Natural Gas Demand Research Articles

Heavy hydrocarbon recovery with integration of turboexpander and JT valve from highly CO2-containing natural gas for gas transmission pipeline

Demand of natural gas is predicted to increase since many valuable products can be produced. Water and heavy hydrocarbon content are the key for gas pipeline facility. To meet requirement of natural gas transportation, dehydration unit (DHU) and hydrocarbon dew point control unit (DPCU) are necessary to avoid water and hydrocarbon condensation during transmission. The conventional dehydration technology, TEG contactor, can lower water content from 1,304 mg/m3 to 80.35 mg/m3 where the maximum limit of water content in natural gas is 97 mg/m3 to prevent hydrate formation. DPCU is installed to remove heavy hydrocarbon, especially C5+. Integration of JT valve and turboexpander was employed to obtain the low gas dew point. The hot gas stream that entered the JT valve was observed. The lower hot bypass gas was applied, the lower hydrocarbon dew point and the more condensate flowrate was achieved. The highest power generation can be gained at low hot gas flow ratio which also influenced the exit pressure and temperature of compressor. In pipeline simulation, the pressure and temperature drop occurred at the high hot gas rate. To examine the arrival condition, dew point curves were generated and showed that the limitation of hot gas flow ratio has to be below 0.6 to prevent heavy hydrocarbon condensation in pipeline.

Strategies of Central European countries in the energy dimension during the Russian-Ukrainian war

The Russian-Ukrainian war had a significant impact on the energy situation of Central European countries and significantly influenced the need to activate efforts to diversify the sources and directions of energy supply, as well as activities to reduce natural gas demand. The energy dependence built over the years by the Russian Federation was characterized primarily by the development of infrastructure and the conclusion of longterm contracts. The aim of the article was to analyze the activities of the Central European countries of the European Union during the Russian-Ukrainian war and to define the key activities that were primarily undertaken in 2022 towards ensuring energy security. The starting point was the thesis that the Central Europe countries made optimal use of the existing energy infrastructure, which made it possible to reduce the impact of the Russian Federation on the energy security of this countries and ensure the availability of commodity.

Assessment of the Robustness of the European Gas System to Massive Gas Outages and Evaluation of the Effect of Increased Energy Efficiency on the Security of Gas Coverage in Different Countries

The aim of this paper is to simulate the European natural gas system in extreme situations and to determine its weaknesses in terms of demand coverage. An assessment has also been made of the targets set for existing energy efficiency regulations and their effects on the coverage of future natural gas demand. This document assesses the potential for energy efficiency improvements associated with European countries and the effect of such improvements on the lessening of the natural gas demand. Once the efficiency improvement potential has been identified, the results of demand coverage in various scenarios of natural gas supply cut-off via pipelines were studied. The expected result reflects the study of the effect of the presumed demand reduction, due to the improvement of energy efficiency, on the self-sufficiency of the natural gas network and the improvement of energy coverage for EU countries. To carry out this study, an evaluation of the current infrastructures was developed, the existing resources were optimized, and the independence of the system was quantified in relation to the current situation of natural gas consumption at the European level. The proposed model has resulted in improvements in the coverage of the demand of certain countries and has detected those with systems that are not robust enough to face extreme crisis situations. The main conclusions are that the natural gas system has improved considerably from 2009 to the present, and that, in the event of massive gas cuts, there is a real risk of being unable to cover the natural gas demand of several countries with a very high dependence on gas from Russia.

From guano to green hydrogen: food security and fertilizer disputes in international energy law

Abstract Russia’s invasion of Ukraine triggered energy and food crises, driven by demand for natural gas as fuel and fertilizer feedstock. By adopting a recent framework for analysing the diverse ways in which international law regulates energy transactions, I extend the category of end-use energy products to include food for human consumption, given the economic importance of dietary energy and the entangled agendas of energy and food security. To highlight the intermediate roles played by international law in securing resources for conversion into dietary energy, I show how rules allocating entitlements over fossil fuels were inherited from an earlier generation of international disputes over fertilizer resources, including the taxation of nitrate exports, alien entitlements to guano discoveries, and the well-known confiscation of a factory at Chorzów. Many of these disputes between States and commercial actors prefigured the reliance of the modern energy industry on investment arbitration and retain currency in case law. Yet, the fertilizer trade also informed the development of offshore resource entitlements, the local regulation of global externalities, and the belated recognition of the rights of peoples over natural resources. Despite this normative evolution, dispute settlement in the energy sector is still driven by States and commercial actors, although the underlying transactions may have profound implications for food security. By reframing food as energy and integrating fertilizer disputes into a long history of international energy law, the anticipated transition from fossil fuels towards green hydrogen as a dual-use fuel and fertilizer feedstock may generate familiar sites of distributive conflict over resources for the production of dietary energy, calling for closer attention to whether food security may be enhanced by the entitlements of collective subjects (food sovereignty), individuals (right to food), corporations (investment protection), and States (economic regulation).

