Demand Sectors Research Articles

Assessment of the Feedstock Availability for Covering EU Alternative Fuels Demand

Modern economies rely on the efficiency of their transportation sector; however, the environmental impact of the sector remains a growing concern. Among the various proposed solutions, the production and deployment of alternative fuels is a major option. However, concerns exist that the actual availability of sustainable feedstock might lower the current level of ambition. This paper addresses this issue by reviewing recent studies and policy targets, to match forecasts for expected demand and feedstock availability for road, aviation, and maritime sectors in the EU in 2030. The existing literature is fragmented and based on a variety of different approaches, and a consistent assessment of the potential overall demand for transport is still missing. In spite of the challenges posed by the numerous uncertainties, this research provides an estimate of potential European demand for alternative fuels that ranges between 20 and 33 Mtoe. We aimed to answer the question about the availability of sustainable feedstock to cover this potential demand. The analysis confirmed, even under very conservative assumptions, that feedstock may not be the major barrier today. Other issues, such as the feedstock costs, the price volatilities, the existing logistical infrastructures, etc., are relevant aspects contributing to the puzzle. Whilst feedstock is present across European regions, a critical element which requires detailed analysis at the implementation value chain level is the effectiveness of its sustainable mobilisation alongside the synergies and trade-offs that may arise.

An autonomously self-gel-breaking, highly reservoir protective completion fluid tailored for gel-free processing in multi-lateral well construction

Multi-lateral well construction is in high demand in both petroleum industrial and commercial sectors. Compared with the traditional gel-breaking fluids used in multi-lateral well completion, autonomously self-gel-breaking completion fluids in a certain downhole environment have specific challenges in development and performance. In this work, focus was on self-gel-breaking capacity demonstrating controllably heat-triggered self-degradation of rheological modifier involved in the newly constructed completion fluid. The self-degradation strategy was first analyzed for the fundamental polymeric additives, and then xanthan gum with a high pyruvate content, as the most crucial rheological additive, was provided of special conformational transition from helix to lattice structure due to sidechain mutual repulsion effect, in combination to tests of advanced technologies such as molecular weight, infrared spectroscopy, dynamic viscosity, elastic modulus, and micromorphology. This facile strategy can be applicable for the control of xanthan thermal degradability that directly responses to self-gel-breaking capability of completion fluid. Finally, several key performance such as reservoir protection and self-gel-breaking capability for the newly developed completion fluid were evaluated to validate its promising gel-free application in the construction of multi-lateral wells.

Next-gen precarity: gender and informal labor in the Eastern Himalaya

In the eastern Himalayan region of Sikkim and Darjeeling, India, young women migrate from within and outside the area to work in the expanding retail and service sector. This sector demands very little from them in terms of education, technical skills or financial literacy; the emphasis being on their youth, and supposed socio-cultural and gendered attributes of docility, flexibility and manageability. Simultaneously, technological and infrastructural advancements combined with the influx of cheap fakes of international brands have made borderlands prominent sites of low-end globalization. The informal sector thrives on the back of this rapidly expanding market, the unceasing supply of cheap, flexible and docile labor and the invisibility of laboring bodies and their inherent precarity. However, the informal sector and the attributes that it seeks also create room to maneuver, and negotiate precarity. Focusing on this newly formed but rapidly growing precariat in the eastern Himalayan borderland, and using qualitative data, this paper illustrates (a) how capitalism, through consumption, can create precarious lives and livelihoods (b) the emerging contradictions (empowerment, exploitation) in social and gendered relations as a result of informal employment and (c) the transformation of borderlands into new sites of low-end globalization.

