Demand Side Management Actions Research Articles

전력 수요관리 프로그램의 지원금 변화에 따른 참여도 연구

한국은 1970년대 이후 지속적인 경제성장으로 인해 전력수요가 꾸준히 증가해 왔다. 이러한 전력수요를 충족시키기 위해 설비의 확장을 통한 공급측 관리(Supply-Side Management)와 함께 전력사용의 효율성을 향상시킴으로 써 안정적인 전력을 공급하는 수요측 관리(Demand-Side Management)를 수행하고 있으며, 전세계적인 에너지 사용량 증가로 인해 연료비용이 점차 커지면서 수요측 관리의 중요성이 점차 커지고 있다. 수요측 관리는 지원금을 이용하여 전력수요를 조절하고 있으며, 수요관리의 중요성이 커짐에 따라 지원금 규모는 점점 커지고 있다. 하지만 현재 지원금 산정에 대한 구체적인 연구가 진행되고 있지 않은 실정이므로 이에 대한 연구를 통해 더욱 효율적인 지원금 산정을 통한 수요관리 효과를 극대화 할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 2007년도에 지원금변화에 대한 잠재참여자의 선호도를 조사한 “지원금에 대한 수용가 반응도 조사”를 이용하여 지원금 변화에 따른 수요관리 프로그램의 잠재참여자의 참여도를 수식화 함으로써 지원금 변화에 대한 수요관리 프로그램의 영향도를 분석할 수 있게 하는데 목적을 두고 있다.

Measurement and verification of a motor sequencing controller on a conveyor belt

One important question that is almost always asked when any demand-side management activity is implemented is: “How much is it saving?” That is an easy question to ask and it can almost always be expected. However, it is not necessarily easy to answer. One reason is because one cannot measure savings. Savings can at best be determined. The facility in this study installed a motor sequencing controller on a conveyor belt to decrease the energy costs. The plant personnel wanted to quantify the reduction in energy consumption and cost savings due to the installation of the controller. Therefore, an independent auditor was needed to measure and verify the actual savings. To determine the energy and cost savings of the controller, a baseline was needed. The baseline was developed from actual data using regression analysis. It was verified that the installation of the controller saved the facility R865 per month. With a cost of R6 000 for the controller, the straight payback is 0.58 years, the net present value is R29 615 and the internal rate of return is 172%.

Actions to promote energy-efficient electric motor repair

Electric motors are repaired 2-3 times over their lifetime. Poor repair practices, particularly widespread in developing countries, can lead to a significant increase in motor losses. It is estimated that worldwide poor repair leads to annual electricity losses of approximately 40 TWh, representing 20 Mtons of CO2 emissions. The main objective of this paper is to provide a technical basis for designing demand side management actions, which address the motor repair market. This paper brings into focus motor repair process trends, energy-efficient motors, typical repair process, actions to promote energy-efficient motor repair, energy-efficient motor rebate schemes to replace old, badly damaged motors and the factors influencing payback. This paper will be useful to energy policy makers, and Demand Side Management (DSM) staff in energy agencies and electric utilities.

Demand Side Management in a competitive European market: Who should be responsible for its implementation?

Demand side management (DSM), more specifically energy efficiency, is standing in the spotlight due to the Kyoto commitments. An additional factor, the liberalization of the electricity markets, causes every country to review its own DSM activities. Especially in Europe, where the directive for opening the electricity market has a direct impact on the current DSM frameworks, governments will have to consider a change in this framework. In order to achieve this, much research has been done in the past years on how to change the DSM framework in a way that the requirements of both liberalization and the Kyoto Protocol will be met. In this paper, we review the current DSM activities and ongoing research from the starting point ‘who should be responsible for implementing DSM’. We conclude that countries have to make explicit choices on how to arrange their DSM activities for the different customers groups. They have to be aware of the fact that some combinations of DSM activities will lead to counter-productive results and therefore inefficiency. This paper also investigates which of these DSM activities fits best in the open market; a critical review of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) is used as a starting point. We agree with various proponents of IRP that planning towards minimal societal costs is theoretically appropriate, looking from a societal point of view. We also indicate in this paper that the planning process IRP is partly applicable in the open market. But looking at the practical application of IRP in the past, we must conclude that there are better alternatives for achieving energy efficient goals in a liberalized market.

Integrated resource planning with consideration of dynamic costs of thermal units

This paper presents a methodology based on an equivalent load duration curve (ELDC) and frequency and duration approaches to assess the economic benefits of demand-side management (DSM) load impact in terms of avoided energy production costs and avoided start-up and shut-down (cycling) costs of thermal units. The proposed method is applied to IEEE reliable test system (RTS) data to assess the benefits of DSM load impacts. The sensitivity of avoided energy cost and avoided cycling cost is calculated with a varying generating capacity reserve margin in the system. From a utility point of view, the loss of revenue due to DSM measures is also worked out with certain assumptions and sensitivity of the revenue loss due to DSM actions is again tested with a different generating capacity reserve margin in the system. The study finds that the avoided cycling cost is a major benefit of DSM measures. The study also finds that the real revenue loss is far less than the apparent revenue loss seen by the utility as the benefit of reduction in start-up and shut-down costs is not realised in the loss of revenue calculations.