Biogas potential of biowaste: A case study in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Anaerobic digestion has been widely applied for waste treatment, renewable energy generation and biofertilizer production. The biogas potential in Brazil is sizable, but the state of Rio de Janeiro is largely dependent on fossil fuels, and there is a lack of biogas potential assessments in the state. Thus, this study evaluated biomethane, electricity and biofertilizer potentials in the region. Three different scenarios of biomass supply were considered for four major biowaste streams: sewage sludge; cattle manure; sugarcane processing waste; and food waste. Biomethane generation from the assessed sources could reach 0.6–1.3 billion Nm3 year−1, corresponding to 1,768–3,961 GWh year−1 of electricity and 1.6–3.3 million Mg year−1 of biofertilizer. Cattle manure was responsible for 73–84% of the projected biomethane production, presenting an opportunity to reduce the significant emissions from livestock farming. The estimated biofertilizer production could meet the demands of the state, and the produced electricity could offset up to 10% of the demand. The gas grid could facilitate the distribution of upgraded biomethane, and 10–22% of the natural gas demand could be met. The findings of this work highlight the high potential for biogas generation in Rio de Janeiro, which is up to seven times larger than the current production.

Distributed or centralized? Long-term dynamic allocation and maintenance planning of modular equipment to produce multi-product natural gas based on life cycle thinking

With the increasing complexity of the natural gas trading market, enhancing the flexibility of multi-product natural gas production has practical significance for improving the whole life cycle benefits of gas fields. At present, the collaborative relationship between multi-product process optimization and modular equipment has not been studied enough; there is still a lack of integrated model coupling process optimization, modular equipment design, and scheduling optimization. Therefore, this paper utilizes the convenient scheduling technique across multiple blocks and establishes a distributed multi-product natural gas processing model based on life cycle thinking, facilitating the enduring, dynamic configuration and upkeep administration of modular equipment. The established optimization model is formulated to maximize the net present value of profits, allowing for the selection of optimal production strategy for various natural gas products, such as LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), NG (Natural Gas), mainly including volume distribution, capacity of gas, and installation, utilization, inter-block scheduling, and recovery of modular equipment, etc. Modular equipment within multiple blocks can be dynamically adjusted based on the production status of the gas field and the market demand for multi-product natural gas. By researching actual production cases, the effectiveness and reliability of this approach have been verified. The results indicate that the net present value of the equipment cost is 89 % of the traditional equipment, which significantly improves production system flexibility and economic benefits of the gas field. This study proposes new operational and management ideas for future distributed multi-product production models in gas fields by considering the efficiency of natural gas resource development and utilization, as well as the risk resistance of the multi-product natural gas industry chain.

Ion transport membrane heat engine integration with autothermal reforming-based methanol production

This study focused on improving the energy demand of conventional large-scale natural gas to methanol flow sheet where even a small efficiency improvement has significant economics and carbon emissions benefits. A conventional flow sheet, case A, was based on best available literature information. A case B where the conventional cryogenic air separation unit (ASU) is replaced with the novel ion transport membrane (ITM) oxygen unit was developed. The ITM oxygen is also heat integrated into the autothermal reformer (ATR) process. A case C where the methanol synthesis process is configured into a gas turbine cycle was developed from further modifying case B. The flow sheets were constructed and modelled in Aspen Plus V10 and, heat and material balance results are reported. To our knowledge, the integration of ITM oxygen membranes into the ATR-based methanol process has not been assessed previously.Energy and exergy results are generated and analysed. It was found that is it possible to replace the cryogenic ASU with the ITM oxygen for oxygen production in the ATR process. There is enough process syngas heat available to provide the ITM oxygen unit heating requirement and to generate process steam feed to the ATR. Case A was found to consume only 12 % natural gas as utility fuel which is lower than typical SMR-based methanol processes. This reduced to about 5 % in case B and C. Power production improved by 47 % in case B and 68 % in case C compared to case A.A thermal efficiency definition suitable for combined process steam, power and oxygen production was proposed. This showed that integration of a high temperature gas power cycle enables combined steam (heat) and power configuration which has a higher efficiency compared to single cycles, such as the steam cycles. The overall plant exergy losses decreased by up to 21 %.