Development of the mineral resource complex as an increase in the geopolitical status of Russia

The state of the mineral resource complex is one of the foundations of the functioning and development of Russia in the context of the global geopolitical struggle. The geopolitical status of the state today largely depends on how the country will be able to respond to the challenges associated with the depletion of traditional mining areas and the beginning of a new stage of energy transition. In this article, the author provides an overview of the mineral resource complex of Russia, and also analyzes the dependence of the geopolitical status on the state of the mineral resource complex. According to the results of the study, the author concludes that the mineral resource potential of Russia, although it is one of the largest in the world, at the same time, there is a problem of shortage of certain types of minerals (manganese, chromium, titanium, bauxite, zirconium, beryllium, lithium, rhenium, rare earths of the yttrium group, hydrofluoric spar, bentonites for foundry production, feldspar raw materials, kaolin, large-leaf muscovite, iodine, bromine) and the country's dependence on imports. The deficit is caused by both the growth of consumption of certain types of minerals, and low quality, as well as poor development of some domestic deposits. In order to successfully develop Russia, the country needs to increase the volume and improve the quality of the mineral resource base that can meet the demand of high-tech and technological sectors of the economy (military-industrial complex, dual-use systems, medicine, etc.).Increasing the volume and improving the quality of the country's mineral resource base is possible due to the development of new areas and the search for new, high-quality deposits of strategic and scarce mineral raw materials. In this connection, the author examines in detail the cooperation in the field of mineral resources development in the Republic of Kazakhstan, in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, as well as with the People's Republic of China. In carrying out this research, the author applied the methods of content analysis, historical and systemic.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS OF IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

The article considers the need of transformations in the management systems of business organizations in modern conditions, which can be described as crisis – forming, as they are formed under the influence of a pandemic. The dynamic environment requires changes in the operation of business organizations due to different changes not only in demand in certain sectors of the economy and social groups (based on declining incomes), but also the impact of inflation in general, energy dependence on foreign sources and individuals, environmental factors, etc. To overcome the crisis, the operation of business organizations that need to change must be managed for their next usage in influencing on certain business elements. This means that the management system of a business organization must be adapted to changing conditions. The most inertial element of the management system of a business organization is the organizational structure of management (OSM). Management systems of business organizations, and especially their OSM, in most Ukrainian organizations do not correspond to their needs. Organizations that were established 30 or more years ago (in Soviet times) have, as a rule, management systems that are more or less correspond to the conditions of a stable environment of the USSR. Newly created business organizations, as research shows, form management systems without taking into consideration the modern theory of organizational development and organizational design practice (which is confirmed by the experience and efficiency of successful enterprises). Detailed analysis and diagnosis of the business organizations should be a prerequisite for their effective transformations. In the activities of Ukrainian business organizations we can observe more or less developed financial analysis based on standardized financial statements. However, it`s still hard to determine the real state of business organizations, because there was a loss of vital areas of economic analysis (use of fixed assets, stocks of various types, economic evaluation of resource markets, pricing options under the influence of individual factors, costs of core and ancillary activities, etc.). There is almost no organizational analysis (OA) and diagnostics as a basis for improving the management system as a whole and OSM as an integral part of it. It is known that the management system is a tool of controlled economic operation. The composition of the management system requires a combination of economic and organizational analysis: the managed system focuses on the evaluation of results on economic analysis, and the manager – on organizational analysis. To determine the synergistic effects of the system, it is necessary to combine these two components, which will serve as a basis for developing strategies for sustainable development of business organizations.

Overview on massive forming processes, future and their challenges

The massive shaping processes (forging, rolling, extrusion, wire and bar drawing) play an important role to fabricate metal products. These forming processes undergo plastic deformations of the metal and acquire required shapes and sizes by application of suitable stresses such as tension, compression and shear. Thus due to the characteristics such as cost effectiveness, good mechanical properties of the product, flexible operations, higher productivity, no wastage of the raw material and faster production rate, the work on metals in effective way becomes highly important. Bulk forming and severe deformation process result in massive shape change. The surface area-to-volume of the work is relatively small and mostly done in hot working conditions. The broad topic of bulk metal forming includes many processes both as classical and modified categories. These classical bulk metal forming processes are still in great demand in many industry sectors. It does not seem that this trend will slow down as new technologies have been developed over recent years. These technologies are continuously modified for new demands, such as higher precision (near-net shape) forming, micro-/nano-forming for micro-components, and bulk-sheet metal forming processes for complex workpieces. Thus, it is important to have a broad knowledge of the classical theories of metal forming which was mainly an overview of metal forming processes and their fundamentals. With the growing competitive industrial vibe, it is important to develop into cost-effective production processes. Especially for some automotive components, it is suggested to incorporate bulk metal forming processes into sheet metals to produce high-quality sheet metal components commercially. Sheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF) processes are defined as sheet metal forming where the flow occurs in three dimensions similar to bulk metal forming. After computer-aided design of the tool geometry, the bulk metal forming tools are usually fabricated by machining processes. The main die manufacturing process may be divided into die design, rough machining, heat treatment, finish machining, manual finishing (polishing), or benching and hard coating. The main characteristic of these processes is that the final product has the dimensions of a magnitude similar to the sheet thickness, projecting out of the plane of the sheet. Based on this characteristic, only some special bulk forming processes can be applied on sheet metals. In this review paper, the authors describe the working of various types of bulk metal forming processes, historical development, importance, future scope and challenges, so that this paper may serve as a good reference for forming process selection and identification for researchers, engineers and students.

