Demands For Reform Research Articles

Pembinaan Aspek Internal dan Eksternal untuk Mendorong Reformasi dan Perbaikan Kualitas Pelayanan Publik

Along with the development of the dynamics of the society, globalization of the world and the demands of national bureaucratic reform, the public demands Civil Servants to carry out public services that are accountable, responsive, service-oriented professional, transparent, easy, cheap, fast and not convoluted. To build public trust to Civil Servants focused on internal and external structuring of Civil Serants in order to improve the quality of public services. The research method used in this research is the method of library (library research). The purpose of good governance is the realization of partnership of civil servants and community (sommunity) to achieve trust and welfare of the community. To enable the establishment of a good governance partnership as outlined above, the objective is to build a credible civil servant by the community and build a community ready to partner with civil servants. Keywords: bureaucratic reform, civil servant, good governance, service quality, trust

Malaysia's 14th General Election (GE14) -The Contest for the Malay Electorate

The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and its allies in the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, known as the Alliance until 1974, dominated Malaysian elections for more than six decades. UMNO's winning formula was based on massive support for the politically dominant Malay community, and mobilising government institutions in support of the party. This was undermined towards the end of the 1990s by UMNO disunity, a strengthened civil society, and arrival of a digital media. Demands for comprehensive political and economic reforms ( reformasi) emerged following the controversial sacking of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in 1998. UMNO had its worst result ever in the 1999 election, a trend that continued in 2008 and 2013 when BN lost its popular and two-thirds majority. Najib's attempt to reverse this by strengthening the call for Malay dominance and tightening coercion failed. His deep implication in multiple corruption cases, tactical campaign errors, and a united opposition, Pakatan Harapan, led to the BN's stunning defeat.

How price-elastic is the demand for retirement saving?

We exploit an administrative data set of a big insurance company to assess the effects on annuity demand of a French regulatory reform which impacted actuarial return to deferred life annuity products. Unlike in previous studies, annuity demand is measured by contributions to savings products that result in capital being converted into annuities at retirement. Our identification methodology is based on the fact that while female savers’ annuity rate (conversion rate of capital into annuities) fell by 10%, male savers who did not expect to take the survivor option at retirement were not affected by the reform. Assuming that single men fall into this category, and using this population as a control group, we find a decrease in demand by women of − 16%, which corresponds to a price elasticity of subscriptions of − 1.5. The reform did not significantly alter contributions to saving accounts. We also document a very large anticipation effect created by the opportunity offered to early subscribers to benefit from older pricing.

State, institutions and reform in Turkey after July 15

AbstractThe failed coup of July 15 has shocked the current state apparatus in Turkey. This shock has culminated in the public demand for administrative reform, which would make previous public designs and policy failures a matter of the past. The state crisis has transpired in the middle of a political transition process whereby the ruling party envisioned systemic change in the political system from the parliamentary to a presidential system. The constitutional amendments also imply changes in the administrative order, with further political hold on bureaucratic cadres. The coup attempt and the massive purges in its aftermath brought the state to its breaking point. In light of such deficits and challenges, this paper discusses the ways, means, and prospects for capacity development and institution-building to overcome the state crisis in Turkey. The reform and restructuring process entails cooperation and a level of understanding between the government, opposition, and bureaucracy. Polarization and disenfranchisement are recipes for further fragmentation in Turkish politics. A cooperative model based on a working relationship between the government, opposition, and bureaucracy would facilitate a return to normalcy.

Examining individual- and school-level predictors of principal adaptation to teacher evaluation reform in the United States: A two-year perspective

New teacher evaluation reform efforts in the United States hold principals accountable for improving teaching and learning. Yet little is known about how effective principals are at these instructional leadership tasks or how principals experience and adapt to the demands of teacher evaluation reform over time. In the current study, principals ( n = 78) in a Race to the Top state—Illinois—completed an online survey after the first and second year of implementation of a new teacher evaluation system. Principals felt significantly more confident in how to conduct formal classroom observations, placed more value on student achievement data, and placed less value on additional artifacts over time. Individual- and school-level factors were related to some aspects of principals’ adaptations over time. Implications are discussed.

مجلس الأمن الدولي بين الاستئثار بالقرار ومطالب الإصلاح

مجلس الأمن الدولي بين الاستئثار بالقرار ومطالب الإصلاح

Moving toward a principle-based approach to U.S. accounting standard setting: A demand for procedural justice and accounting reform

In the wake of numerous accounting scandals in the early 2000s, the U.S. began considering a move away from a more rule-based approach to accounting standard setting and toward a more principle-based approach to accounting standard setting. Although it is often assumed that this move toward a more principle-based approach is driven by stakeholder preferences, we examine whether this move is driven by demands for procedural justice. Specifically, we analyze one hundred and two comment letters submitted in response to the Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) proposal for principle-based standards. We find respondents from different stakeholder groups (preparers, accounting professionals, regulators, users, and academia) do not express a unified preference for rule-based or principle-based standards. We do, however, find that respondents identify benefits and costs of principle-based standards that map into the six elements of fair procedures (representativeness, accuracy, bias suppression, consistency ethicality, correctability). These elements are significantly associated with both the respondent's degree of support for the FASB proposal and the perceived quality of principle-based standards.

