Demand For Industrial Products Research Articles

Import and export of licorice and its products in China

Licorice is an important harmonic drug which has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. However, with the increasing demand of industrial production, the licorice resources in our country have been reduced rapidly and we have to import licorice resources from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan consequently. In order to find out the trade flow of licorice resources and evaluate the status of Chinese licorice in the world trade, the trade situation of licorice and its products from 2011 to 2015 May in Chinese customs was investigated and analyzed in this paper. The import and export volumes of licorice were declining; the import and export volumes of licorice were relatively concentrated in international trade, with greater risks of trade; and export quota management was not well executed. As one of the strategic resources of medicine, licorice resources must be based on domestic development, and we should adjust the export quota management from passive quota to active quota management and improve the intrinsic value of licorice resources to establish the international market position of our licorice and control the pricing power in international market.

Manipulation of cofactor balance in microorganisms

Cofactor balance plays an important role in producing enzymes, pharmaceuticals and chemicals. To meet the demand of industrial production, microbes should maintain a maximal carbon flux towards target metabolites without fluctuations in cofactor. We reviewed the physiological function of cofactor and discussed detailed strategies to manipulate cofactor balance through biochemical engineering and metabolic engineering. Furthermore, we indicated future research needs to further regulate cofactor balance.

ANÁLISE DA METODOLOGIA ALTERNATIVA PARA RECEBIMENTO DE BIOMASSA EM UMA COOPERATIVA AGROINDUSTRIAL DO OESTE DO PARANÁ

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os resultados financeiros gerados pela aplicação de uma metodologia alternativa para recebimento da biomassa/cavaco em uma cooperativa agroindustrial avícola do oeste do Paraná. Essa metodologia foi concebida como uma forma de promoção do desenvolvimento econômico sem a redução de recursos naturais e geração de mínimos danos ao meio ambiente pelo processo de combustão para aquecimento da caldeira da agroindústria, e tem como base teórica o Relatório Brundtland (1991) e diretrizes básicas das normas caracterizadas pela ISO 14000. Aplicaram-se procedimentos de pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e exploratória, estudo de caso, bem como observação participante. Os resultados foram analisados sob abordagem quali-quantitativa e apontaram que a adoção dessa metodologia diminui custos de produção do vapor na caldeira sem comprometimento à demanda de produção industrial, o que contribui para a agroindústria investigada alcançar desempenho mais sustentável.

Automatic Measurement Of Shape Parameters For Hydraulic Torque Converter

Abstract In this paper, the automatic measurement method of the Hydraulic Torque Converter shape parameters is studied. Aiming at the defects of the traditional manual measurement method, the solution for measuring the shape parameters of Hydraulic Torque Converter with the automatic measurement system is proposed on the basis of in-depth analysis for the Hydraulic Torque Converter shape parameters’ characteristics. Automatic measurement system mainly contains two parts, the Hardware Measurement System and the Software Measurement System. The working principle of the automatic measurement system are as follows: firstly, as system starting, the arm upper Measuring Fixture put the Hydraulic Torque Converter work piece into the Measuring Fixture, and then the Measuring Fixture make the Pump Hub Axle and Cover Hub Axle of the measured work piece fixed; secondly, the measured work piece start to rotate, at the same times, s the work piece is measured by MARPOSS displacement sensor. The measuring stop as soon as the measured work piece completes rotating 360 degrees. Lastly, measurement data is collects by the Software Measurement System based on LabVIEW development platform using NI acquisition card. The Moving Average Filter and Butterworth approximation method is mainly used during processing the measurement data. The tolerance measuring value of each shape parameter can be obtained, after the measurement data processed. The external dimensions of the measured work piece have been qualified by the data obtained. Under practical test, this method fit the industrial production demand very well; it can help to improve the production efficiency greatly used in the industrial production

