have compared these methods to bring out their unique contribution as a means to assist practitioners in identifying land conflicts prone areas. Our research is centered around the question: what is the distinctive contribution of each land data collection methods in identifying land conflict prone areas during participatory mapping? Using a case study of three villages in Mbalmayo (Cameroon), our research adopts an approach that combines farmland data from interviews, questionnaires, consultative meetings, field visits, demarcation of farm boundaries; recording of Ground Corner Points using Catalyst DA2, UAV flights, and participatory mapping. In this paper, we discuss the usefulness and limitation of each method, highlighting their unique contribution to the holistic understanding of the context of Mbalmayo and the mitigation of land conflicts. The study was conducted from June to October 2023. The results of our analysis shows that amongst the eight methods used to collect farmland data, six of these methods had a distinctive contribution that facilitated the mitigation process by precisely identifying the land boundary conflicts zones. The ideas provided by this paper can serve as guidelines for researchers and practitioners interested in mitigating land conflicts through participatory mapping approaches.

The Effects of Territorial Usage on Polar Regıons and Polar Policies of Türkiye

Rising temperatures in the Arctic and Antarctic, driven by climate change, have opened new land and sea routes, posing significant threats to the biodiversity and fragile ecosystems in these regions. This article examines the impacts of climate change in the polar regions, emphasizing the importance of protecting aquatic ecosystems and addressing inter-country ownership and utilization policies. The study highlights that, beyond safeguarding economic and political rights, the demarcation of property boundaries, marine cadastre, and other utilization strategies are essential to ensuring the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. By analyzing the Turkish Cadastre System alongside those of countries near Antarctica and prominent nations recognized for their advanced cadastral systems worldwide, 13 countries were identified for detailed examination. The findings underscore the potential benefits of establishing marine protected areas and adopting ecosystem-oriented management approaches within the framework of international arrangements, such as the Arctic Council and the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). Furthermore, the article stresses the importance of enhancing Türkiye`s scientific research and policy efforts in the polar regions, ensuring that activities are conducted in alignment with environmental responsibility. The text emphasizes the necessity for human activities in polar regions to prioritize both ecosystem sustainability and international collaboration.

High-Altitude Stakes in the Himalayas: China-India Boundary Dispute

Abstract. The more than half-century old boundary dispute between China and India is a complex and fraught standoff between the two most populous nations over some of the most inhospitable and least populated land on Earth. The disagreement can be traced back in part to early twentieth-century maps prepared by British Foreign Secretary Henry McMahon demarcating the border between British India and Tibet for the 1913–1914 Shimla Convention. Challenging and oftentimes inaccessible terrain complicated efforts to accurately survey the Himalayas. The result was less precise boundary demarcation and mapping, the consequences of which continue to drive a wedge between China-India relations today. The geography and mapping of this unique alpine environment has shaped regional geopolitics for more than a century and will continue influencing diplomacy going forward.

National Park Double Boundary Delimitation: A Synergy-Based Approach Integrating Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services—An Example of Proposed Ailaoshan–Wuliangshan National Parks in China

The demarcation of national park boundaries is crucial for comprehensive planning, effective management, and maintaining the integrity of ecosystems and biodiversity. This research uses the proposed ‘Ailaoshan–Wuliangshan’ National Park (AWNP) in Yunnan Province, China, as the study area and adheres to the principles of systematic conservation planning (SCP). It employs the Marxan 2.43, MaxEnt 3.4.4, and InVEST 3.14.2 models to predict suitable distribution areas for key endangered species within the AWNP, identifies core ecological source areas, priority conservation areas, and conservation gaps, and constructs a double boundary protection framework. The study’s findings indicate that the potentially suitable habitats for the major rare and endangered species, as predicted by the MaxEnt model, are predominantly located in the Ailaoshan and Wuliangshan areas, with a smaller portion distributed in the Konglonghe area. The InVEST model assessment of habitat quality revealed that the total area of the core ecological source areas is 4775.26 km2, accounting for 35.34% of the total study area. The Marxan model identified a total area of 1064.22 km2 as priority conservation areas, constituting 7.90% of the total study area. Additionally, it revealed conservation gaps of 302.1 km2, which represent 2.20% of the total area. Ultimately, by integrating biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, the boundaries of the AWNP were optimized into a double boundary delineation model: the inner boundary, characterized by rigid control, spans an area of 1076.20 km2, while the outer boundary, characterized by elastic management, covers an area of 3056.92 km2. Corresponding management recommendations are proposed for the different areas. The double boundary delineation method proposed in this study can, to a certain extent, reconcile the conflict between biodiversity conservation and resource utilization, providing an appropriate reference for the demarcation and dynamic management of national park boundaries in China.