The Fate of the Arab Spring: Ten Propositions

This article attempts to set the discussion of the Arab Spring in the context of one of the great challenges of our times: how social and international order can develop in the wake of empires. It outlines some of the main events of the Arab Spring – the series of political and social movements that played significant roles in many of the countries of the Middle East and North Africa from December 1990 onwards. It focuses on the central role of civil resistance (i.e. of non-violent action) in the Arab Spring, and mentions some of the main controversies regarding its use. It notes the variations in aims: in some countries demonstrators called for the fall of the regime, while elsewhere the main demand was for reforms. It warns against certain deceptively simple lessons about the Arab Spring generally that are in danger of gaining traction in and beyond the region. It shows, in simple tabular form, how different the countries involved in the Arab Spring are. The outcomes were very varied. They included effective constitutional change in Tunisia, revival of a long-established system of rule in Egypt, internationalized civil wars in Yemen and Syria, and continuation of demands for reform in monarchical states including Morocco, Jordan and Bahrain. Ten propositions about the role of civil resistance in the Arab Spring are advanced. The central arguments are that civil resistance, if it displaces a regime without providing for an effective succession, can involuntarily contribute to social disorder; that the decentralized and ad hoc quality of the leadership of some of the movements in the Arab Spring may have hindered their performance; and, above all, that outcomes depended heavily on the composition and circumstances of each individual country.

Skeptical challenges to international law

AbstractInternational and domestic law offer a study in contrasts: States' legal obligations often depend on their consent to specific international legal norms, whereas domestic law applies to individuals with or without their consent; enforcement in international law is weak and, for many international treaties, non‐existent, whereas states spend considerable resources to create centralized coercive enforcement mechanisms; and international law is characterized by much less institutional differentiation and specialization of functions than domestic legal systems are. These differences have invited a number of skeptical challenges to international law, 3 of which we explore in this essay. The first points to 1 or more of the deviations of international law's institutional structure from that of a modern state's legal system as a basis for denying that international law is really “law.” Central to the debates over international law's status as law are concerns about whether and why the concepts of law inherited from domestic legal systems should serve as the blueprint for theorizing law in general and international law in particular. The second skeptical challenge targets international law's legitimacy. It claims that we lack reasons to treat international legal norms or the exercise of political power by international institutions, as anything other than an attempt by states to advance their national interests. If this challenge succeeds, states and other subjects of international law have merely prudential reasons to comply with it rather than a moral duty to obey it. Following a brief description of recent debates over how we ought to understand the concept of legitimacy when used to assess international political practices or global governance, we survey several possible bases for a moral duty to obey or respect international law. These include state consent, instrumental accounts of legitimate authority, and global democracy. The third set of challenges focuses on the relationship between state sovereignty and international law. International rules and institutions often make demands for reform affecting the domestic law of a state in order to elicit compliance with international law. Skeptics argue that the rule of international law is incompatible with states' political self‐determination. Regardless of whether their defense of this claim ultimately succeeds, thoughtful engagement with it may well require us to rethink some of the fundamental concepts and normative ideals in political philosophy, including state sovereignty, democracy, individual rights, political authority, and political obligation.

Transperformative education: Toward a new educational paradigm based on transdisciplinarity and artistic performativity

The study we are presenting in this article is based on an analysis of the critical observations of the state of the art of the prevailing educational systems today through evaluations by institutions like the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development and the logical demand for reform that they call for. As a consequence, we posit an approach to the construction of an educational paradigm based on performative education that draws from performance art, transdisciplinary methodology, and a survey of the specialized literature that frames the epistemological and methodological field of education in complex, ever-changing settings. The methodology used is a heuristic comparison in a pedagogical sense that, based on our analysis of state of the art publications from the educational system, outlines the transfer of the characteristics of performance art and transdisciplinary methodology to the model we call Transperformative Education. As a result of this model, we came up with a proposal for a deep-seated paradigmatic shift that entails everything from the modification of institutional educational policies to the ways of teaching and learning, including, of course, a major challenge: a shift in the direction of educational research.

