Situational Demands Research Articles

Swedish interpreters' views and experiences of interpreting child forensic interviews

BackgroundChild forensic interviewers have expressed concerns regarding the quality of interpreter-mediated child forensic interviews. However, research on interpreters' perspectives on these interviews is scarce and specialized education for interpreters limited. ObjectiveThis mixed-methods study aimed to explore interpreters' experiences and knowledge of interpreting child forensic interviews. Participants and settingA total of 130 Swedish interpreters with different authorization statuses responded to a digital survey about interpreting child forensic interviews. MethodsQualitative data were analyzed with reflexive thematic analysis and content analysis, and quantitative data with descriptive and inferential statistics. ResultsInterpreters reported challenges concerning children's limited language skills, the emotional effects of interpreting child forensic interviews, the limited access to information before interviews, and the complex balance between following interpreters' ethical guidelines and adjusting for situational demands. Regarding practical conditions, interpreters preferred interpreting in person instead of via telephone. Interpreters' general knowledge of child forensic interviewing did not differ between interpreters with different authorization statuses (F(2,108) = 0.80, ω2 = −0.002, p = .45), except from views on using leading questions (H(2) = 17.34, η2 = 0.14, p < .001) and whether interpreters may clarify terms to child interviewees (H(2) = 8.02, η2 = 0.06, p = .02). ConclusionsIt is crucial to consider interpreters' perspectives when striving to improve the quality of interpreter-mediated child forensic interviews. Interpreters should be provided sufficient information to prepare and assess their suitability. Interpreters should also be offered education in interpreting child forensic interviews and given appropriate service structures to support their wellbeing.

Integrating translation crowdsourcing into metacognitive translator training: raising awareness of conditional knowledge and its monitoring functions

ABSTRACT This study explores the way translation crowdsourcing may contribute to metacognitive translator training through a teaching experiment where Global Voices Lingua was integrated into an undergraduate English-Chinese translation course. In doing so, the study investigates how translation students’ awareness of conditional knowledge and its monitoring functions may be raised. Each of the 15 students enrolled in the translation course was asked to translate a Global Voices’ English news post into Chinese and record the translation process. Then, the students were instructed to write self-reflections on their problem-solving and decision-making processes based on their recording files. The results reveal that the students solved approximately 73% of the 215 translation problems encountered by considering relevant situational demands explicitly or implicitly. Further, the monitoring functions recognised by the students include (1) avoiding literal translation, (2) improving readability, and (3) choosing an appropriate translation. Among the 200 cases where the monitoring functions were at play, only 11.5% were misapplied or unjustifiable. Overall, this study’s findings indicate that translation crowdsourcing can offer reliable authentic practices, strengthen students’ metacognitive abilities, and help them produce translations that fulfil contextual demands.

The tendency to appraise stressful situations as more of athreat is associated with poorer health and well-being.

It has been argued that habitually appraising stressful events as more of a threat (i.e., situational demands exceed personal coping resources) may increase one's risk of ill-health (e.g., depression). However, while first theorized 15years ago, little research has tested this assertion. Thus, this study offered a novel test of the associations between trait challenge and threat appraisals and health-related outcomes (i.e., mental health symptomology, psychological well-being, and physical health complaints). Three hundred and ninety-five participants (251 female, 144 male; Mage=22.50years, SD=5.33) completed valid and reliable measures of trait challenge and threat appraisals, mental health (i.e., symptoms of depression and anxiety), well-being (e.g., subjective vitality), and physical health complaints (e.g., respiratory illnesses). Regression analyses revealed that trait challenge and threat appraisals accounted for a significant proportion of variance in all outcomes after controlling for age and gender, with a tendency to appraise stressful events as more of a threat associated with poorer mental health (i.e., greater depression symptomology), well-being (e.g., lower vitality), and physical health (e.g., more respiratory illnesses). Taken together, the findings highlight the importance of trait challenge and threat appraisals for health, although further research is needed using stronger designs (e.g., longitudinal) to enable a more causal understanding.

Understanding and Addressing the Individualized Emotional Impact of Aphasia: A Framework for Speech-Language Pathologists.