Prediction of natural gas demand by considering implications of energy-related policies: The case of Türkiye

ABSTRACT The most important key to determining sustainable energy policies is reliable and accurate energy demand forecasting. Grey prediction, one of the demand forecasting methods, makes successful forecasts with limited data and without the need for any prior knowledge. In this study, GM (1,1) and Grey Verhulst from time series models and GM (1, N) model based on cause–effect relationship were used to forecast Türkiye’s natural gas demand. Dynamic grey forecasting models have been developed in order to obtain robust and reliable predictions. All developed models were evaluated according to performance criteria, and the superior model was obtained to be GM (1,5). Within the scope of the study, it was determined that models based on cause–effect relationship should be preferred instead of time series models. For this, population, the amount of electricity generated from natural gas, industrial production index, and building area are determined as independent variables. Three different scenarios were created taking into account the specified independent variables, and natural gas demand until 2025 was obtained. According to the forecasting results, Türkiye’s natural gas demand for 2025 will happen as an interval between 29.61 and 53.62 mtoe based on the low and high scenarios, respectively. According to the expected scenario, this demand would be realized around 40 mtoe for Türkiye in the year 2025. Finally, Grey Dynamic Decision Support System was designed and introduced to easily apply the dynamic grey models by end-users.

Electric-gas infrastructure planning for deep decarbonization of energy systems

The transition to a deeply decarbonized energy system requires coordinated planning of infrastructure investments and operations serving multiple end-uses while considering technology and policy-enabled interactions across sectors. Electricity and natural gas (NG), which are vital vectors of today’s energy system, are likely to be coupled in different ways in the future, resulting from increasing electrification, adoption of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation in the power sector and policy factors such as cross-sectoral emissions trading. This paper develops a least-cost investment and operations model for joint planning of electricity and NG infrastructures that considers a wide range of available and emerging technology options across the two vectors, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) equipped power generation, low-carbon drop-in fuels (LCDF) as well as long-duration energy storage (LDES). The model incorporates the main operational constraints of both systems and allows each system to operate under different temporal resolutions consistent with their typical scheduling timescales. We apply our modeling framework to evaluate power-NG system outcomes for the U.S. New England region under different technology, decarbonization goals, and demand scenarios. Under a global emissions constraint, ranging between 80%–95% emissions reduction compared to 1990 levels, the least-cost solution relies significantly on using the available emissions budget to serve non-power NG demand, with power sector using only 14%–23% of the emissions budget. Increasing electrification of heating in the buildings sector results in greater reliance on wind and NG-fired plants with CCS and results in similar or slightly lower total system costs as compared to the business-as-usual demand scenario with lower electrification of end-uses. Interestingly, although electrification reduces non-power NG demand, it leads to up to 24% increase in overall NG consumption (both power and non-power) compared to the business-as-usual scenarios, resulting from the increased role for CCS in the power sector. The availability of low-cost LDES systems reduces the extent of coupling of electricity and NG systems by significantly reducing fuel (both NG and LCDF) consumption in the power system compared to scenarios without LDES, while also reducing total systems costs by up to 4.6% for the evaluated set of scenarios.