A review study of the blockchain-based healthcare supply chain

Technological acclimatization in today's healthcare industry is a subject of new inventions. The worldwide Covid-19 epidemic has led to increase in the use of technology for healthcare supply chain, patient data management, and claims settlement. Data management in healthcare industry is a complex structure where multiple organizations provide proper supply chain services in day to day life. Improper data management disrupts the supply chain, which has a long-term impact on the healthcare sector. Various issues in the present supply chain must be addressed. Blockchain-based crypto-currencies are well-known nowadays for their ability to create safe and traceable solutions. With the growing use of crypto-currencies, it also governs new range of applications and opportunities, including healthcare applications. Blockchain-based solutions are effective in the health sector for secure data retrieval and storage, resulting in more effectual product creation and tracking. Such system can provide data provenance, promotes genuine healthcare sector demands, and ensures the immutability of multi-direction transactions. In this study, we contribute a thorough overview of the literature on how Blockchain technology is changing the way healthcare supply chains operate. We looked at 61 papers from 2019 to 2021 that highlighted various difficulties with the traditional healthcare supply chain. We scrutinized different barriers and opportunity of Blockchain-based healthcare supply chain at the end of the research.

ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT COMPETENCY LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ADVISORS IN FEDERAL NEPAL

In the present context of 21st century, modernization in the agriculture sector demands a higher level of competency to fulfill the needs and wants of people around the globe. Competency is amalgamation of skills, knowledge, attitude and behavior that trigger to perform the delegated services in a precise and systematic manner. The objective of this study was to determine the existing competency level of extension advisors of Nepalese extension service. Total 6 districts from province 1, 2 and Bagmati were selected for the study based on a questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of open and close-ended questions including the nine core competencies. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the findings. The findings indicated respondent competency in its all nine core competencies namely program planning, program implementation, communication skills, extension education and information technology, program evaluation, personal and professional development, diversity, subject matter expertise and emotional intelligence as moderately competent in general. The extension advisors perceived most competent in extension education and information technology and poor in pluralism in agriculture. Subject matter expertise, extension education and information technology skills are getting better with increase in educational level. Current level of core competency of program planning, program implementation skills, communication skills, personal and professional development and pluralism were found to have increased with increased years of experience. The exposure visit and inservice training are effective methods for competencies acquisition.

A Comprehensive Survey on Cooperative Intersection Management for Heterogeneous Connected Vehicles

Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, world is trending toward high mobility and dynamics. In this context, intersection management (IM) as one of the most crucial elements of the transportation sector demands high attention. Today, road entities including infrastructures, vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as motorcycles, moped, scooters, pedestrians, bicycles, and other types of vehicles such as trucks, buses, cars, emergency vehicles, and railway vehicles like trains or trams are able to communicate cooperatively using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and provide traffic safety, efficiency, infotainment and ecological improvements. In this paper, we take into account different types of intersections in terms of signalized, semi-autonomous (hybrid) and autonomous intersections and conduct a comprehensive survey on various intersection management methods for heterogeneous connected vehicles (CVs). We consider heterogeneous classes of vehicles such as road and rail vehicles as well as VRUs including bicycles, scooters and motorcycles. All kinds of intersection goals, modeling, coordination architectures, scheduling policies are thoroughly discussed. Signalized and semi-autonomous intersections are assessed with respect to these parameters. We especially focus on autonomous intersection management (AIM) and categorize this section based on four major goals involving safety, efficiency, infotainment and environment. Each intersection goal provides an in-depth investigation on the corresponding literature from the aforementioned perspectives. Moreover, robustness and resiliency of IM are explored from diverse points of view encompassing sensors, information management and sharing, planning universal scheme, heterogeneous collaboration, vehicle classification, quality measurement, external factors, intersection types, localization faults, communication anomalies and channel optimization, synchronization, vehicle dynamics and model mismatch, model uncertainties, recovery, security and privacy.

