Demands Of Immigration Research Articles

Differences in antibiotic treatment and utilization of diagnostic tests in Dutch primary care between natives and non-western immigrants

Background: Different expectations and demands of non-western immigrants may prompt physicians to deviate from their routine clinical management strategies resulting in more diagnostic tests and higher prescription rates. Antibiotic prescription is of specific importance, since overuse of antibiotics is a major public health concern. No data are available about possible differences in antibiotic prescription rates between natives and non-western immigrants in Europe. Objectives: To determine whether ethnic origin is an independent determinant for the frequency of antibiotic treatment and additional diagnostic tests in primary care patients with infectious diseases. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1015 non-western immigrants were compared to 995 native Dutch, all selected from the Utrecht Health Project database. Data were analysed using multiple logistic regression analyses. Antibiotics most frequently used in Dutch primary care were included in the analyses. For the analyses of additional diagnostic tests, only respiratory tract infections were included, since these are the most common infectious diseases for which general practitioners are contacted. Results: First generation non-western immigrants were more likely to undergo diagnostic tests and received more antibiotics than native Dutch (respectively OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.64–2.63; and OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04–1.65). No differences were found for the second generation immigrants. The results found were independent of potential confounders. Conclusions: The highest rates of antibiotic prescription and diagnostic tests concern first generation non-western immigrants. In order to promote a rational and restricted use of antibiotics in outpatients first generation immigrants should be a prioritized target group.

Immigration to Russia: Inevitability and Prospective Inflows

A U.S.-based geographer joins a senior Russian demographer in an effort to explore the potential flows of immigrants to Russia (principally from the Commonwealth of Independent States and to a lesser extent from China) to stem the country's recent population decline and compensate for looming decreases in the country's working-age inhabitants. More specifically, they examine the demand for immigration to Russia and assess the likelihood of three possible scenarios (high, medium, and low) to meet that demand by 2026. Particular attention is paid to the likely interplay of immigration and domestic migration in terms of its effects on the future distribution of migrants among Russia's federal districts. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F220, J110, J210, J610. 6 figures, 4 tables, 33 references.

Demands of Immigration, Health Literacy, and Depression in Recent Latino Immigrants

Latino immigrants have unique stressors that can influence mental health. The challenges of adapting to a new society include language barriers, separation from family, and feelings of loss, which can lead to depression. Low health literacy may make it difficult to obtain health care services, and depression may then go untreated. This secondary data analysis examined the relationships of immigration demands, health literacy, and depression in a sample of recent Latino immigrants. Depressive symptoms were a significant problem; 26% of the participants reported symptoms that were suggestive of depression. Furthermore, low health literacy and greater immigration demands predicted higher depression scores. The study suggests that recent Latino immigrants would benefit from health literacy training, education on depressive symptoms, and better access to mental health services. Latinos who do access health care services need to be screened for depression; furthermore, home health care nurses can promote access to support and health care services.

Immigration and Tourism Demand in Australia: A Panel Data Analysis

ABSTRACT Compared to other OECD countries Australia depends heavily on immigration as a source of population growth. This can have implications for its tourism industry. This paper investigates whether immigration leads to an increase in inbound tourism to Australia. Tourism arrivals were regressed against, GDP per capita, real exchange rate, population of the origin country, and the number of Australian resident born overseas, which was used as a proxy for immigration. A panel of dataset from 1992 to 2006 for nine of the main markets of Australia, namely New Zealand, UK, USA, Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and South Korea was used. A log linear model was specified and estimated. The results strongly support the hypothesis that immigration is a major determinant of total inbound arrivals to Australia.

Setting a Research Agenda on the Interaction Between Cultural Demands of Immigrants and Minority Nations

Setting a Research Agenda on the Interaction Between Cultural Demands of Immigrants and Minority Nations

Gender Differences in Psychological Distress Among Latin American Immigrants to the Canary Islands

We compared gender differences in rates and correlates of psychological distress among Latin American immigrants to the Canary Islands, Spain. Immigrant men (n = 150) and women (n = 150) completed questionnaires about demographic and migration characteristics, immigration demands, and psychological distress. Women reported more distress and immigration demands related to loss and occupation than men. For women, not being employed full time and immigration demands related to loss, novelty, occupation, and language were significantly related to distress. For men, living with children/grandchildren and immigration demands related to novelty and not feeling at home were significantly related to distress. Study findings suggest that women are at higher risk for psychological distress and that sources of psychological distress are gender specific.