‘In a village, everybody knows the stranger’: Constructing local belonging of refugees in rural areas in Germany

AbstractThis article explores the local belonging of refugees in rural areas in Germany from the perspectives of both migrants and local integration actors. It analyses the development of a personal sense of belonging and the construction of the politics of belonging, with the aim of understanding belonging as a socio‐spatial process. The analysis is based on 64 semi‐structured and semi‐narrative qualitative interviews conducted in eight rural communities and small towns in different regions across Germany. The findings indicate that the sense of belonging to rural localities among refugees is influenced not only by personal and biographical experiences but also by overarching policies and administrative practices. They also reflect the expectations of the receiving communities, which imply imaginaries of rural communities. In addition to convivial everyday experiences, the demarcation of boundaries in everyday life appears to be particularly powerful for a sense of belonging.

Topographic and Geodetic Survey for Samarkand's Administrative Boundaries

General Background: Administrative and territorial boundary delineation is vital in the effective governance and economic planning of urban regions globally, with digital technologies increasingly integrated into these processes for accuracy and efficiency. Specific Background: In Uzbekistan, the city of Samarkand’s administrative boundaries are undergoing significant realignment as part of a broader initiative to incorporate strategic urban centers and enable digital land management across administrative zones. Knowledge Gap: Existing methods lack precise integration with digital geospatial frameworks, leaving a gap in high-resolution topographic data essential for clear administrative delineation. Aims: This study seeks to develop and apply an accurate, digitally supported methodology for determining the boundaries of Samarkand's administrative units using advanced geodetic and topographic techniques. Results: By utilizing the CREDO DAT program, this study achieved precise boundary coordinates through the automated processing of survey points, and further analysis was conducted using the Panorama program for detailed map orientation. Novelty: This research presents a unique approach by integrating CREDO DAT with geospatial tools in administrative boundary demarcation, enabling accurate and reproducible results that surpass traditional methods in efficiency and scalability. Implications: The findings support the strategic planning of Samarkand’s infrastructure and resource allocation while also laying the groundwork for applying similar methodologies in other urban regions, advancing Uzbekistan’s digital transformation efforts in land management.Highlights: Digital tools enhance accuracy in administrative boundary mapping. CREDO DAT and Panorama software streamline data processing for precise mapping. This method supports effective urban planning and resource management in Samarkand. Keywords: Administrative Zones, Border, Territory, District, City

Analysis of International Legal Frameworks on Maritime Boundary Delimitation: Bangladesh Case Study

This study scrutinized the historical evolution and legal complexities surrounding maritime boundary demarcation, examining the transition from traditional practices to contemporary international legal frameworks. Specifically, it has analyzed the impact of key legal doctrines on national interests, fairness, and cooperation, highlighting the transformation from equitable principles to normativity in maritime law. Central to the study were Bangladesh’s significant maritime boundary disputes with India and Myanmar, showcasing the challenges in applying delimitation principles and the intricate geopolitical and legal strategies employed to resolve these international conflicts. Meticulously analyzing crucial international cases, including the North Sea Continental Shelf case, has elucidated the practical application of theoretical principles. The research critically assessed the predictability of maritime delimitation, emphasizing the jurisprudence constant principle, the stability of the equidistance principle, and the influence of geographical and non-geographical factors. Concluding with actionable recommendations for past maritime boundary disputes and policymaking, it underscored the necessity for sustainable and equitable solutions under international law. Providing an in-depth examination of Bangladesh’s past maritime boundary issues and their global implications, the research has significantly contributed to academic discourse, offering practical guidance for policymakers and diplomats involved in maritime delimitation. The secondary research approach integrated historical analysis, legal review, and geopolitical assessment, relying on an extensive examination of international legal documents, treaties, court cases, scholarly literature, and expert commentary.