The Long Twentieth Century in Iran: Dynamics of Change, Continuity and Mobilizing Master Frames

This article explores master frames of social movement mobilization over the course of the long twentieth century in Iran. It illustrates that while participants were diverse, democratization remained the dominant master frame of the grand social movements of the twentieth century. In this article, I present historical analyses of four social movements in Iran which demonstrate that although Iran’s integration into the capitalist world system fostered profound economic and social transformation, its political system remained comparatively unaffected. This explains why demands for political reforms served as key mobilizing frames for social movements. This continuity reveals a profound crisis of the Iranian political system, because although nationwide social movements have experienced success the state–society relationship remains fraught with contention.

Rural industrial restructuring in China’s metropolitan suburbs: Evidence from the land use transition of rural enterprises in suburban Beijing

China’s rural areas has witnessed a rapid and far-reaching transition in the past decades, following which thousands of “hollowed villages” in China’s traditional agricultural areas has mushroomed. While in the metropolitan suburbs, such a transition has led to the functional evolution and industrial restructuring of the rural settlements. Industrial upgrading and land intensive use in the urban areas, coupled with the tightening construction land quotas, has affected the land use morphology of the suburban rural settlements directly and/or indirectly. This paper explores the rural industrial restructuring by evaluating the land use transition of the rural enterprises in suburban Beijing. Based on the spatial land use data and field work, a clear spatial differentiation of the land use morphology has been found in the study area, which involves not only the dominant morphology like land use structure, but also the recessive morphology like the land ownership and intensification of the production factors. Then, a rural enterprise index which combines three main changes on the land use morphology was developed to demonstrate the spatial combination characteristics of the rural enterprises. The results indicate that with an increasingly open market of collective construction land, Beijing’s suburban rural areas have been well integrated with the urban industries and functions spilling over from the central city. This is considered as a process of rural industrial restructuring from endogenous industrialization towards exogenous industrialization. Land use transition of the rural enterprises has released a strong policy demand for the system reform of the rural construction land. The deepening rural land system reform will contribute to the sustainable development of China’s rural industrialization and urbanization.

Democratic Ruptures and Electoral Outcomes in Africa: Ghana's 2016 Election

Repetitive elections are important benchmarks for assessing the maturity of Africa's electoral democracies. Yet the processes through which elections entrench a democratic culture remain understudied. We introduce an important mechanism called a democratic rupture: an infraction in the democratisation process during competitive elections that has the potential to cause a constitutional crisis. It provides a new avenue of citizen participation outside of voting, and political space for opposition party realignment and to strengthen its support. Drawing from the case of Ghana, we show how the 2012 presidential election petition challenge served as a democratic rupture by contributing to the opposition's victory in 2016, enabling its political development. First, it exposed flaws in the electoral system and led to demands for electoral reforms. Second, it led to citizens being better educated on the electoral process. Third, it taught political parties that vigilance at the polling stations can help win elections. The article provides a critical analysis of the factors that shape democratic development, especially in cases where opposition parties defeat incumbent politicians.

School principals’ sense-making of their leadership role during reform implementation

In the face of the dynamic tension between internal goals and external reform demands, school principals’ role has become increasingly more complex and their sense-making more crucial. Yet, research has paid little attention to the significant role principals perform as sense makers in local reform implementation processes. This study explores high school principals’ perceptions and enactment of and for their role in the implementation of a national education reform. Through a sense-making lens, this qualitative study explores principals’ considerations while they perceive and enact their role within a national reform. This study investigates data from interviews with 60 Israeli high school principals implementing the national reform in state (Jewish and Arab sectors) and religious-state schools from all school districts. Data analysis has yielded three major themes: (a) caring for teachers’ needs; (b) preserving leadership discretion; and (c) adjusting to school reality. Results demonstrate the principal’s role as an active sense-maker in times of education reforms. Exploring principals’ perceptions within the framework of sense-making may contribute to the scholarship and to the practice of the complex leadership role in times of national reforms.

Status Quo Conservatism, Placation, or Partisan Division? Analysing Citizen Attitudes Towards Financial Reform in the United States

ABSTRACTWithin the literature on financial governance a key question is why the 2008 financial crisis did not elicit a stronger regulatory reaction than it did – the ‘post-crisis stasis’ puzzle. We explore a neglected dimension of this puzzle: public attitudes toward financial regulation. Using a variety of survey data of the US public we find that there was persistent support for stronger financial regulation following the crisis, even support for radical reform in some instances, and support continued even after regulatory reform had been enacted. Despite such general sentiment, however, at nearly every stage public attitudes were highly conditional on partisan affiliation – a hugely consequential detail that meant that demand for reform was not channelled into more stringent policy but rather into a highly partisan, status quo protecting political machinery. Our analysis challenges notions of US public attitudes as either conservative in orientation or placated through modest reform, but also highlights the importance of domestic political constraints in shaping financial reform options despite majoritarian support for more robust reform.