Cost management in the supply chain: An analysis of the costs of different types of municipal procurement

The integrated management of the purchasing chain in the public sector demands from the managers an effective control of the whole process. In developing countries there is a need for more effective control practices, such as knowledge of the costs of the purchasing process. The present research aims to analyze the cost of bidding processes in a small city in Brazil in its different modalities. For its construction, a bibliographic survey was carried out on costs in public administration and public procurement. The research is characterized as being of quantitative and qualitative, and descriptive approach, being developed through a single case study. The unit of analysis is the city of Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil, where primary data was collected (interviews with public servants in the fields of management, control, and human resources) and secondary (financial and budget reports). It was verified that among the different modalities analyzed the cost of the electronic trading tends to be smaller, that is, it is more agile when it comes to the effectiveness of the whole process. We contribute with an important method for data analysis of the small cities that do not have available data for decision making. Practically, this work helps the public administration to decide which is the best form for public contracts.

Ligthweigth (Talgo) high speed rodal frame. Composites in high responsability rail components

Nowadays, the railway sector demands new lighter designs in the structural components of rolling stock that compensate for its increase due to the incorporation of new technologies, to improve passenger comfort and experience, as well as to face new environmental challenges (reduction emissions, energy consumption, increased capacity, etc.). With this objective, Talgo introduces a frame in high-performance composite material (CFRP) in its rolling elements (wheels) for high-speed trains, traditionally made of metal (steel), which allows weight saving of over 45%. However, the introduction of new materials is subject to overcoming certain challenges: compliance with fire requirements, adaptation of existing regulations, ballast impact behavior, direct cost increase, etc. This project consists of different phases: a) design, in accordance with the requirements demanded by current standards, b) manufacture of prototypes, c) process of characterization and verification of properties of non-standard materials, d) testing of component validation equivalent to what is required of a conventional frame (static resistance and fatigue test up to 10 million cycles in accordance with existing regulations), and, finally, e) track tests.

Numerical and Theoretical Modal Analysis of Transit Buses

This work aims to study the dynamic behaviour of a passenger bus. The transportation sector demands high important technological improvements, strived for high safety standards and environmental sustainability. In this work, a simplified dynamic model of a single body bus is introduced to determine the natural frequencies spectrum variation, mainly caused by the induction of the flexible behaviour of the suspension and unforeseen external loads, particularly wind gusts. More complex vibrational modes have been studied via Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling. A significantly simplified link arrangement is presented, which models the behaviour between the road and tire contact as well as the suspension features. This deformation model leads to a combined stiffness matrix with the whole model. As a result, an acceptable agreement was obtained amongst the numerical and analytical solutions.

Industry 4.0: Materials and CFRP manufacturing process control through digital laboratory

Aerospace industry is well known to be one of the most demanding sectors to work with. It is strongly normalized, monitored and audited on behalf of airworthiness. In this scenario, continuous improvement is a must, to comply not only with requirements, but also lead times and costs. TITANIA, one of most recognized materials testing labs working for aerospace, moved to a tailor-made integral management system to deal with the high volume of data they deliver to their customers. After a two years effort, now is exploiting its results by offering better lead time compliances, robust test reports and new data analysis services. Digital transformation has pushed TITANIA into Industry 4.0. This paper presents the followed methodology and the first results obtained.