Insecurity and Communal Conflicts in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Communal Conflicts is a social problem that affects a significant number of communities in Akwa Ibom States and Nigeria in general. Some lingering Communal Conflicts have affected the past generations, present generation and also attempting to affect future generations if not properly resolved. Most communal conflicts in Akwa Ibom State are direct consequences of the lack of proper demarcation of the boundaries between these communities. The main objective of the study was to investigate the factors that necessitate communal conflicts among communities in Akwa Ibom State. The study adopted a survey design. Data were obtained from two sources; Primary Source and Source. Primary data were obtained through interviews and participant observation, while secondary data were obtained from extant literature. Respondents were selected using multiple sampling techniques, this includes purposive, Snowball and random sampling techniques. Two Sociological theories were used to explain the study these include, the Human Need Theory and the Frustration-Aggression Theory. The study recommends (amongst others) that the government should constitute a Panel that would fix Proper boundary demarcation between these communities. The reports of a panel of inquiry "White paper" should be properly implemented to forestall future communal conflicts in Akwa Ibom State. Government should do away with every form of political interest and bias to ensure that Peace is restore among the warring Communities.

“Swoop and Grab Your Rights”

Abstract This article centers community archives as sources of history as well as sites of theory to map interconnected social and ecological struggles in the Niti Valley of the central Himalayas from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth centuries. Tolchha and Marchha communities have integrated different ecological belts over centuries through lifeways of trade, pastoralism, and herb gathering. Colonial and postcolonial policies threatened to sever these lifeways through militarized borders, timber extraction, and the demarcation of the exclusive boundaries of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Yet tribal communities have fought to maintain ancestral relations with land by infringing upon colonial restrictions and defying dichotomies of nature and culture through the postcolonial Chipko and Jhapto Cheeno movements. Juxtaposing official archives with community archives from Lata Village, this article argues that leaders of people's movements have sought to reclaim authority over Himalayan history and resituate rural struggles within the framework of Indigenous spatial knowledges.

Gravity and magnetism of southern Africa in relation to Craton structures and belts

The general tectonic structural architecture of southern Africa is an ensemble comprised of Kalahari Craton, a vast range of mosaics of the best-preserved geological Belts, and exposed crustal blocks. In the region, demarcation of geological boundaries, tracing of magnetic and gravitational bodies, and detrending lineaments are essential to understanding the structural limits. The study presents the prevalent gravitational and magnetic investigation of major geological Belts, enhancing edges of Cratons, and evaluation of surface invariants to improve the geological understanding and evaluate the correlation of structures with the general structural tectonic framework. The utilized filter methods in the gravity maps are the Directional derivatives along x, y, and z-directions, the Modulus tensor, the Total horizontal derivative, and the Tilt angle techniques.The phase-based filters used in the magnetic section include the Total horizontal derivative, Analytical signal, Tilt angle method, Tilt of total horizontal derivative, Theta method, Horizontal tilt angle method, Enhanced tilt filter, and Enhanced total derivative of the tilt angle. The Directional derivatives of the gravity field and the Modulus of the gravity gradient tensor demarcate the boundaries of geological structures. The Total horizontal derivative method gives an immediate and easy-to-read image of the linear structures and fault systems. The signal cluster on the Analytical signal and Tilt angle maps delineate the boundaries of causative geological sources. The Theta map is comparable with the enhanced total derivative of the tilt angle. The Tilt of the total horizontal derivative, Theta map, and Enhanced tilt filter accentuate the traces of magnetic bodies, including the Cratons. The study finds regional lineaments surrounding the Cratons and concentrated along the geological Belts. The approach of using joint elegant filters is effective and increases the certainty of the interpretation.

Natural contra human sciences: the conflict between nomothetic and idiographic sciences, with special reference to S. J. Boëthius

ABSTRACT This article tackles issues central to most academic disciplines, including scientific boundary demarcation, the battle of the faculties, the theory of science, and the conflict between nomothetic and idiographic methodologies, that is, between the two main approaches to science. It does so through discovering and rethinking a Methodenstreit in Swedish political science, an academic dispute involving Professor Rudolf Kjellén, the father of geopolitics, and his greatest rival, Professor S. J. Boëthius. Shortly after retiring from the Johan Skytte Professorship at Uppsala University, S. J. Boëthius published a great but inaccessible work on state theory and its history entitled Om statslivet (On the life of the state, 1916). The book critiques the positivistic and nomothetic (law-searching) approaches of the burgeoning social sciences, which were emancipating themselves from their father, history, and becoming independent disciplines. Boëthius critiqued the nomothetic studies of history, economics, statistics, sociology, and geopolitics for overemphasizing the significance of historical, economic, statistical, sociological, and geographical environments and structures. Thus, the exponents of these new or changing disciplines were criticized for neglecting the most important driving force of human affairs in Boëthius’s mind, namely, the power of personality and individual free will.