Emotion plays an integral role in communication and has long been considered relevant to aphasia rehabilitation. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs), however, may sometimes wonder how or whether to address emotional responses. The purpose of this article was to (1) present a framework that clinicians can use to understand individualized emotional responses in aphasia and (2) discuss examples of how the framework informs practical strategies that SLPs can use to provide emotional support to people with aphasia (PWA). Drawing upon a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotions perspective combined with emerging research in aphasia, I show that emotion impacts and is impacted by both language processing and social participation, but this impact should be interpreted in light of individual variability. Personal characteristics, environmental conditions, and cognitive appraisal, considered within a specific cultural context, help account for individualized emotional responses. SLPs should consider interactions among emotional response, language processing, and social participation in aphasia while recognizing each person's unique perception of the situation and resources to cope with it. Additionally, the presented framework provides insights about how SLPs could offer emotional support to PWA. Specific examples related to harnessing situational demands to improve communication, employing active listening, facilitating reappraisal, and strengthening social support are discussed.

Language practices in multilingual writing processes – Supporting reflection in a complex modern world

This article presents and discusses a model for the reflection of language practices in (academic) writing processes: The Resources Interrelations Model (RIM) aims at a deeper understanding of the functional application of language resources in (demanding) text production. It addresses influence factors that interfere with individual language practices and locates them on four layers: First, the writing process and its situational demands, second, individual attitudes, goals, and motivation, third, individual language and writing biographies and fourth, societal background (including the ongoing technology development and AI tools). The RIM is a theoretical model; however, it is inspired by empirical research in the PROSIMS project. In my article, I present and describe the RIM and its four layers, sketch its points of departure, and locate the model in its interdisciplinary discursive context, in particular referring to process-oriented writing research and research on multilingualism (including poststructuralist criticism of language categories). Additionally, I outline the relevance of such a model as a starting point for further research and a base for the (self-) reflection of writing processes. As the model focuses on the interrelation of influence factors (instead of specific writing strategies), it is open for individual and situational variation and for the dynamic changes in a complex modern world, while at the same time providing a framework for systematic analysis.

Implementation of Leadership Strategy to Realize the Transformation Digital towards Smart Military University

The digitalization process towards a smart university requires adequate leadership support. The research objective is to analyze the implementation of leadership strategy to realize Digital transformation towards a smart military university (SmU). The mix method exploratory sequential design approach was chosen based on the uniqueness of the leadership style which is rich with a variety of approaches due to situational demands and cultural development. Qualitative data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews. Research participants consist of strategic decision makers, and academic staff who are involved in the digital transformation process. The collected data was analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify the main themes in relation to the smart military university. Quantitative analysis based on the results of path analysis to support qualitative findings involving 128 random respondents. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of an effective leadership strategy has an important role in realizing digital transformation towards a Smart Military University. Various situational challenges are key factors in the implementation of various leaderships to optimize their effectiveness. It can be concluded that the military leadership approach is combined with transformational to inspire and motivate change. A complexity leadership approach that focuses on recognizing that digital transformation processes tend to be unpredictable and complex, helping institutions and individuals to adapt, more flexibility, encouraging collaboration, and systemic thinking skills. The practical implication of this research is the importance of developing collaborative and transformational leadership among military leaders to face challenges and opportunities in the digital era.

A37Does simulation-based training increase perceived confidence to address demanding communication situations within critical care?