The effect of the future of nuclear energy on the decarbonization pathways and continuous supply of electricity in the European Union

Nuclear power plants play an extremely important role in the European Union's electricity supply. Nuclear power is the largest carbon neutral source of electricity and the most important baseload electricity producer in Europe. The existing 167 units represent a capacity of 148 000 MW, which in 2022 accounted for 22 % of the electricity generated in the EU-27. In most countries, there are plans to keep nuclear power plants in operation and then extend their lifetime. In most of the European countries that already have nuclear power the construction of new units is planned, as well as in Poland, which is a nuclear newcomer.Meanwhile, Germany has phased out nuclear power in 2023 and this move is also being considered in other countries. In this article, we address the question of what the impact would be in the EU member states if nuclear power plants were to be phased out and replaced by solar, wind and gas-fired capacities.To do this, energy strategies for EU countries with nuclear power were analysed, hourly resolution electricity supply models were constructed for 15 countries and the main electricity supply characteristics for year 2030 and 2040 were assessed for three different power plant portfolios in each country under study. For the different scenarios, specific results are presented on the primary energy mix, CO2 emissions, natural gas demand and high time resolution characteristics of electricity supply.

Optimum utilization of hub energy micro-grids with micro-networking strategy of local biogas productions

In this paper, the optimal utilization of local biogas production in multi-energy systems is investigated. The micro-grid policy of local biogas production, to supply the variable demand of natural gas and also to convert it into electrical energy required by an energy hub micro-grid, along with other sources of scattered energy production and national electricity and gas networks, is one of the main goals of this paper. The multi-factor intelligent optimization method is considered to investigate the non-linear and heterogeneous optimization problem in the IEEE standard 33-bus energy hub microgrid. Most of the main indicators of interest are economic savings and minimization of operating costs. The multi-objective optimization method has been chosen as a method to solve the aforementioned non-linear and heterogeneous problem. Simulation has been done in GAMS software and the results of optimal load distribution of electric energy and natural gas supply for selected energy microhub have been explained and compared. The final results show a significant reduction of 46 % (2.8 thousand dollars per day) in operating costs. Significant reduction of energy flow between local network microhubs by 39.4 % is also one of the optimization results studied. Also, the Island performance of the local energy microhub has been simulated with the desired strategy. The cost of local energy microhub energy supply in island mode has decreased by 34 % (1.4 thousand dollars per day) compared to normal mode.© 2022 Published by.

Revenue/cost production sharing contract (psc) fiscal regime on marginal gas fields in Malaysia: Case study

Despite the increasing global demand for natural gas, there are many marginal oil and gas fields that lie idle and are not developed mainly due to the uneconomic feasibility of the project. One of the main factors hindering the monetization of these small fields is the unfavourable fiscal conditions. This is the main reason why many potential marginal fields that do not meet the economic criteria required for commercial development are stranded. Thus, this paper aims at assessing the existing Revenue/Cost (R/C) Production Sharing Contract (PSC) fiscal regime on marginal gas fields in Malaysia via sensitivity and scenario analysis studies. It is found that reduction in cost of capital, tax rate or other PSC payments parameters helps to improve the NPV however the analysis shows the R/C tranches consists of cost recovery limit, excess cost recovery and profit-sharing percentage are the significant factors driving the cash flow.

IMPROVING TURKEY'S NATURAL GAS DEMAND FORECASTS: A DATA ANALYTICS APPROACH

As the world population and consequently energy demand is rapidly increasing, primary energy sources are needed for sustainable development. One fifth of the world's energy needs are provided by natural gas, due to it being the cleanest burning fossil fuel. However, as a fossil fuel, natural gas is a limited resource and requires efficient use. Therefore, planning for natural gas consumption is of great importance. The most critical input for this planning is natural gas demand forecasts. Due to the increasing importance of the subject, numerous studies on natural gas demand forecasting have been conducted in the literature. However, the scientific studies carried out in Turkey are quite limited. In this article, the current demand forecast situation in Turkey is revealed, and a data analytics approach based on big data is developed and proposed.

A corrosion assessment methodology based on triangular intuitionistic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (TIFCE) with analytic network process (TIFANP): An application to external corrosion of the storage tank floor