Raspberry ketone loaded self nanoemulsifying system of cardamom oil: Assessment of phase behavior, dissolution rate and anti-hyperlipidemic activity

Raspberry ketone (RK), a polyphenolic antioxidant, possesses free radical scavenging against oxidative species and has potential of anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-aging activities. Major pharmaceutical restriction associated with RK is its poor dissolution characteristic owing to its hydrophobic nature. Present investigation is an attempt to improve dissolution behavior of RK using cardamom oil (CO) based self nanoemulsifying system (SNE) design and preclinical assessed for anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Demarcation of phase boundaries to exactly locate nanoemulsion areas were explored using ternary plots drawn between CO as oil phase, Tween 80/PEG 600 as Smix at 1:1; 1:2; 2:1 and 3:1 ratios. Previously ternary components were selected on the basis of solubility of RK and aqueous dispersibility of CO. Nanoemulsion areas developed under ternary phase region were quantified using trapezoidal method and found in the order 1:1 > 1:2 > 3:1 > 2:1 of Smix. Aqueous dilutibility of SNEs followed the pattern of dilutions lines drawn across the ternary phase and its interference. Optimized SNE produced 97.1 % transmittance with average droplet size 101 nm, zeta potential −2.27 mV and 0.186 mS/cm conductivity. In-vitro RK release was examined in HCl buffer at pH 1.2 and phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 showed a significant difference in the RK dissolved (p < 0.01) compared to RK suspension (control F6). Optimized formulation (F3) at two doses level (RK loading of 80 and 160 mg/kg) vs. RK suspension (160 mg/kg) was pre-clinically administered for four weeks to assess anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Lipid profile markers (levels of VLDL, HDL, LDL, total triglyceride and total cholesterol) were significantly reduced from nanoemulsion formulation as compared to its suspension. SNE formulations were stable with no appreciable loss in quality and performance for six month storage at 30 ± 2 °C; 65 ± 5 % RH conditions. CO based SNE design significantly extended the ternary area for nanoemulsion development as well as RK solubility; which in turn improved dissolution rate of RK and showed anti-hyperlipidemic activity.

Utilization Potentials of Endangered Savannah Tree Species in North-West Nigeria

This study evaluated the utilization potentials of some endangered savannah tree species in north-west Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed. Three Local Government areas were selected, from which 36 villages were selected. A structured questionnaire was administered to 360 respondents and ten respondents were randomly selected in each village. Data obtained were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the collected data. Most (38%) were in the 30- to 39-year-old age range. The majority sex was 100% male, 75% were married and had a family size of at least one to ten people per home. 69% of the respondents have completed formal schooling. (65%) were primarily farmers and (49%) had inherited land. Sixty-five percent of the farms were smaller than one hectare. (40%) had been farmers for an average of 21–31 years. Most farmers (100%) utilized trees as boundary demarcation, 98% as shade and 93% as medicine and wind control. However, 99% utilized trees for medicine. The predominant tree families include Fabaceae, Combretaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Caeselpiniaceae. The most familiar tree species were Azadirachta indica, Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Lawsonia inermis, Mangifera indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Tamarindus indica, Jatropha carcus, Diospyros mespiliformis and Acacia nilotica used to treat and cure various ailments and diseases for optimum benefits.

Building a Liturgical Identity through Baptism and the Eucharist

Abstract This paper proposes that the Didache crafts a liturgical identity for its community – an identity centred around Baptismal and Eucharistic rites, with which community members become both privileged celebrants and partakers. This liturgically oriented strategy differs from the more familiar theological or ethnic demarcation of communal boundaries. Furthermore, reading Didache as a liturgical identity-forming document potentially resolves a long-standing debate – whether Didache is an ad hoc compilation of mixed texts (e.g. Niederwimmer) or a unified corpus (e.g. Milavec). While disagreeing with Milavec’s conception of a “rule book”, this paper argues that Didache is a unified text that shapes a liturgical identity of its community. The sacramental arrangements (chs 7–10) effectively explain (and even necessitate) the placing of the “Two-Way” moral tractate (chs1–6) before, and the guidelines dealing with itinerant ministers (chs11–15) and the mini-apocalypse (ch.16) after.