Training nurses to improve their ability and confidence to communicate effectively in difficult situations is beneficial [1]. Simulation is an effective method to replicate difficult communication situations with colleagues, family or patients and improves communication skills [2]. Iyasere et al., (2022) [2] determined improving perceived confidence to communicate increased team-performance specifically amongst nurses. The main purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of using simulation-based communication scenarios to improve critical care nurses’ perceived confidence to communicate in difficult situations. Fourteen (Band 5 and Band 6) critical care nurses attended three sessions of communication simulation. Participants were invited based on manager feedback either requiring improved communication or demonstrating excellent communication skills, an equal number from both spectrums attended each session. A diamond debriefing model was used after each scenario as the debriefing model provides reflection resulting in improved practice [3]. Debriefing was conducted by training simulation faculty. A survey was used to measure perceived confidence and ability to communicate in three difficult situations: escalating concern, next-of-kin communication (NOK) and colleague interaction. The survey was presented pre-, post-simulation and at six-weeks post. Results showed an increase in confidence and ability to communicate in all three communication situations, as shown in The average rating (1-10) of perceived confidence in each simulation element, at each interval Simulation-based training is an effective method to increase Critical Care nurses perceived confidence to communicate in demanding situations. Communication situations involving colleagues remains the most challenging communication scenario for nurses. Improving confidence to communicate is essential to effective team working and patient-centred nursing practice. Further study is needed but initial results suggest the method is beneficial to improve critical care nursing practice. Authors confirm that all relevant ethical standards for research conduct and dissemination have been met. The submitting author confirms that relevant ethical approval was granted, if applicable.

High Self-Efficacy and Precrastination: Task Order Choices Based on Deadline Proximity

The concept of &amp;lsquo;precrastination&amp;rsquo; as opposed to procrastination has emerged. Precrastination describes scenarios where individuals initiate tasks sooner, even when at a cost or extra effort, to possibly alleviate cognitive load. Recent literature has explored the merits of delaying or promptly addressing aversive tasks. When confronted with aversive tasks, conventional wisdom suggests addressing them immediately. Recent research has underscored the advantages of prompt task completion, even if it incurs additional costs. Nevertheless, the optimal task order remains elusive. Moreover, the influence of situational factors and individual differences on task sequencing is not fully understood. This study specifically examined the interaction between the proximity of deadlines and self-efficacy to clarify their combined effects on task order preferences. Results indicated that individuals with high self-efficacy tend to start with their preferred task when the deadline is distant but conduct aversive tasks first when the deadline is imminent. This paper suggests that people with high self-efficacy strategically sequence tasks, optimizing efficiency based on situational demands.

Who Are You—Right Now? Cultural Orientations and Language Used as Antecedents of Situational Cultural Identification

A defining feature of biculturalism is the experience of switching back and forth between different cultural ways of being and acting in the world. This work investigates antecedents of this switching process using a cultural adaptation of the Day Reconstruction Method, in which participants divide the previous day into episodes and then rate these episodes on various criteria. We hypothesized that episode characteristics (specifically, language used) and stable personal dispositions (specifically, mainstream and heritage cultural orientations) would independently and interactively predict migrants’ cultural identification during an episode. We examined three types of identification among Russian-speaking migrants to Canada ( N = 109): mainstream (“Canadian”); heritage (“Russian”); and mainstream–heritage hybrid (“Russian-Canadian”). Results of multilevel regression analyses supported our hypotheses overall. A more positive orientation to a given cultural group and the use of that group’s language(s) were associated with stronger identification with that group during an episode. Language Use × Cultural Orientation interactions were evident for heritage and hybrid situational identification. The positive association between heritage orientation and situational heritage identification was stronger during episodes when the heritage language was not used than when it was used. A positive heritage orientation was associated with greater situational hybrid identification only during episodes when a mainstream language was used. The results are consistent with the perspective that acculturation is a multifaceted, contextual, and dynamic process whereby people acquire and flexibly use multiple cultural repertoires to meet both their general goals and the cultural demands of specific situations.