Концептуальная модель прогнозирования развития лесного сектора России

The problem of quality prediction is important and relevant to all economic systems. The quality of methodology of prognosis and possibilities of its correction depends on the scope and adequacy of decisions based on the knowledge of predictive indicators, foresight sectoral system. The article presents the author´s conceptual model of forecasting of development of the Russian forest sector based on the dominant role of demand factors and state support of innovative development of the forest sector. The authors identified a mismatch between predicted and actual knowledge of the industry, which complicates the implementation of innovative directions of development of the forestry sector, highlights the need to adjust forecasts and decisions based on them. When creating the forecast development of the forest sector, according to the authors, it is appropriate to distinguish 3 main phases: forecasting demand for products of the forest sector; forecasting the main parameters of economic development of the forest sector; forecasting the impact of development of the forest sector on macroeconomic performance. Implementation of the proposed steps needed to substantiate the indicators, the identification of changes which will allow quick and timely manner to adjust the forecast. The proposed system of indicators reflecting the cyclical dynamics in the Russian forestry sector taking into account cyclic recurrently, taking into account components, such as forest resources, innovations, investments, production and technology, institutional infrastructure, and social factors. The authors identified the factors and parameters of industrial development, the mechanism of formation of demand for industry products in terms of parameters of intra-industry, inter-industry and external demand. Also the mechanism of formation of the forecast of production, it justifies the features of change of output indicator as an indicator of the performance of the prediction.

Progress on perovskite-based solar cells

As an important kind of clean and renewable energy source, solar cells are attracting more and more attention in recent years due to their great potential in addressing the energy crisis issues. In this context, developing novel solar cells with both high power conversion efficiency and low cost is becoming a hot research topic worldwide. In 2009, CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3 were firstly fabricated as quantum dot and used in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with a power conversion efficiency of 3.8%. Since then, many fascinating breakthroughs on perovskite-based solar cells have been achieved in an amazing speed, especially in recent 5 years. The overall performance of perovskite-based solar cells has outperformed several other types of traditional solar cells. Due to the importance of perovskite-based solar cells, the related research has been elected as one of the top 10 scientific breakthroughs in 2013 by Science magazine. So far, a high power conversion efficiency up to 20.1% has been reported by Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT). The perovskite-based solar cells are with low cost and easy to be fabricated. Based on their excellent properties, such as good optical absorption and high charge transfer efficiency, breakthroughs on much higher power conversion efficiencies can be expected in the future. Here we summarize some state-of-the-art research advances on perovskite-based solar cells achieved from 2014 to now. We focus on the basics of perovskite-based solar cells, interface control, synthesis routes, etc. Current strategies for improving the power conversion efficiency, stability and eco-friendliness are summarized. Moreover, we propose the challenges that need to be overcome in the near future. Firstly, the working mechanism of those high efficiency solar cells is still an open question. Secondly, how to improve both the power conversion efficiency and the stability is still a big challenge. The perovskite-based solar cells are actually very sensitive to the ambient water vapor and oxygen. Thirdly, the large-area mass production of perovskite-based solar cells has not been realized so far. The size of the perovskite-based solar cell devices obtained in the laboratory scale is only several centimeters, which can not meet the industrial production demand. Finally, how to avoid using heavy metals, such as Pb, and keep the high power conversion efficiency as well, is also a big challenge. In the future, perovskite solar cells are supposed to be lead-free without sacrificing their high efficiency.

Long-Term Production of Fuel Ethanol by Immobilized Yeast in Repeated-Batch Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Cassava

In this study, a fibrous matrix with chemical modification was used as a support material for the immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1308. Cassava hydrolysate without filteration was used for ethanol fermentation. An average utilization rate of starch of 83.5% was obtained by the immobilized cells during the first seven repeated simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The utilization rate of starch of the immobilized cells was 2.1% higher than that of free cells with an inoculation quantity of 15% (v/v) under the same fermentation conditions. In addition, the effects of enzyme feeding strategies on immobilized yeast fermentation were investigated. The highest utilization rate of starch of 85.9% was obtained at 35 °C with the optimal enzyme feeding strategy. Fermentation performed successfully for about 6 months with 87 batches suggests that ethanol production from cassava using immobilized yeast in a fibrous-bed bioreactor is feasible and may meet the demands of industrial production.

Preparation of electronic-grade CuO for copper electrodeposition of printed circuit boards

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to present a simple and convenient technology to produce the electronic-grade CuO. The prepared electronic-grade CuO fully meets the demands of industrial production of high density interconnect (HDI). Design/methodology/approach – A new method termed as open-circuit potential-time technology is proposed to measure the dissolution time of CuO in plating solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) were used to characterize the prepared CuO. Solder shock and reflow tests were carried out to examine the Cu deposits. Findings – All aspects of the prepared CuO meet the demands of printed circuit board (PCB) industry. Originality/value – A simple and convenient technology was presented to produce the electronic-grade CuO. A new method was proposed to determine the dissolution time of CuO in plating solution.