The increasing demand for oil, natural gas, and green energy has led to massive construction of storage and transportation infrastructure, and the resulting corrosion problems have attracted increasing attention. The complexity of the factors influencing corrosion and the uniqueness of infrastructure pose great challenges to the inspection, assessment, and prediction of corrosion. This challenge is reflected in the large number of influencing factors and the intricate interrelationships between them, which often require the involvement of experts in the assessment. However, due to reasons such as incomplete data and the complexity of corrosion mechanisms, there is uncertainty in the expert's judgment. To address this problem, this work proposes a multilevel, multi-index framework for corrosion evaluation. This framework integrates both analytic network process and comprehensive evaluation method under an intuitionistic fuzzy environment. It uses the triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers-based analytic network process (TIFANP) to establish and analyze the weights of the interactive and employed triangular intuitionistic fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (TIFCE) to address the subjective judgment and uncertainty issues in corrosion evaluation. The introduction of the intuitionistic fuzzy concept effectively handles the uncertainty in corrosion assessment. To verify the feasibility and practicability of the framework, it was applied to external corrosion assessment of the floor of a crude oil storage tank. Soil corrosion, cathodic protection, coating protection, and stray current interference were considered the main factors influencing the external corrosion of the storage tank floor. The assessment results were consistent with the open-tank inspection. This work can provide valuable information for storage tank operation, corrosion protection, and maintenance to reduce economic losses and safety accidents caused by the corrosion of crude oil tank floors.

Enhanced Method for Emergency Scheduling of Natural Gas Pipeline Networks Based on Heuristic Optimization

Safety and disturbance issues in system engineering have garnered substantial attention. This study focuses on the analysis of the distinct characteristics of emergency dispatch problems in Natural Gas Pipeline Networks (NGPS). Graph theory serves as a tool to transform the NGPS topology and establish an optimization model for NGPS emergency dispatch. The model also integrates user weights, satisfaction, and reduction factors into the user modeling approach. Its objective is to maximize overall system satisfaction while considering factors such as demand-side requirements and operational constraints. To solve this optimization model, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is employed. An in-depth exploration of four unique disturbance scenarios provides solid evidence of the effectiveness and practicality of the PSO method. Compared to other methods, the PSO method consistently boosts overall user satisfaction and aligns more fluidly with the real-time demands of emergency scheduling, regardless of reduced supply capacity, complete supply interruptions, sudden surges in user demand, or pipeline connection failures. The developed emergency scheduling optimization method presents two key advantages. Firstly, it proficiently mitigates potential losses stemming from decreased supply capacity at local or regional levels. By adeptly adjusting natural gas supply strategies, it minimizes economic and production losses while ensuring a steady supply to critical users. Secondly, the method is superior at swiftly reducing the affected area and managing the increased demand for natural gas, thus maintaining NGPS stability. This research underscores the importance of considering user characteristics and demands during emergencies and demonstrates the effectiveness of employing the PSO method to navigate emergency scheduling challenges. By strengthening the resilience of the pipeline network and ensuring a sustainable natural gas supply, this study constitutes a significant contribution to energy security, economic development, and the promotion of clean energy utilization, ultimately propelling the achievement of sustainable development goals.

Effects of eco-friendly cyclodextrin on the methane hydrate formation in the complex systems

Due to the increasing demand for natural gas, solidified natural gas (SNG) technology provides an attractive option for natural gas storage and transportation. However, the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to promote hydrate formation will have a negative impact on the environment. To overcome this difficulty, the compounding system of environmentally friendly additives with SDS was intended to find the synergistic promotion effects aiming to reduce the usage of SDS in this study. Three kinds of cyclodextrins including αCD, βCD, hydroxypropyl-βCD (HPCD) with SDS were compounded to study the effect of their interaction on hydrate formation kinetics. The result showed that when used with SDS, the formation of hydrates was promoted by αCD and βCD but inhibited by HPCD. It is emphasized that the promoting effect depended on the water channel (completely hydrophilic zones) formed by H-bonds between cyclodextrin and SDS self-assembled channel-type complexes. Compared with 500 ppm SDS used along, it was possible to reduce the dosage of SDS by 40%. Finally, by observing the morphology of hydrate formation, it is found that the addition of cyclodextrins would affect the driving force for hydrate growth in the horizontal direction during hydrate formation. This study provides theoretical support for further understanding of cyclodextrin and surfactant compounding and shows an effective way for the application of SNG industry.