A Symmetric Two Higgs Doublet Model

In the light of ongoing experimental search efforts for the dark matter and the post-Higgs Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) null results at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the Electroweak sector demands to be investigated for possible new scalar states discoverable at the LHC fulfilling the role of the dark matter. In this work we present a symmetric two Higgs doublet model with a discrete interchange symmetry among the two Higgs doublets (Φ1 ↔ Φ2). Apart from the Standard Model (SM)-like scalar state (h) with mh = 125 GeV, the model has several distinguishing features including the pseudoscalar (A), the charged scalars(H±) and the neutral scalar H, not having any direct coupling to the fermions. The neutral scalar H is assumed to have mass lighter than the 125 GeV SM-like Higgs state h. Due to the presence of a residual Z2 symmetry after the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), the neutral scalar H can emerge as a viable dark matter candidate. We discuss the constraints on such scalar dark matter from the current direct and indirect detection experiments. As a by-product of this construction, the SM-like scalar h ends up having an extra invisible decay mode of h → HH in this model which can also influence the dark matter parameter space. We discuss these model features in detail along with a guideline of relevant phenomenological searches at the LHC for this scenario.

The Growing Biorefinery of Agricultural Wastes: A Short Review

Fruits and vegetables from agricultural sectors are the most utilized commodities among horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, partially processed and entirely processed owing to their nutritional values. Living in the growing population and fast-developing world, the demands production from this sector are also increasing which lead to inclining quantity of wastes and residues day by day which strongly affected our health, economy, environment and social community. The losses and waste in fruit and vegetables are the highest among all type of food as estimated by United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and it may reach up to 60%. Realizing this fact, there is demand for each agricultural sectors for proper waste management of these agro-materials residues through waste recycling approach. These residues constitute various valuable by-products such as phenolic compounds, fibers, cellulosic and vitamins which can be further exploited into biogas, bioenergy, biofuel, biocomposite and biomaterials that can be implemented into industries of textiles, food safety and packaging, medical tool, building blocks and many more. Hence, there is in-depth attention of research and studies for agricultural waste biorefinery as well as their recycling methods. This article presents a review on classification of these residues, several refinery products of agro-industrial wastes and their challenges needed to overcome in the future.

STRATEGI PEMETAAN KUALITAS SDM DALAM MENUNJANG DESTINASI WISATA DI PULAU TIDUNG, KEPULAUAN SERIBU DI ERA DIGITAL

This study aims to provide direction or guidance for a strategy of mapping the quality of human resources to develop the tourist destinations of the Tidung island in the Thousand Islands. Human resources have a central role and responsibility in developing each line of business, including in the tourism sector. The tourism sector demands the fulfillment of the quality of human resources with scientific competence, strategies and skills. This study uses a qualitative method with secondary data sources. Data analysis using descriptive analysis method or library research on several studies. Sources of data were collected through literature studies, statistical reports, discussions, and researcher elaborations. The results of this study are strategies to improve the quality of human resources, which are divided into two elements, namely governance and professional elements. In the governance element, programs are carried out to improve the quality of human resources through the possession of adequate competencies and networking. Whereas the professional element consisting of business owners and staff, tourism management, inclusive management, and certification as well. An English language and using technology skills as added value are developed. If human resources on the island of Tidung are equipped with the above study, then the development of tourist destinations on the island of Tidung, Thousand Islands can be realized optimally.

Which way to net zero? a comparative analysis of seven UK 2050 decarbonisation pathways

Since the UK’s Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions target was set in 2019, organisations across the energy systems community have released pathways on how we might get there – which end-use technologies are deployed across each sector of demand, how our fossil fuel-based energy supply would be transferred to low carbon vectors and to what extent society must change the way it demands energy services. This paper presents a comparative analysis between seven published Net Zero pathways for the UK energy system, collected from Energy Systems Catapult, National Grid ESO, Centre for Alternative Technology and the Climate Change Committee. The key findings reported are that (i) pathways that rely on less stringent behavioural changes require more ambitious technology development (and vice versa); (ii) electricity generation will increase by 51–160% to facilitate large-scale fuel-switching in heating and transport, the vast majority of which is likely to be generated from variable renewable sources; (iii) hydrogen is an important energy vector in meeting Net Zero for all pathways, providing 100–591 TWh annually by 2050, though the growth in demand is heavily dependent on the extent to which it is used in supplying heating and transport demand. This paper also presents a re-visited analysis of the potential renewable electricity generation resource in the UK. It was found that the resource for renewable electricity generation outstrips the UK’s projected 2050 electricity demand by a factor 12–20 depending on the pathway. As made clear in all seven pathways, large-scale deployment of flexibility and storage is required to match this abundant resource to our energy demand.