Flow regimes identification of air water counter current flow in vertical annulus using differential pressure signals and machine learning

This study investigates the gas–liquid two-phase counter-current flow through a vertical annulus, a phenomenon prevalent across numerous industrial fields. The presence of an inner pipe and varying degrees of eccentricity between the inner and outer pipes often blur the clear demarcation of flow regime boundaries. To address this, we designed a vertical annulus with adjustable eccentricity (outer and inner diameters of 125 mm and 75 mm, respectively). We conducted gas–liquid counter-current flow experiments under specific conditions: gas superficial velocity ranging from 0.06 to 5.04 m/s, liquid superficial velocity from 0.01 to 0.25 m/s, and five levels of eccentricity (e = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1). We collected differential pressure data at two distinct height distances (DP1: 50 mm and DP2: 1000 mm). We used vectors, composed of both the probability density functions (PDFs) of the differential pressure signals and the power spectral density (PSD) reduced via Principal Component Analysis, as features. Using the CFDP clustering algorithm—based on local density—we clustered the flow regimes of the experimental data, thereby achieving an objective and consistent identification of the flow regime of gas–liquid two-phase counter-current flow in a vertical annulus. Our analysis reveals that for DP1, the main differences in the PSD of various flow regimes occur within the 0.5–1 Hz range. Among the three flow regimes involved, the slug flow exhibits the highest power intensity, followed by the bubbly flow, with the churn flow having the least. In terms of differential pressure distribution, the bubbly and churn flows have a concentrated distribution, while the slug flow is more dispersed. For DP2, the PSD differences primarily exist within the 0.5–2 Hz range. The churn flow has the highest power intensity, followed by the slug flow, with the bubbly flow being the weakest. Here, the bubbly flow's differential pressure distribution is concentrated, while the slug and churn flows are more dispersed. Based on the results of the flow regime classification, we generated a flow regime map and analyzed the influence of annulus eccentricity on the flow regime. We found that in most cases, pipe eccentricity does not significantly affect the flow regime. However, in the transition region—such as the bubbly to slug flow transition zone—flows with medium eccentricity values (e = 0.5, 0.75) are more likely to transition to slug flow. We compared the visual recognition results of flow regimes with the clustering results. 4.04% of the total samples showed different results from visual recognition and clustering, primarily located in the flow regime transition area. Since visually distinguishing flow regimes in these areas is typically challenging, our methodology offers an objective classification approach for gas–liquid two-phase counter-current flow in a vertical annulus.

“Return us where we can hunt and gather”: hierarchies and social structures that sustain exclusion of San minority in Zimbabwe

PurposeThe paper seeks to analyse the constellation of social structures, administrative institutions and hierarchies that sustain the exclusion of the San minority group in Zimbabwe, with a particular focus on how the European expansion in the eighteenth century, the modern state and private property owners have colluded to perpetuate exclusion from accessing forest as their natural habitat. The purpose of this paper is to therefore highlight the various abuses, including those social, administrative legislative frameworks that discriminate against the San minority and it advocates for actions the right to consultation and the right to free, prior and informed consent to proposed developments.Design/methodology/approachThrough the modern ethnographic approach, data generation was guided by the principles of indigenous and decolonising research methodologies, which place emphasis on the importance of San people telling their own stories thereby shifting the power of a researcher to the indigenous participants. This is a qualitative study that gives prominence to the descriptions of experiences (phenomenology) and interpretations (hermeneutic) of their survival. The paper employed cultural ecology theoretical framework as a lens through which to see the San’s exclusion from forest resources and how this has tragically shifted their egalitarian lifestyle characterised by reciprocity, sharing and levelling to adaptation to the unfamiliar sedentary farming practices.FindingsThe technical implementation of forest boundary demarcation and forcing the San to join sedentary farming form part of the state’s territorialisation that excludes, restricts and disrupts the San minority from accessing forest products. The treatment of the minority group reveals not only the enormous authority of the state to transfer alienation to individuals and companies but also to legitimise the exclusion by establishing laws and policies that safeguard the interests of those favoured by the state. The San, who are already overly dominated by the social administrative structures of the Ndebele and Kalanga tribes, lack systematic and organised responses to their marginalisation.Originality/valueThe San community in Zimbabwe is under-researched and under-theorised particularly in relation to how historically formed postcolonial hierarchies of exclusion and marginalisation manifest themselves in contemporary resource governance. Less is known about how those that are powerful – government officials, private property owners and Kalanga/Ndebele tribes benefit more from the environmental resources than the powerless minority San, whose livelihoods depend on the primary natural resources. The unequal power relations have been demonstrated by the evictions of the minority from wildlife areas that were converted into game parks. The study reveals how indigenous San not only resist exclusion but also develop adaptable strategies through negotiations to improve their situation with social and administrative institutions.