How much DSM is really there?: A market perspective

Numerous studies over the years have estimated the extent of utility demand-side management (DSM) activities. These estimates have been based on assumptions consistent with a traditional, regulated utility environment. However, with increasing electric utility competition, deregulation, and the disintegration of vertically integrated utilities, it is appropriate to ask, how much of the previously forecast DSM remains. This article explores this question by reviewing recent forecasts of traditional utility DSM and the assumptions on which these projections were based. Our discussion continues by defining market based DSM and how it differs from traditional utility DSM programmes. We then present several forecasts of DSM for the future and discuss why these forecasts differ from past projections of utility DSM. As part of our analysis, we review the manner in which nonutility providers have delivered and continue to deliver energy efficiency services to their customers. We conclude that even though traditional DSM activities will shrink significantly as utility markets become increasingly competitive, the provision of energy efficiency services will be an increasingly important part of competitive retail service.

A load model to support demand management decisions on domestic storage water heater control strategy

Load control of domestic water heaters is a well known demand side management activity. A model capable of simulating the effect of various control parameters which affect the control strategy is presented in this paper. These parameters include the tariff structure, the number of control blocks, the maximum demand set point and the maximum duration for which any block may be switched off continuously. The simulation results pointed out some negative effects that may occur when control parameters are not set properly. One example is the risk of moving the peak load upon the introduction of a time-of-use tariff without a financial incentive to avoid cold-load pickup.

Impacts of demand-side management on reliability cost/reliability worth analysis

Electric utilities are responding to public concern regarding the environment and the desire to conserve natural resources by placing increased attention on the customer side of the meter. Demand-side management (DSM) is now an important consideration for electric power utilities. DSM in general refers to any activity adopted by an electric utility that ultimately changes the utility's system load curve. The paper presents a model which can be used to quantify the basic load shaping goals of DSM activities. Twenty new load models were simulated that represent basic load modification goals. The proposed models can be used as the basic framework in the design and implementation of a utility DSM programme. The integration of supply-side and demand-side planning in reliability cost and reliability worth analysis is illustrated using the IEEE Reliability Test System. Studies were conducted to assess the effect of considered load-shape modifications on the planning reserve margin and on the total societal cost of electricity. This total cost includes system costs and customer interruption costs but does not include costs associated with implementing DSM.

Turning to supply-side management: Estimating industrial cogeneration potential

Increased recognition by electric utilities of the economic opportunities for load displacement or purchase of customer cogenerated electricity has initiated a change in utility supply-side planning that has parallels with demand-side management activities. Analytical tools and detailed research are required to forecast the technical, economic and industry-offered cogeneration potential from various sources. In this study, an end-use technology simulation model (ISTUM-I) is used to estimate the future incremental cogeneration potential from pulp and paper mills in British Columbia under different scenarios of industry evolution. The estimated technical potential of 5000 GWh (815 MW) results from determining the total process steam requirements and highest feasible boiler pressures. The economic potential of about 3500 GWh (570 MW) depends upon the social discount rate, the utility's long run avoided costs, boiler cost estimates and the value of burning wood waste that must otherwise be disposed of. The industry-offered potential of 1200 GWh (200 MW) results from behavioural parameters in the model that mirror past investment decisions. As with demand-side management, various strategies are available to the utility to bridge the gap between industry-offered and economic potential.

A class of models for load management application and evaluation revisited

The problem of load modeling for demand side management (DSM) purposes is addressed. The proposed load models rely on information about both the physical characteristics of elemental load devices at the distribution level and usage statistics of these devices. Although the class of models discussed has been previously proposed in the literature, its suitability for DSM purposes is definitely established by showing how the models can be a tool for real DSM actions evaluation. Some results are shown. >

Simulation based evaluation of control of residential air conditioners

Control of residential air conditioners is an important demand-side management activity. The most common approach for controlling appliances is by direct remote control in which a signal is sent using a communication medium to turn off major appliances for a prescribed period of time. In the last few years, local and distributed techniques of load control have emerged. In this paper, a simulation based method is presented for evaluation of two strategies for control of residential air conditioners. Remote control is regarded as a relatively mature technology and several field experiments have been conducted using remote control. Therefore, remote control is used as a test case to validate the simulation methodology. Then, local control, which is actuated by the outside temperature, is simulated. The device used for this type of control is commonly called a ‘load leveler’. The results (dependence of demand reduction on duty cycle, effects of load control on 5-minute and 1-hour average demands, and 5-minute and 1-hour average temperatures inside the house) obtained with local control are compared with the results obtained with remote control to study similarities and differences in the two strategies.

Anticipating Air Conditioning’s Impact on the World’s Electricity Producers

Electric power planners in developing countries have the opportunity to anticipate air conditioning-induced demand peaks, rather than merely react to them, as has happened in the United States. Demand-side management activities targeting future air conditioning installations therefore may be warranted, based on economic efficiency considerations, the U.S. experience, and worldwide trends in air conditioning usage. The feasibility of such anticipatory efforts is likely to hinge on local parameters, including domestic energy supplies, foreign exchange and capital constraints, rates of load growth, evidence of impacts on load profiles, and familiarity with demand-side planning concepts.

The concept of demand-side management for electric utilities

Demand-side management (DSM) is the planning and implementation of those electric utility activities designed to influence customer uses of electricity in ways that will produce desired changes in the utility's load shape. While the objective of any DSM activity is to produce a load-shape change, the art of successful implementation and the ultimate success of the program rests within the balancing of utility and customer needs. This paper describes demand-side management for electric utilities and discusses the evolution of this concept for load management, strategic conservation, and marketing.