Comparison of Novel Biochars and Steam Activated Carbon from Mixed Conifer Mill Residues

There is increasing demand in environmental remediation and other sectors for specialized sorbents made from renewable materials rather than hard coals and minerals. The proliferation of new pyrolysis technologies to produce bio-based energy, fuels, chemicals, and bioproducts from biomass has left significant gaps in our understanding of how the various carbonaceous materials produced by these systems respond to processes intended to improve their adsorption properties and commercial value. This study used conventional steam activation in an industrial rotary calciner to produce activated carbon (AC) from softwood biochars made by three novel pyrolysis systems. Steam was injected across four heating zones ranging from 816 °C to 927 °C during paired trials conducted at calciner retention times of 45 min and 60 min. The surface area of the three biochars increased from 2.0, 177.3, and 289.1 m2 g−1 to 868.4, 1092.9, and 744.8 m2 g−1, respectively. AC iodine number ranged from 951 to 1218 mg g−1, comparing favorably to commercial AC produced from bituminous coal and coconut shell. The results of this study can be used to operationalize steam activation as a post-processing treatment for biochar and to expand markets for biochar as a precursor in the manufacture of specialized industrial sorbents.

Sustainable conjunctive water management model for alleviating water shortage

Water shortage poses a great challenge to the health of population and environment and impedes socio-economic development. Therefore, a comprehensive model is necessary to promote the adaptation of the whole socio-economic system to limited water resources. To achieve it, a sustainable conjunctive water management model (SCWM) was developed. In SCWM, direct (physical) and indirect (virtual or embodied) water consumptions of multiple water resources in future scenarios are projected, and the sustainable performances of various water-saving scenarios are quantified from the perspectives of water resources, economy, and ecosystem under water capping policy. A case study of Shaanxi, a typical water shortage province in central-eastern China, is conducted aimed at conquering the irrational use of surface- and ground-water subjected to the constraint of future total water use quota. Key findings contain optimal possibility of adapting water shortage via saving water through increasing industrial water efficiency to 11.12 m3/10,000 CNY and reducing 40% of agricultural final demand (Summation of direct and indirect water savings of the two scenarios are 41.57 × 108 m3 and 20.27 × 108 m3, respectively.) and nonsynergistic effects of simultaneous decreasing final demand of multiple sectors on water consumption intensity (WCI) of total (all kinds of water) water, surface- and ground-water. To devise effective policies for conjunctive management of surface- and ground-water, positive utility, economic structure and water productivity should be heeded, and proposals emphasize trade-offs between surface water saving and groundwater conservation, water metabolic and socio-economic systems sustainability and negative interaction of multiple sectors on economy and WCI should be framed. The innovation of this study is the development of SCWM, which can provide sustainable solution for future multiple-source water saving management measures thoroughly concerning direct and indirect water and sectorial interactions. The model not only brings insights to Shaanxi's water management but also can be used for other similar arid area.

A Review of the Unemployment - Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria from 1980 to 2015: A Disaggregated Approach

The phenomenon of jobless growth in Nigeria in recent years has called to question the Okun’s law that the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) reduces unemployment. This study therefore, analyses the nexus between GDP growth and unemployment in Nigeria by disaggregating total output into its sectoral components to analyze the impact of sectoral output on unemployment using data from 1980 to-2015 employing the econometric technique of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach. Two ARDL models were specified. The first bound test revealed the existence of co integration between unemployment and GDP growth. The growth of GDP is positively related to unemployment in the long run but a negative relationship was found in the short run. The result of the disaggregated model (i.e the second ARDL model) found no long run relationship between unemployment and agriculture, industry, construction, trade, and services. We opined that the findings of the disaggregated model resulted from the disconnection between aggregate demand and aggregate supply of the productive sectors and the lack of direct linkages between the oil sector and other sectors of the economy. The study recommends that such linkages should be forged through enhanced funding of research and development, technological innovation and the development of value chain of agriculture and solid minerals output. Nigerians should be encouraged to consume locally made products. Efforts should be intensified to develop direct linkages between the oil sector and other sectors through input supply contracts and the development of downstream industries in the oil sector.