Social Inclusion Through Multilingual Assistants in Additional Language Learning

The aim of this study is to evaluate and explore the deployment of adult migrants’ first languages (L1s) by multilingual assistants (MAs) in additional language (AL) learning for the opportunities they afford to include students. The context is Sweden’s Swedish for Immigrants programme, in which a teacher team appointed MAs to support their students’ efforts to learn Swedish. In this context, MAs aremultilingual school personnel employed to support the students in their Swedish language development by, among other means, using the students’ L1s. The ensuing research study set out to investigate and develop MA and teacher roles in promoting Swedish language development through L1 use. The quest to include the students permeated this investigation. Action research provided a framework for the teachers to study their classroom interaction with MAs as a basis for professional development. Group interviews complemented video data. Different dimensions of inclusion and Bakhtin’s thinking about other‐orientedness offer theoretical support. The results are presented as four cardinal contributions made by MAs with significant potential to include adult migrants in AL education. The teachers’ conception of dialogic activity specifies inclusion as a transsubjective enterprise that, through instructional restraint and translingual space, allows students to explore language and achieve progressively coherent responsive understanding. The MAs’ socioemotional work of reassuring, affirming, and imparting faith in student capabilities to communicate in and learn Swedish posits inclusion as an equilibrium between the demands of instructional situations and the psychological fortitude to manage them. MAs key role in contextualizing content illustrates the way inclusion can be realized by transferring language form and content to the students’ personal experiences, extensive knowledge, and everyday communicative realities. The teacher’s plan to entrust the MAs with the task of making their formative feedback accessible to students projects inclusion as increasing students’ capacity to regulate their AL learning themselves.

Experimental Assessment of Human-Robot Teaming for Multi-Step Remote Manipulation with Expert Operators

Remote robot manipulation with human control enables applications where safety and environmental constraints are adverse to humans (e.g. underwater, space robotics and disaster response) or the complexity of the task demands human-level cognition and dexterity (e.g. robotic surgery and manufacturing). These systems typically use direct teleoperation at the motion level, and are usually limited to low-DOF arms and 2D perception. Improving dexterity and situational awareness demands new interaction and planning workflows. We explore the use of human-robot teaming through teleautonomy with assisted planning for remote control of a dual-arm dexterous robot for multi-step manipulation, and conduct a within-subjects experimental assessment (n=12 expert users) to compare it with direct teleoperation with an imitation controller with 2D and 3D perception, as well as teleoperation through a teleautonomy interface. The proposed assisted planning approach achieves task times comparable with direct teleoperation while improving other objective and subjective metrics, including re-grasps, collisions, and TLX workload. Assisted planning in the teleautonomy interface achieves faster task execution, and removes a significant interaction with the operator’s expertise level, resulting in a performance equalizer across users. Our study protocol, metrics and models for statistical analysis might also serve as a general benchmarking framework in teleoperation domains. Accompanying video and reference R code: https://people.csail.mit.edu/cdarpino/THRIteleop/

No threat: Emotion regulation neurofeedback for police special forces recruits

Police officers of the Special Forces are confronted with highly demanding situations in terms of stress, high tension and threats to their lives. Their tasks are specifically high-risk operations, such as arrests of armed suspects and anti-terror interventions. Improving the emotion regulation skills of police officers might be a vital investment, supporting them to stay calm and focused. A promising approach is training emotion regulation by using real-time (rt-) fMRI neurofeedback. Specifically, downregulating activity in key areas of the fronto-limbic emotion regulation network in the presence of threatening stimuli.Thirteen recruits of the Dutch police special forces underwent six weekly rt-fMRI sessions, receiving neurofeedback from individualized regions of their emotion regulation network. Their task was to reduce the image size of threatening images, wherein the image size represented their brain activity. A reduction in image size represented successful downregulation. Participants were free to use their preferred regulation strategy. A control group of fifteen recruits received no neurofeedback. Both groups completed behavioural tests (image rating on evoked valence and arousal, questionnaire) before and after the neurofeedback training. We hypothesized that the neurofeedback group would improve in downregulation and would score better than the control group on the behavioural tests after the neurofeedback training.Neurofeedback training resulted in a significant decrease in image size (t(12) = 2.82, p = .015) and a trend towards decreased activation in the target regions (t(10) = 1.82, p = .099) from the first to the last session. Notably, subjects achieved downregulation below the pre-stimulus baseline in the last two sessions. No relevant differences between groups were found in the behavioural tasks.Through the training of rt-fMRI neurofeedback, participants learned to downregulate the activity in individualized areas of the emotion regulation network, by using their own preferred strategies. The lack of behavioural between-group differences may be explained by floor effects. Tasks that are close to real-life situations may be needed to uncover behavioural correlates of this emotion regulation training.