Demands of immigration among nurses from Canada and the Philippines

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the demands of immigration on nurses from Canada and those from the Philippines, who immigrate to the USA and work in Hawaii. The findings can assist policy-makers in formulating plans to alleviate the shortage of nurses through effective immigration recruitment practices. Nurse educators can gain support for the recruitment of students from a diverse array of cultures. Managers and nursing leaders can use this information in designing recruitment, orientation, support and retention programmes for nurses that are specific to their cultural needs. The two groups of nurses were sampled from acute care staff nurse populations in Hawaii. Aroian's instrument, the Demands of Immigration scale, was used to measure and compare the distress levels of the nurses. The findings include a higher level of distress experienced by nurses from Canada compared with nurses from the Philippines. This might be attributed to a preponderance of social and collegial support available to the Philippine nurses in Hawaii where one-fourth of the population is derived from their country of origin.

Demands of Immigration Among Indian Nurses Who Immigrated to the United States

To describe the demands of immigration of Indian nurses who immigrated to the United States, and to compare the demands of immigration of Indian nurses who immigrated less than 3 years ago to those who immigrated 3 or more years ago. A comparative descriptive design was used to examine the Demands of Immigration (DI) total and subscale scores of Indian nurses (n = 105) who immigrated to the United States between 1985 and 2005, who were categorized into two groups: those who immigrated less than 3 years ago (n = 44) and those who immigrated 3 or more years ago (n = 61). The DI total score and subscale scores (loss, novelty, occupation, discrimination, language and not feeling at home) are reported. Study findings are related to previous research on immigration of women and nurses. Recommendations for future research are included. There was a significant difference between groups in total DI scores and language and novelty subscale scores. Additional research in these areas could help to assess the demands of immigration of Indian nurses and immigrant nurses from other countries.

Setting a Research Agenda on the Interaction Between Cultural Demands of Immigrants and Minority Nations

During the last two decades of the 20th century, the normative debate on multiculturalism has been one-dimensional. It has deployed arguments related to cultural demands either linked to feminism and sub-cultural identities, immigration, or national minorities. Little attention has been given to the relations between these dimensions, and how they affect each other in putting forward demands to the nation-state. The purpose of this article is to set a research agenda on the interaction between cultural demands of immigrants and minority nations by reviewing three basic reflections of J. Carens, W. Kymlicka and R. Bauböck.

Too many migrants, too few services: a model of decision-making on immigration and integration with cultural distance

We model the political demand for immigrants as a trade-off that native voters face between having services, assumed to be produced only by unskilled and nonassimilated immigrants, and experiencing disutility due to the immigrant workers having a culture different from the native culture. Immigrants decide whether to integrate into the native culture. We show that if services are priced according to per unit costs, the market demand for immigrants will exceed the political demand. Market forces then lead to higher services prices, implying that the initially allowed number of immigrants is ‘politically’ too large.

Demand for psychiatric emergency services and immigration. Findings in a Spanish hospital during the year 2003

The aim of this study is to investigate differences among immigrants and natives regarding access and pathways to psychiatric care, psychiatric admission rates, length of stay, continuity of care, and main diagnoses. Psychiatric emergency visits (1511) and hospitalizations (410) were registered in a Spanish Hospital with a catchment area of 280 000 people (19.3% immigrants) during the year 2003. Motives for demanding emergency psychiatric care, pathways to care, admission rates, length of stay, continuity of care, and main diagnoses were compared among natives and immigrants. Immigrants accounted for 13.0% of consultations to the psychiatric emergency room (15.9% of patients) and 11.0% of admissions to the psychiatric hospitalization unit (13.5% of patients). The pathways to care were different for immigrants and natives. Immigrants had a lower rate of readmission to the psychiatric emergency room. Motives for consultation and hospitalization were also different among immigrants and natives. Immigrants showed more self-aggressive behaviours and neuroses, and lower rates of affective disorders and psychoses. Immigrants under-used psychiatric emergency and hospitalization services in comparison with natives. They did not consult because of psychoses or affective disorders, but mainly because of reactive conditions related to the stress of migration.

The Emerging Dominance of Immigrants in the US Housing Market 1970–2000

The article summarizes growth trends in occupied housing in the USA and in five individual states with the largest immigrant populations—California, New York, Florida, Texas and Illinois. The analysis covers the decades between 1970 and 2000 and documents the explosive growth of immigrant housing demand. Foreign-born households constitute increasingly large shares of total households in the USA (11 percent in 2000), especially in renter-occupied housing (17 percent in 2000). In particular, immigrants constitute much of the growth in demand and are emerging as a dominant force in the US housing market. In the 1990s, they accounted for 32 percent of all household growth and 67 percent of all rental growth nationwide. In California and New York, immigrants accounted for 100 percent of all rental growth and over half of all growth in owner-occupied housing. The article also addresses the surprisingly steep upward trajectories into homeownership as immigrants settle longer in the USA. This upward mobility occurs equally in all the gateway states for immigrant settlement.