Evaluating intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) resection surgery: A systematic review.

Surgery is the best approach to treating focal cortical dysplasia (FCD)-related epilepsy; yet, it has suboptimal outcomes because distinguishing the boundaries between the FCD region and normal brain tissue intraoperatively poses a challenge. The use of intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) helps demarcate FCD lesion borders leading to more accurate intraoperative resection. In this review, the use of IOUS for the resection of FCD was evaluated. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus Library, and Dynamed Library databases were searched, and two independent reviewers examined the articles. The search terms related to "drug-resistant epilepsy" and "intraoperative ultrasound." The results between January 2008 and April 2022 were abridged for FCD type, ultrasound resolution, extent of lesion resection, correction of brain shift, postoperative neurological deficits, and postoperative seizure freedom (Engel classification). Ten articles were included in the study. The parameters used to assess the efficacy of IOUS in FCD surgery were ultrasound resolution, demarcation of lesion boundaries, correction of brain shift, postoperative neurological deficits, and seizure freedom. Most studies have shown that IOUS produces high-resolution images. Surgery for Type 2 FCD patients had better outcomes than surgery for Type 1 FCD patients due to better visualization by IOUS. Patients were classified as Engel class 1 or class 2 postoperatively. Eight studies found that IOUS was superior to magnetic resonance imaging in brain shift correction. The preliminary results look promising, especially for the international league against epilepsy class 2 FCD. However, there is a need for more high-quality research evaluating the use of IOUS in FCD and comparing it to other intraoperative imaging modalities.

Innovative approaches in the rehabilitation of military prisoners of war and residents of temporarily occupied territories

Background. As of January 4, 2024, 2828 military personnel and civilians have been released from Russian captivity [1, 2]. All of them require rehabilitation, both physical and psychological. Considering the large number of military and civilian individuals facing psychological difficulties due to war-related traumas and stressful situations, the development of innovative rehabilitation methods becomes a strategically important task. Taking into account the complexity of the causes of armed conflicts, it is evident that special programs and measures need to be developed for the psychological rehabilitation of servicemen who have experienced psychologically traumatic conditions during military-professional activities. Special attention should be given to the development of individualized approaches that consider the unique needs and experiences of each affected individual, providing them with the opportunity to recover not only physically but also psychologically. Among the main directions of psychological rehabilitation of the personality, a reevaluation of practices focused on self-identification and autonomy is considered. This includes the exploration of new communicative territories and the creation of meanings in accordance with the stage of the life path. It is noted that the construction of new meanings and their personal interpretation is facilitated during a productive, symmetrical dialogue between the traumatized individual and the psychotherapist. Such dialogue helps reconstruct life history, transform an extraordinary event into one of the elements of a series of events, and accept a new demarcation of boundaries between peaceful and war experiences, pre-war and present friends, former and current values, plans, and preferences. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the research on the development of integrated and effective support aimed at the physical, mental and social recovery of prisoners of war and civilians who were in the temporarily occupied territories. Materials and Methods. Meta-analysis; interviews, history taking; medical assessment of physical condition; assessment of mental condition, namely psychiatric examination; psychological assessment – questionnaire to determine the level of stress, anxiety, depression and other mental symptoms. Results. A significant number of prisoners of war and individuals who have been in temporarily occupied territories or captivity require targeted psychological rehabilitation measures. According to the results of numerous studies, 70% of individuals still experience maladaptation one to two years later. This is manifested in the inability to adapt to civilian life, including symptoms such as fear, high levels of anxiety, lack of optimism and activity in various situations, as well as problems with alcohol, drugs, and others [3–5]. Conclusions. The study of innovative approaches to the rehabilitation of prisoners of war and persons from the temporarily occupied territories confirms the need for individualized strategies that facilitate their return to normal functioning in society.