Need for cognition predicts the accuracy of affective forecasts

Affective forecasting involves predicting our emotional response to a future event. Previous research has found that individuals tend to overestimate the intensity of their emotional reactions, a phenomenon referred to as impact bias. To explore individual differences in impact bias, this study draws on dual-process models that propose that cognition can be divided into analytical processing and an intuitive processing. The present study evaluates whether the magnitude of impact bias is moderated by an individual's need for cognition (NFC) as well as the situational demands under which the forecast is made. Results suggest that high NFC individuals make more accurate forecasts overall, but this depends on the situational demands present at the time of the forecast, with high NFC participants making more accurate forecasts when told to rely on their intuition, but less accurate forecasts when told to use visualization. The findings suggest that NFC may be an important determinant of affective forecasting accuracy, but the situational demands need to be considered in combination with individual differences.

Theme in spoken language: when a tone group is not a clause

Abstract While there is a clear tendency for a Theme not to occur within its own tone group, it is equally clear that clauses are frequently formed out of more than a single tone group. Hence it is precipitous to assume an a priori relationship between clause and tone group/information unit. Speakers in pursuit of their individual communicative choices manage their interactional and informational needs by producing prosodic and thematic choices appropriate to their goals. Such choices as we have seen are frequently mutually re-enforcing, but speakers may employ prosodic choices which foreground their interactional needs. Specifically, this entails that there is no direct relationship between lexico-grammatical and prosodic meanings; both redound with semantic meanings. Yet, these meanings may be constrained by the interactional demands of the communicative situation in which a speaker operates. In this paper, I examine the spoken realisation of Interpersonal Theme and find that Interpersonal Themes realized by Mood adjuncts and metaphors of modality tended to be realized with different key. Similarly, the expectation that marked Theme was likely to attract high key was found to be subject to the speaker’s need to manage the interaction.

Context-Aware Vertical Handoff Algorithms for IoT-enabled Environments

-The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has ushered in a paradigm shift in the way we interact with our surroundings. As these devices seamlessly exchange data across heterogeneous networks, maintaining uninterrupted connectivity and optimal quality of service (QoS) becomes a paramount concern. The process of vertical handoff, which facilitates the seamless transfer of communication sessions between different networks, is of particular significance in this dynamic IoT landscape. This research paper delves into the realm of "Context-Aware Vertical Handoff Algorithms for IoT-enabled Environments," aiming to harness the power of context-awareness to enhance the efficacy of vertical handoff decisions in IoT scenarios. The introduction highlights the intricate network challenges posed by IoT's diverse devices and applications. These challenges necessitate the development of innovative solutions that can adapt to varying communication technologies, device constraints, and QoS demands. The focal point of this exploration lies in the integration of context-awareness into vertical handoff algorithms. Context-awareness leverages real-time contextual information, encompassing factors such as device location, network conditions, application requirements, and user preferences, to make informed handoff decisions that align with the unique demands of each IoT situation. Drawing from the wellspring of context- aware computing, the paper delves into the mechanics of context-aware vertical handoff algorithms. It explores their attributes and capabilities, shedding light on how these algorithms leverage context to optimize handoff decisions. The paper discusses the diversity of International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM) Volume: 07 Issue: 09 | September - 2023 SJIF Rating: 8.176 ISSN: 2582-3930 © 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM25730 | Page 2 context-aware algorithms, including fuzzy logic- based, machine learning-driven, and rule-based approaches, and their adaptability to the distinct challenges posed by IoT environments. As the IoT landscape brings forth its own set of challenges, the paper addresses considerations like limited resources, heterogeneous data, and intermittent connectivity. It delves into the spectrum of algorithm types and approaches that align with the IoT's intricacies, ensuring that vertical handoff decisions resonate with the unique characteristics of IoT devices. In the quest to gauge the effectiveness of context-aware vertical handoff algorithms in IoT scenarios, the paper outlines a comprehensive methodology for performance evaluation. This methodology involves defining IoT-centric performance metrics, such as data delivery reliability, energy efficiency, latency, and adaptive decision-making, which accurately capture the impact of context-awareness on QoS enhancement and device efficiency. Through practical case studies, the paper demonstrates how context-aware vertical handoff algorithms find application across various IoT domains, from smart cities to healthcare. It unveils how these algorithms address the dynamic challenges presented by real- world scenarios, where devices navigate between heterogeneous networks and diverse application requirements. Keywords: IoT ,QoS, LPWAN,