Spherical modification of tungsten oxide powder and its mechanism analysis

Owing to its high production costs, complexity of equipment, and difficulty in controlling parameters, spherical or subglobose tungsten powder preparation method cannot meet the demand of industrial production. Tungstic oxide powder was treated by particle composite system and its effects were studied. Morphologies of particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particle size analysis was carried out and the related mechanism was discussed. The results show that the processing effect is best when the rotational speed is set at 4,000 r·min−1 for 15 min: the powder particles become nearly spherical and their sharp edge angles are rounded off and reshaped. When the processing time is 60 min, the powders smash to pieces because of too much energy inputting. So the test results, such as grain size distribution, can be explained well. Nearly spherical tungsten powder is obtained after reduction at 780 °C for 2 h and its flow ability is significantly improved.

High Value Added Utilization of Vanadium Slag

Vanadium slag is a kind of common furnace slags in the metallurgical field that contains rich vanadium oxides and iron oxides. The high value added utilization of vanadium slag was exploratory studied in this paper. Under the existing experimental conditions, chemical reactions conducted between vanadium slag and concentrated sulfuric acid. Vanadium titanium catalyst was prepared with the lixivium (whose main ingredients were 44.42% of V2O5 and 29.36% of TiO2), which could meet the demand of industrial production; zeolite 4A was prepared creatively with leach residue of vanadium slag for the first time and its feasibility in CO2 capture was verified via detecting the CO2/N2 adsorption capacity. It is feasible to recycle solid wastes efficiently, reduce the environmental pollution and promote the development of CO2 reduction technology by this means.

Decoppering capability of nickel thiocarbonate in nickel electrolyte

This technical note reports the decoppering capability of a synthesized nickel thiocarbonate (NiCS3), which is a highly efficient reagent for removing copper from nickel electrolyte. It is observed that the decoppering capability of nickel thiocarbonate decreases with increasing standing time (ts, the time when nickel thiocarbonate is kept at room temperature) and aging time (ta, the time when nickel thiocarbonate is kept at 60°C). Nickel thiocarbonate retains an effective decoppering capability in the standing time of at least 62days, which completely satisfies the demand of industrial production. It is also found that nickel thiocarbonate keeps a good decoppering capability when ta<34min, essentially due to the stable amorphous structure of nickel thiocarbonate within the time period. When the aging time is prolonged to 900min, nickel thiocarbonate tends to decompose and/or oxidize with the formation of S, Ni3S2, NiS2 and Ni3S4, which matches well with the decrease in intensity of C=S bands and C–S bands in the FTIR spectra of nickel thiocarbonate after long aging (ta=4680min). These results clearly demonstrate that to maintain high decoppering capability it is necessary to prevent decomposition and oxidization of nickel thiocarbonate.

The Return of Nature as an Operative Model: Decoding of Material Properties as Generative Inputs to the Form-Making Process

The abandonment of nature as an architectural model and the redefinition of the relationship between form and material were two of the main consequences of industrialization for modern architecture. While nature was replaced by the machine as a model for architecture, industrial production suppressed the craftsman's knowledge of the material and the associated techniques once essential to the form-making process. Thus, the replacement of nature as a model implied that principles once related to natural processes started to be seen as industrial values, i.e., the economy of means stopped being recognized as a quality related to natural form-making processes and became a demand of industrial production. Nowadays, material properties and nature are being reintroduced into architecture with the help of digital technologies; that is, the return of nature though computation. As a result, nature has become an operational model as opposed to the visual or iconic one it used to be; its inner qualities and processes are being decoded in order to inform the form-making process and foster innovative digital ornamentation.

Study on New Industrial Briquette Composite Binder Using Response Surface Methodology

To develop a new industrial briquette composite binder, response surface methodology was used to arrange experiments, with modified peat(MP），mixed wastes(WS)，modified clay 2(C2) and clay 1(C1) as raw materials. The experimental data was firstly processed utilizing the method of multi-factorial total probability formula evaluation. Then based on the regression analysis and model building, the optimum formula was obtained. Finally, the bonding mechanism was analyzed through a systematical study by means of both ESEM and TG-DTA. The results indicated that the briquette prepared according to the optimum formula, namely 4.4% of MP, 6.5% of WS, 2% of C1, 1% of C2, and correlative key parameters of briquetting technics, namely forming water 13%, drying temperature 180°C and drying time 2.5h had excellent performances, which could meet the demand of industrial production in enterprises.