Too Many Migrants, Too Few Services: A Model of Decision-Making on Immigration and Integration with Cultural Distance

In this paper we model the demand for immigrants as a trade-off native voters face between having services, produced by unskilled and non-assimilated immigrants, and experiencing disutility due to the immigrant workers having a culture different from the native culture. Immigrants decide whether to integrate into the native culture. If they don't, they produce services. Assimilated immigrants take on skilled jobs. At the political level natives choose the number of immigrants that can be allowed, given some fixed price for services. We show that, at the assumed price, it is never optimal for natives to have equilibrium or unemployment in the service sector. Market forces then lead to higher service prices, implying that the initially allowed number of immigrants is too large.

Comments

Joseph Tracy: This paper adds to our understanding of the economic impact of immigrants on native residents in U.S. metropolitan areas. There is a growing empirical literature in labor economics that has examined the immigrant impact on wages of native workers. However, to understand the full economic effect of immigration on domestic households it is important to examine the impact in the housing market. And measuring immigrant impacts on wages and rents should provide a more complete test of the prevailing theoretical arguments in the literature. As discussed in Borjas, Freeman, and Katz, the wage impacts of immigrants on domestic workers tend to be small when measured at the locality and only begin to emerge as significant as the researcher expands the geographic scope of the analysis. An explanation for this finding is that immigrants into a city tend to displace native workers of similar skills.31 That is, an influx of immigrants into a city does not necessarily lead to an equivalent outward shift in the local labor supply since native workers affected may choose to migrate to another locality. The displacement hypothesis would also imply little impact on rents by an influx of immigrants into a city. For the same reason that an influx of immigrants into a city need not lead to an outward shift in the local labor supply, it may not lead to an outward shift in local housing demand. A finding of no significant immigrant impact on rents, when combined with the lack of any significant local wage impacts documented in the labor literature, would provide additional support to the displacement [End Page 188] hypothesis. However, a finding of a significant positive immigrant impact on rents would present a challenge to the displacement hypothesis. In a recent paper, Saiz finds that on average a 1 percent inflow of immigrants into a city is associated with a 1 percent increase in rents.32 Greulich, Quigley, and Raphael (hereafter GQR), in contrast, find no significant impact of the share of immigrants in a city on the median rent-to-income ratio (table 5). Both studies look at census data and arrive at different answers.33 How do we reconcile the two sets of empirical findings? Although it is beyond the scope of this comment to answer this question, I would like to raise a few issues that may point to a reconciliation of the results. Note first that the immigrant control measures differ between Saiz and GQR. Saiz uses the change in the number of immigrants living in a city over a period of time relative to the city population at the outset of that time interval (Iit - Iit-1)/Pit, where Iit is the number of immigrants in city i in year t, and Pitis the population of city i in year t. In contrast, GQR use the immigrant population share in the city or the change in the immigrant population share: Iit/Pit or (Iit/Pit) - (Iit-1/Pit-1). Which immigrant control variable is more appropriate? The answer may depend on the underlying theoretical model that the researcher is trying to test. Saiz is interested in testing whether a presumed outward shift in the demand for housing resulting from an inflow of immigrants affects rents paid by domestic households. He explicitly has a demand and supply of housing framework in mind and presents a formal model along these lines. Seeing the net change in the stock of immigrants into a city as a fraction of the city population would seem to be an appropriate control variable to measure shifts in the immigrant demand for housing. GQR do not discuss any theoretical framework in their paper. I believe, though, they also have in mind a model of the demand and supply of housing. I would argue, however, that the GQR immigrant control variable—the immigrant share—may be more appropriate for a quality-of-life (QOL) model.34 Suppose...

Human security aspects of international migration: The case of South Korea

While the discourse in defining security has mainly remained at the conceptual and abstract levels, there has been a growing need to consider newly identified security tasks in order to bring about effective policy and institutional responses. One important agenda, which requires such policy and institutional adjustments, deals with how to effectively manage the growing movement of peoples both at the intra‐and international levels and with how to ensure the individual rights of various types of migrants. This paper intends to examine the issue of international migration from a human security perspective, with particular reference to the migration policies and practices of South Korea. After an extensive analysis of the data gathered, this paper claims that despite some improvements, the efforts of the Korean government are still proven unsatisfactory because it has often addressed the issues of emigrants and immigrants from the perspectives of domestic governance and foreign relations. For South Korea to protect and promote the rights and demands of emigrants and immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers, and victims of human trafficking, humanitarian concerns should always be considered a national priority no matter what political, security, economic agendas exist