Adaptasi Kenormalan Baru Ditinjau dari Ketahanan Keluarga dan Perilaku Disiplin Ibu Rumah Tangga di Yogyakarta

The COVID-19 pandemic made much influence to human being life, having a systemic impact, life regulation, and stressing situation in Indonesia families. They got depressed and new normality adaptability which determines the functioning and well-being of the family in the future. This study aims examine the adaptation of new normality in terms of family resilience and self-disciplined behaviour. This study used a quantitative approach with a random sampling technique of 253 housewives in Yogyakarta. Data were collected using Google Form (3 scales of adaptation, resilience and seld-descipline). The results the regresion analysis showed that there was a slight contribution among family resilience and self-disciplined behaviour to the adaptation to new normality of housewife subjects (F count&gt; F table, namely 117.657&gt; 10.597 and Sig F &lt; 5% (0.000 &lt; 0.05). ThIn addition, In addition, the Pearson corellation of the 2 minor hypothesis of this study proved r value .651 between adaptation variable to Self-dicipline and another one with r value .641 between adaptation and family resilience. The effective contribution of the two variables to adaptability is 48.5%, while the remaining 51.5% is influenced by other variables. These results support the researcher's assumption that mother's resilience and self-disciplined behavior are able to adapt to the demands of the new-normality situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Leadership/Management Concept Scale: differentiating between actions constituting leadership and management

PurposeThe concepts associated with leadership and management have often been conflated, considered one and the same phenomenon by some and then considered by others to be quite distinctive. The same ambiguity is even truer at the level of application and practicality. Only a handful of studies have attempted empirically to differentiate between the two concepts. The study sought to develop an instrument to discriminate between the two concepts.Design/methodology/approachA prospective study was conducted with two groups of scholars in the areas of leadership and management. They completed the exploratory Leadership/Management Concept Scale (LMCS), the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) and provided demographic information. The results from the Initial group were compared with a validation group. Standard statistical techniques were used to analyze the two groups and investigate associations among the study measures.FindingsThe LMCS effectively differentiated actions associated with leadership from actions associated with management actions. There were four distinct choices consistently selected as most consistent with leadership: influencing, coaching, modeling and ensuring resilience. No significant correlations were found between scores on the LMCS and the LPI, providing evidence that the former was capturing actions other than those associated with leadership alone.Research limitations/implicationsIt is empirically possible to differentiate between the actions typically associated with the concepts of leadership and management. This distinction can be invaluable in various educational programs designed to develop either or both leadership and management abilities, as well as assist in the identification of those with proclivities to one or other of the two concepts. The LMCS shows promise in reliably differentiating between the two concepts and can be useful for scholars aiming to investigate leadership or management without confounding the two.Practical implicationsThere are numerous positions and organizational roles where leadership and management are differentiated, with one being much more needed than the other. The LMCS can differentiate empirically how potential candidates for leadership and/or management positions think about the two, which would allow a would-be employer to screen candidates for given opportunities and, depending on their conceptualization of leadership and management, assign them most appropriately.Originality/valueThis study fills a fundamental gap in both the leadership and management field: first in being able to provide evidence that the two concepts, while similar in some regards, are not the same and can be differentiated from each other and second, in developing an instrument (LMCS) that both practitioners and scholars can use to help their audiences better understand the differences between leadership and management and to develop actions appropriate to situational demands.

Cultural differences in the relations between expressive flexibility and life satisfaction over time.