Methane emission and influencing factors of China's oil and natural gas sector in 2020–2060: A source level analysis

The Chinese oil and gas industry requires targeted policies to reduce methane emissions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to predict future methane emission trends and analyze the factors that influence them. However, changing economic development patterns, insufficient analysis of various factors influencing emissions, and inadequate resolution of methane emission inventories have made these goals difficult to achieve. Accordingly, this study aims to expand the methane emission estimation method to compile source-level emission inventories for future emissions, analyze the factors influencing them, and form a mechanistic understanding of the methane emissions from the local oil and gas industry. The research results indicate that methane emissions deriving from this industry will increase rapidly before 2030, after which they will decline slowly in all scenarios. The production and utilization processes in the natural gas supply chain, i.e., compressors and liquid unloading, include the main sources of methane emissions. Emissions are affected significantly by total production and consumption. Change in the overall supply and demand of natural gas affects change in methane emissions more significantly than adopting new technologies and strengthening facility maintenance, i.e., the overall supply and demand of natural gas are the dominant factors in controlling methane emissions. This study suggests that controlling the total demand for oil and gas should be at the core of the methane emission control policy for the local oil and gas industry. Moreover, equipment maintenance and emission reduction technologies should be used more effectively to reduce total emissions.

Energy transition in China: It is necessary to increase natural gas utilization

In order to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, China must speed up its energy transition. To increase natural gas consumption in the next 15–20 years is the most practical choice for China to realize energy transition and fulfill its commitments. To achieve the dual carbon goal, it is necessary to address the questions of ” How much natural gas is needed in China?” and ”How can natural gas be widely developed and utilized?” The authors established a relational model of economy, energy and environment, calculated China’s natural gas demand under the scenario of achieving the dual carbon goal, and analyzed the measures that need to be taken in terms of resource acquisition, infrastructure construction, market expansion, management mode and other aspects based on the characteristics of China’s natural gas industry. The relational model established in this study can quantitatively analyze the energy consumption composition under the scenarios of certain GDP and carbon emissions. The analysis data and conclusions can provide effective information for China’s energy transition and the direction of natural gas development and utilization, and provide methods and means for academic analysis and policy formulation.

US-China Geopolitical Competition on Natural Gas: Conflicts and Opportunities

China and the United States are the world biggest energy consumers. In the past few years, the two countries are taking moves to upgrade their energy structure and securing controls on more energy sources, especially on natural gas, which is becoming increasingly important with strategic significance. In December 2022, China has just signed a mega deal with Qatar for a $60 billion, 27-year purchase of liquefied natural gas (LNG). This is full of geopolitical and economic implications, and may have a long-lasting influence over the US-China competition in the Middle East. Therefore, the paper will mainly explore the major concerns of the United States about Chinas growing demand for natural gas and how the US will respond to the challenges posed by China on this issue. By adopting a case study on US-China competition for natural gas in the Middle East, the paper intends to shed some light on the potential conflict between the two major countries on natural gas and explain its cause from the US perspective. And by doing case study, the paper concludes that the US is not particularly worrying Chinas increasing natural gas demand from other countries, the two countries can work together to help maintain the stability of the world LNG market.

Underground Gas Storage Monitoring Using Free and Open Source InSAR Data: A Case Study from Yela (Spain)

Gas consumption is subject to large seasonal fluctuations between the summer season (period with lower request) and the winter season (time with increased consumer demand). Underground gas storage applications (UGS) help to ensure a steady and reliable supply of natural gas, even during periods of peak demand, smoothing price fluctuations and providing a means of balancing the supply and demand of natural gas on a daily, weekly, or seasonal basis. However, UGS activities can induce vertical ground displacement, which is usually strictly associated with the injection and withdrawal of gas into/from the reservoir. It is necessary to carefully monitor and manage the potential impact of UGS activities on the subsurface and surface to ensure the stability and safety of the local environment. The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique can provide a wide range of high-precision information on seasonal surface deformation associated with UGS activities useful for increasing the amount of information on ground deformation monitoring. This study introduces a unique and replicable approach to investigating freely available ground movement data for a fractured aquifer reservoir located in the Madrid Basin (Guadalajara, Spain), which is currently employed for seasonal underground gas storage applications. Notably, this study gives a comprehensive comparison of InSAR results of UGS activity in a deep aquifer, leveraging data that are entirely open-source and easily accessible. The Yela UGS project exploits a carbonate reservoir (dolomite) managed, since 2012, by Enagás, the Spanish main Transmission System Operator (TSO). InSAR data from 2015 to 2021 provided a full and coherent ground deformation pattern of the area. Based on this data, a fully integrated volumetric variation model was developed, elucidating the effects of gas storage activity. A significant correlation between the periodic injection/withdrawal rates of natural gas and InSAR ground deformation over time was identified.