Unnecessary splitting of genus-level clades reduces taxonomic stability in amphibians

Abstract Although the differentiation of clades at the species level is usually based on a justifiable and testable conceptual framework, the demarcation of supraspecific boundaries is less objective and often subject to differences of opinion. The increased availability of large-scale phylogenies has in part promulgated a practice of what we consider excessively splitting clades at the “genus” level. Many of these new genus-level splits are predicated on untenable supporting evidence (e.g., weakly supported phylogenies and purportedly “diagnostic” but actually variable, non-exclusive, or otherwise problematic opposing character state differences) without careful consideration of the effects on downstream applications. As case studies, we critically evaluate several recent examples of splitting established monophyletic genera in four amphibian families that resulted in the creation/elevation of 20 genus-level names (Dicroglossidae: Phrynoglossus, Oreobatrachus, Frethia split from Occidozyga; Microhylidae: Nanohyla split from Microhyla; Ranidae: Abavorana, Amnirana, Chalcorana, Humerana, Hydrophylax, Indosylvirana, Papurana, Pulchrana, Sylvirana split from Hylarana; Rhacophoridae: Tamixalus, Vampyrius, Leptomantis, Zhangixalus split from Rhacophorus, Rohanixalus split from Feihyla, Orixalus split from Gracixalus, and Taruga split from Polypedates), and also address the taxonomic status of the monotypic genus Pterorana relative to Hylarana. We reassess the original claims of diagnosability and justifications for splitting and argue that in many cases, the generic splitting of clades is not only unnecessary but also destabilizes amphibian taxonomy, leading to a host of downstream issues that affect categories of the user community (stakeholders such as taxonomists, conservationists, evolutionary biologists, biogeographers, museum curators, educators, and the lay public). As an alternative, we advocate for the use of the subgenus rank in some cases, which can be implemented to establish informative partitions for future research without compromising on information content, while avoiding gratuitous (and often transient) large-scale binomial (genus-species couplet) rearrangements. We encourage taxonomists to consider the actual needs and interests of the larger non-taxonomic end-user community who fund the majority of taxonomic research, and who require a system that remains reasonably stable and is relatively intuitive, without the need for inaccessible laboratory equipment or advanced technical scientific knowledge to identify amphibian species to the genus level.

Target Detection and Segmentation Technology for Zero-shot Learning

Zero-shot learning (ZSL) in the field of computer vision refers to enabling the model to recognize and understand categories that have not been encountered during the training phase. It is particularly critical for object detection and segmentation tasks, because these tasks require the model to have good generalization capabilities to unknown categories. Object detection requires the model to determine the location of the object, while segmentation further requires the precise demarcation of the object's boundaries. In ZSL research, knowledge representation and transfer are core issues. Researchers have tried to use semantic attributes as a knowledge bridge to connect categories seen during the training phase and categories not seen during the testing phase. These attributes may be color, shape, etc., but this method requires accurate attribute annotation, which is often not easy to achieve in practice. Therefore, researchers have begun to explore the use of non-visual information such as knowledge maps and text descriptions to enrich the recognition capabilities of models, but this also introduces the challenge of information integration and alignment. At present, ZSL has made certain progress in target detection and segmentation tasks, but there is still a significant gap compared with traditional supervised learning. This is mainly due to the limited ability of ZSL models to generalize to new categories. To this end, researchers have begun to explore combining ZSL with other technologies, such as generative adversarial networks (GANs) and reinforcement learning, to enhance the model's detection and segmentation capabilities for new categories. Future research needs to focus on several aspects. The first is how to design a more effective knowledge representation and transfer mechanism so that the model can better utilize existing knowledge. The second step is to develop new algorithms to improve the performance of ZSL in complex environments. In addition, research should focus on how to reduce the dependence on computing resources so that the ZSL method can run effectively in resource-limited environments. In summary, the research on target detection and segmentation technology of zero-shot learning is a cutting-edge topic in the field of computer vision. Despite the challenges, with the deepening of research, we expect these technologies to contribute to improving the generalization ability and intelligence level of computer vision systems.