Expressive flexibility refers to the ability to assess situational demands and adjust one's emotion expressions via enhancement or suppression. It has been associated with lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms and greater social acceptance. These relationships, however, have not yet been examined across cultures-where prior research has found cultural differences in norms on emotion displays and their associations with mental health. This study examined expressive flexibility across three cultural groups and their associations with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms over time. 276 first-year college students (146 Asian American, 71 European Americans, and 62 Latinx Americans) completed two online surveys during the first (T1) and thirteenth week (T2) of the Fall 2020 academic semester. Results revealed no significant cultural group differences in the ability to enhance or suppress emotions. However, we found a significant ethnicity x enhancement ability interaction in predicting T2 life satisfaction, controlling for T1 life satisfaction, age, gender, and emotion regulation frequency. Specifically, greater ability to enhance one's emotions was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction over time among Asian Americans, but not for European Americans and Latinx Americans. Our findings illustrate the importance of not looking just at cultural group differences in the levels of expressive flexibility, but also at the associations between expressive flexibility and mental health.

Retraction of Kivlighan et al. (2017).

Reports the retraction of "Congruence and discrepancy between working alliance and real relationship: Variance decomposition and response surface analyses" by Dennis M. Kivlighan Jr., Kathryn Kline, Charles J. Gelso and Clara E. Hill (Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2017[Jul], Vol 64[4], 394-409). The following article (https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000216) is being retracted. This retraction is at the request of coauthors Kivlighan, Hill, and Gelso after the results of an investigation by the University of Maryland Institutional Review Board (IRB). The IRB found that the study included data from between one and four therapy clients of the Maryland Psychotherapy Clinic and Research Laboratory (MPCRL) who either had not been asked to provide consent or had withdrawn consent for their data to be included in the research. Kline was not responsible for obtaining and verifying participant consent but agreed to the retraction of this article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2017-15328-001.) We examined how congruence and discrepancy in clients' and therapists' ratings of the working alliance (WA) and real relationship (RR) were related to client-rated session quality (SES; Session Evaluation Scale). Ratings for 2517 sessions of 144 clients and 23 therapists were partitioned into therapist-level, client-level, and session-level components and then analyzed using multilevel, polynomial regression and response surface analysis. For both clients and therapists, at all levels of analysis (except the therapist level for therapist ratings), SES was highest when combined WA and RR ratings were high, and lowest when combined ratings were low. For client ratings, discrepancy between WA and RR, at the client and session levels, was associated with greater session quality. Some clients perceived greater session quality when, across all sessions, WA was stronger than RR and other clients perceived greater session quality when RR was stronger than WA. Within clients, session quality was highest when some sessions had a stronger WA than RR whereas other sessions had a stronger RR than WA. These findings are compatible with a responsiveness framework, therapists varied the balance of WA and RR to suit situational demands or needs of different clients. When therapists rated WA and RR the opposite pattern of results emerged; clients perceived greater session quality when therapists' WA and RR ratings, for a session were high and consistent (i.e., no discrepancy between WA and RR). In addition, across all sessions, clients perceived greater session quality when WA and RR ratings were high and consistent. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Computational Approaches to Phonology: Advances in Speech Recognition and Synthesis

This article explores the field of computational approaches to phonology, with a particular focus on recent increases in popularity and speech synthesis. Phonology, as a department of linguistics, deals with the observation of sounds and their work in language. Recent improvements in this area have resulted in major improvements in accuracy and efficiency, towards the integration of deep recognition strategies together with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). the models have tested the ability to capture complex phonetic patterns and decorate the overall performance of computerized speech reputation structures. These advances have seen packages in multiple domains, such as virtual assistants, text-to-speech structures, and language acquisition tools. This article looks at the main computational procedures used in phonology, along with characteristic-based representations, rule-based modes, and statistical methods. It explores demanding situations related to phonological evaluation, which include phoneme segmentation, pronunciation variants, and language-specific problems. In addition, this paper discusses mixing phonological knowledge with device learning strategies, which enables the development of robust and correct speech recognition and synthesis systems. As usual, this research represents remarkable advances from computational methods to phonology, particularly in the geographical area of speech recognition and synthesis. the combination of technology and linguistic insights has increased the accuracy, naturalness, and efficiency in processing spoken language. These enhancements open up new opportunities to enhance human-pc interaction, language recognition, and many other packages that rely on speech-based technologies.