Interkulturelles Lernen in der Praxis: Eine Fallstudie an Schulen in Wien und Niederösterreich

Intercultural Education in Austrian schools, is one of the ways in which Austria has reacted to the demands of immigration. Although already introduced in the early 1990s, practical guidelines for its implementation remain scarce - in schoolbooks, in daily teaching practice and in teacher training. A team of cultural anthropologists at Vienna University, Austria, has been examining Intercultural Education at schools in Austria, from a praxis-oriented standpoint. This article focuses on the results of language policies at schools that have a broad variety of cultures represented in their classrooms. It concludes that multilingual competences are barely acknowledged and that there is a significant need for a discursive form of teaching, in order to give pupils the opportunity to negotiate their (cultural) identities.

Homeownership in the immigrant population

This paper analyzes the determinants of homeownership in immigrant households over the 1980–2000 period. The study finds that immigrants have lower homeownership rates than natives and that the homeownership gap widened significantly during that period. The differential location decisions of immigrant and native households, as well as the changing national origin mix of the immigrant population, helps explain much of the homeownership gap. The evidence also indicates that the growth of ethnic enclaves in major American cities could become an important factor in increasing immigrant demand for owner-occupied housing in many metropolitan areas.

Psychometric evaluation of the Demands of Immigration Scale with Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants: a pilot study.

Each year thousands of people move across national borders and become immigrants of another country. They face several demands and sources of distress during resettlement. The Demands of Immigration (DI) Scale developed by Aroian et al. (1998), is the only instrument available to nurses (and other clinicians and researchers) to measure immigration-specific distress. This scale, however, is written in English and has only been tested with former Soviet immigrants in the Boston area of United States of America (USA) for psychometrics. This instrumentation pilot study is designed to evaluate the readability and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the DI Scale. This selected scale is a 23-item, 6-point Liket type scale. Six dimensions are included: loss, novelty, occupation adjustment, language accommodation, discriminations, and not feeling at home. High scores indicate high levels of distress related to the demands of immigration. The study uses a descriptive, cross-sectional design with a multimethod approach. Seventy-three Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants (> or = 18 years) in the USA responded to the scale and a demographic questionnaire. Eighteen of them contributed to the interview data that were collected for assessing content validity of the scale. Observations during the interviews and participants' questions were also documented for the evaluation. Scale format, wording of items, distribution of responses, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, and construct validity are examined. Analyses suggest that the Chinese version is easy to read and understand. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability are satisfactory. This scale could be used with Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants as a generic measure of immigration-related distress. Nonetheless, three main problems with its use with Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants and Chinese immigrants at large are revealed in the study. Each problem is discussed. Suggestions for further development of the Chinese DI Scale are addressed.

Acculturation, resilience, and depression in midlife women from the former Soviet Union.

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that demographic factors and acculturative stress contribute to depression in recent immigrants from many countries. Few studies examine potentially protective personality factors, such as resilience, for dealing with the challenges related to the early postmigration transition period. The purpose of this analysis is to examine relationships among demographic characteristics, acculturation, psychological resilience, and symptoms of depression in midlife women from the former Soviet Union who recently immigrated to the United States. Data for this analysis are from a larger cross-sectional study that explored the impact of immigration during midlife on women's health. The volunteer sample included 200 women from the former Soviet Union, 45-65 years old, who had lived in the U.S. fewer than 6 years. This analysis involves measures of acculturation, demands of immigration, resilience, and depressed mood. Findings include very high scores on the depression scale compared to U.S. norms. Older women, and those reporting greater demands of immigration, had higher scores on the depression scale. However, lower depression scores were found for women reporting greater English usage and resilience. The results corroborate previous studies that suggest high levels of depression in immigrant women, but additional validation is suggested to differentiate symptoms of depressed mood from clinical depression in this culture. Findings also suggest that interventions that encourage use of English language and enhance resilience may help decrease symptoms of depression in midlife women who are recent immigrants from the former Soviet Union.

Is there a Leviathan at the Border?

This article provides a theoretical analysis of host country immigrant demand using the Leviathan model of government. The analysis considers both unskilled and skilled immigrants. A seemingly unrelated regression model tests the implications of the resulting demand functions. The approach in this model incorporates labor market indicators unlike the limited previous work in this area. Possible non-pecuniary benefits of immigration and numerical limitations on immigrant admissions are also included as factors in the model. Results of the specification suggest that labor market conditions and non-pecuniary benefits do impact the demand for immigrants. Furthermore, the results show that a total limit on immigration will increase the skill level of the host country.