Electricity Consumption and Possible Savings

Energy has always been critical for economic growth and social development. The need and use of energy is one of the major problems for all countries. The reserves in the ground are very limited while their use grows significantly every year. Given finite energy resources and continuously rising demand for industrial products, meeting industrial energy demand and minimizing its economic impact in the future will be a significant challenge. Because of the hard fact of energy scarcity, it is important to take preventive measures to reduce energy costs, and increase efficiencies in industry. The key factors of a sustainable energy politics are promoting growing energy efficiency, ensuring the diversity of energy technology and adding renewable sources to the energy supply system. Energy efficiency implementation in the production may lead enterprises to be a part of sustainable development and also save millions of dollars. Energy efficiency problems have many aspects. One of the most important of the problems is lost and leaking electricity, which has an immense negative effect on energy efficiency. In the present study we mainly focus on electricity consumption and possible savings. We begin by an overview of the World’s energy production and consumption as well as Turkey’s energy production and consumption. In the next part, we contextualize this by discussing the relationship between the energy and the environment. We secondly realize a SWOT analysis to show the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Turkey’s energy politics from an environmental point of view. We contextualize this by discussing a global overview of electricity sector in the world and in Turkey. The more discussion focuses on Turkish Industrial energy consumption and the amount of possible annual savings in the Turkish industrial sector.

Fed-batch fermentation of recombinant Citrobacter freundii with expression of a violacein-synthesizing gene cluster for efficient violacein production from glycerol

The extensive prospects of violacein in the pharmaceutical industry have attracted increasing interest. However, the fermentation levels of violacein are currently inadequate to meet the demands of industrial production. This study was undertaken to develop an efficient process for the production of violacein by recombinant Citrobacter freundii. The effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH on cell growth and violacein production in batch cultures were investigated first. When the DO and pH of the medium were controlled at around 25% and 7.0, respectively, the biomass and concentration of violacein were maximized. Based on the consumption of nutrients in the medium observed during batch culture, a fed-batch fermentation strategy with controlled DO and pH was implemented. By continuously feeding glycerol, NH 4Cl, and l-tryptophan at a constant feeding rate of 16 mL h −1, the final concentration of violacein reached 4.13 g L −1, which was 4.09-fold higher than the corresponding batch culture, and the maximal dry cell weight (DCW) and average violacein productivity obtained for the fed-batch culture were 3.34 g DCW L −1 and 82.6 mg L −1 h −1, respectively. To date, this is the first report on the efficient production of violacein by genetically engineered strains in a fermentor.

Compound Micro/Nano Machining – A Tool-Based Innovative and Integrated Approach

Compound micro-machining is the most promising technology for the production of miniaturized parts and this technology is becoming more and more important and popular because of growing demand for industrial products with not only increased number of functions but also of reduced dimensions, higher dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. In this paper, the development efforts in micro/nano-machining based on solid tools (tool-based micro/nano-machining) in NUS are introduced. In order to achieve meaningful implementation of micro-machining techniques, this research seeks to address four important areas; namely (a) development of machine tool capable to do both conventional micro-machining, (b) process control, (c) process development to achieve necessary accuracy and quality, and (d) on-machine measurement and inspection. An integrated effort in these areas has resulted in successful fabrication of micro-structures that is able to meet the miniaturization demands of the industry. In the area of nano-machining machine tool and process developments have also been carried out for electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding and ultra precision machining using single point and poly crystalline diamond tools to produce nano surface finish on hard and brittle materials. An ultra-precision diamond turning machine has been developed which incorporates a fast and fine tool servo system to produce nano-precision surfaces and features.