On the Reform in Talent Cultivation Mode of Higher Agricultural Education Under the Background of Comprehensively Building a Well-off Society

Comprehensive building of a well-off society raises higher requirements for talents. This paper starts from the new changes in the demands of agricultural and rural reform for agricultural talents, brings forward the basic features of the reform in talent cultivation mode of higher agricultural education under the background of comprehensively building a well-off society, and elaborates the main approach of agricultural talent cultivation so as to meet the demand of agricultural structure adjustment and talent market for professional talents, to carry out the five development concepts of “innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing”, and to improve the services provided for agriculture, rural areas and farmers.

Capital Strikes as a Corporate Political Strategy: The Structural Power of Business in the Obama Era

The importance of overt levers of business political influence, notably campaign donations and lobbying, has been overemphasized. Using executive branch policymaking during the Obama administration as a case study, this article shows that those paths of influence are often not the most important. It places special emphasis on the structural power that large banks and corporations wield by virtue of their control over the flow of capital and the consequent effects on employment levels, credit availability, prices, and tax collection. At times, business disinvestment, combined with demands for government policy reforms, constitutes a conscious “capital strike,” which has the potential to shape political appointments, legislation, and policy implementation. At other times, the threat of disinvestment, the hint of a drop in “business confidence,” or rhetoric about job creation is sufficient to achieve those objectives. The present analysis has important implications for our understanding of political power and social change in capitalist economies.

Research on the Strategy of E-commerce Teaching Reform Based on Brain Cognition

The rapid development of brain science and cognitive science and the demand of education and teaching reform urge the development of brain-based education movement. With e-commerce teaching reform strategy as the research target, and literature analysis method, case teaching method and questionnaire as research methods, this paper constructs the teaching design pattern based on brain cognition of the course of Introduction to ECommerce on the basis of the detailed analysis of teaching principle based on brain, teaching theory related to brain and theories related to teaching design, taking the course of Introduction to E-Commerce in colleges and universities as an example. The investigation and analysis of the course implementation and teaching effect verify that the teaching design pattern of e-commerce course based on brain cognition can promote students’ interest in learning and knowledge mastery, providing a new teaching mode to be referred for e-commerce teaching reform.

Dönemin Fransız Gazetelerinde 1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı

The world was threshold of utterly different turning when bear down on into the 20th century, with fresh technologic creation and political ideas. Ottoman Empire’s traditional structure was a good bit far who the new world which currently be in the making and mentality. This circumstance it was compel that in his structure to make the changes, specially since beginning of 19th century. This changes which was envisage with Tanzimat and Islahat decrees was resemble that be not make as easy as was presumed and maked precisely in this way. On one side, the reform demands of the modern world are being attempted to fulfill, and it is tried to preserve the state's own historical structure on the other side, whether with his self decidion or with external guidance and intervention. So empire knew that not make a step without external support and aid, in which the epoch begun to closed of empires era. It taked late help from West which emergent as a world power, in the course of Crimea War (1853-56). This war maked initial period, at the same, which state went into debt. Receiving loans beyond all bear in term of Sultan Abdulhamid II, so collection of this loans, merely, that payment programmed after established the Duyun-i Umumiye Idaresi (Management of General Loans). Thus Sultan complete to strive what both against this loans and grievances which in the Balkans, Arabic provinces and in other Muslim states, as a Caliph. Greece of the Balkan states independent since 1829 Edirne Treaty. This state begun to intervention for the affairs of Crete which under Ottoman management within the basis that his self-history and the agitation of Western states, late in 19th century. To agree what this condition was impossible for Ottoman Empire. At this juncture, a thus mentioned situation what of West powers in neutral or hesitation brought about Turc-Greek War. The war was closed follow-up by Europe pressed and it had a broad repercussion especially in newspapers, with Christian reflex. French newspapers was such too. On one side, as publishing what war information’s from different sources, and was publishing that specialist’s views every so often

Recent Police Killings in the United States: A Three-City Comparison

Recent police killings of citizens in the United States have attracted massive coverage in the media, large-scale public protests, and demands for reform of police departments throughout the country. This study is based on a content analysis of newspaper coverage of recent high-profile incidents that resulted in a citizen’s death in Ferguson, North Charleston, and Baltimore. We identify both incident-specific content as well as more general patterns that transcend the three cases. News media coverage of similar incidents in past decades tended to be episodic and favored the police perspective. Our findings point to some important departures from this paradigm. Reporting in our three cases was more likely to draw connections between discrete incidents, to attach blame to the police, and to raise questions about the systemic causes of police misconduct. These findings may be corroborated in future studies of news media representations of high-profile policing incidents elsewhere.