A multiprocess machine tool for compound micromachining

Compound micromachining is the most promising technology for the production of miniaturized parts and this technology is becoming increasingly more important and popular because of a growing demand for industrial products, with an increased number not only of functions but also of reduced dimensions, higher dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Compound micromachining processes that combine multiple conventional and non-conventional micromachining processes have the capability to fabricate high aspect ratio microstructures with paramount dimensional accuracy. Such machining should be carried out on the same machine with minimum change of setups. At the same time, on-machine tool fabrication along with on-machine tool and workpiece measurement facilities should also be available for further enhancement of the functionality of the machine and higher productivity. In order to achieve effective implementation of compound micromachining techniques, this research seeks to address four important areas, namely (a) development of a machine tool capable of both conventional micromachining including microturning, micromilling, etc., and non-conventional micromachining including microelectrical discharge machining (micro-EDM), wire-cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM), etc.; (b) process control; (c) process development to achieve the necessary accuracy and quality and (d) on-machine measurement and inspection. An integrated effort into these areas has resulted in successful fabrication of microstructures that are able to meet the miniaturization demands of the industry. This paper presents a few tool-based approaches that integrate micro-EDM, micro-EDG, microturning and microgrinding to produce miniature components on the same machine tool platform in order to demonstrate the capabilities of compound micromachining.

Analýza konkurencieschopnosti slovenského spracovateľského priemyslu

The competitive ability of the processing industry in the SR occurs most often in classical types of production characterised by lower level of added value. Commodities with a low added value participate in worsening the balance of trade of the SR. The high export demand of industrial production also contributes to it. The changes in branch structure of processing industry of the SR are continuously reflected in a change of foreign trade structure. Its orientation is on the products less demanding and primarily on raw materials and energetic sources. In spite of this there is visible the tendency to be focused on exports in lower added value products in Slovak processing industry. The worsening of Slovak processing industry status is visible in the commodities where the export is confronted with new industrialized countries production (mainly in textile industry) but also with countries so-called mono-cultural (food, drinks, tobacco). In the given examples there is a strong tendency in the SR to lower the trade volume with these commodities. The analysis results show the increase of traffic means in Slovak foreign trade. Automobile industry is coming to the top and it has become the basic branch of the Slovak industry. The trend of development is from one point of view positive not only from the point of view of volume but also from the investment structures from the side of big investors. But on the other hand the SR has become, by this development, more sensible to fluctuation on the world markets. Processing industry is behind in its competitive ability in comparison with high-tech branches. The causes of it are low expenditures for research and development that should be used in these branches and they subsequently cause the low level of creating the level of added value. Marked falling behind in competitive ability of these branches is shown in their low shares in a foreign trade.

Tool-based micro-machining

There is a growing demand for industrial products not only with increased number of functions but also of reduced dimensions. Micro-machining is the most basic technology for the production of such miniaturized parts and components. Since miniaturization of industrial products had been the trend of technological development, micro-machining is expected to play increasingly important roles in today's manufacturing technology. Micro-machining based on lithography has many disadvantages unlike tool-based micro-machining technology such as micro-turning, micro-grinding, micro-EDM and micro-ECM have many advantages in productivity, efficiency, flexibility and cost effectiveness. However, difficulties, as the machining unit reduced, are still remained to be solved to utilize the tool-based machining technology for micro-machining. In this paper, recent achievements at NUS in the area of tool-based micro-machining are introduced. Micro-electro-discharge machining (micro-EDM) and micro-Turning technology are developed to produce miniaturized parts and features using a multi-purpose miniature machine tool for hybrid processes which is developed at NUS.

Tool-based nanofinishing and micromachining

There is a growing demand for industrial products not only with increased number of functions but also of reduced dimensions. Micromachining is the most basic technology for the production of such miniaturized parts and components. Since miniaturization of industrial products had been the trend of technological development, micromachining is expected to play increasingly important roles in today's manufacturing technology. Micromachining based on lithography has many disadvantages unlike tool-based micromachining technology such as micro-turning, grinding, EDM and ECM have many advantages in productivity, efficiency, flexibility and cost effectiveness. However, difficulties, as the machining unit reduced, are yet to be solved to utilize the tool-based machining technology for micromachining. In this paper, recent achievements in some important areas of tool-based micromachining are introduced. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding and ultraprecision machining using single point diamond tool are two most widely applied techniques to produce nanosurface finish on hard and brittle materials. Recently these techniques are also being applied for nanosurface generation on silicon wafers and it is hoped that this process will be able to replace the current technique, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. Micro-electro-discharge machining (micro-EDM) and micro-turning technology are widely used to produce miniaturized parts and features. Usually hybrid machining is carried out to fabricate microcomponents with high precision. Usually multi-purpose miniature machine tools are used to produce such components. Recent achievements on the development of such machines are also discussed in this paper.