Electrical Energy Demand Research Articles

Analysis of Thermal Comfort of the Building Envelope Using an Earth-Air Heat Exchanger

The constructive elements of a building influence the demand for electrical energy, and optimal decisions can be assessed with the support of software that measures this building's demand more accurately. The objective of this research is to assess the thermal behavior of a residential dwelling located in bioclimatic zone 2 in the southern region of Brazil, seeking energy sources that contribute to improving thermal comfort. The study utilizes parameters that reduce the thermal demand for cooling and heating by installing an earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE) in the prolonged occupancy enviroments (POEs) within the building. The results obtained in the EnergyPlus software show that the adaptive comfort of the model with the Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE), compared to without it, reduces cold discomfort by 5.4% and increases thermal comfort in the building by 5.2%. Analyzing the annual temperatures of the spaces with the EAHE, it is observed that the outlet temperature of the EAHE duct remains at an average of 23.6°C and 23.8°C for the living room and bedrooms, respectively. From an energy perspective, the electrical energy consumption of the building was reduced by 29.8% when using the EAHE.

Estimation of the Effect of Electric Vehicles on the Aging of Distribution Transformers Using Fuzzy Logic

Depending on industrialization and technological advancements worldwide, the demand for electrical energy, recognized as clean and dependable energy, is on the rise. Presently, electric energy consumption has notably increased alongside the rise in Electric Vehicles (EVs). The surge in EVs necessitates a thorough examination of the situation, anticipating the widespread adoption of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations (EVFCS) in the near future and the subsequent escalation of their adverse impact on the grid. To mitigate these negative effects on the grid, proactive measures are essential. EVs function as capacitive loads due to their battery composition, and the harmonics produced during their grid connection detrimentally affect the quality of grid electricity, leading to constraints. Furthermore, the escalating EVFCS loads resulting from the rapid growth in EV numbers distribute the burden on distribution networks, posing a threat to network adequacy and reliability. Therefore, integrating EVFCS with distribution and generation units to minimize overloading, additional losses, and voltage fluctuations in the grid will enhance the efficiency of both systems. In addition, each EVFCS is only connected to the distribution transformer assigned to it or to the distribution transformers considered suitable in the city. Depending on the current drawn by one or more EVFCS linked to the feeder of each transformer, it can lead to overloading in transformers and chemical changes in windings and oils, resulting in the aging of transformers. In this context, a FL-based estimation is conducted to assess the impact of EVs' charging loads on transformer aging. The FL method utilizes transformer current load, EVFCS load, transformer temperature, and harmonic power quality data. The data utilized are derived from statistical information about a local distribution network and measured values from a feeder, and the aging effects on EVFCS distribution transformers are examined.

Constrained Model Predictive Control for Generation Power Distribution on Aircraft Engines

Aiming at the increasing demand for electric energy in aircraft in the future, a multi-objective optimization aircraft engine constrained model predictive control method based on generation power distribution is proposed. Firstly, based on the aircraft engine component level model and the equilibrium manifold theory, the aircraft engine equilibrium manifold expansion model is established. Secondly, the influence of the power generation is modeled, and the influence of the low- and high-pressure shaft generators on the normal operation of the aircraft engine is studied and compared. The control variables such as fuel flow and total generation power are taken as the constraint conditions to design the constraint model predictive controller. Furthermore, the multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm is introduced to intelligently optimize the parameters of the designed controller. At last, the simulation based on the component level model shows that the high-pressure shaft generator has less influence on the state quantity, including engine thrust, than the low-pressure shaft generator. The proposed control method using the multi-objective gray wolf optimization (MOGWO) algorithm has rapid response and no steady-state error.

Improving the Economic Feasibility of Small-Scale Biogas-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Energy Systems through a Local Ugandan Biochar Production Method

A small-scale (up to 5 kWe) biogas-solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) energy system is an envisioned system, which can be used to meet both electrical and thermal energy demand of off-grid settlements. SOFC systems are reported to be more efficient than alternatives like internal combustion engines (ICE). In addition to energy recovery, implementation of biogas-SOFC systems can enhance sanitation among these settlements. However, the capital investment costs and the operation and maintenance costs of a biogas-SOFC energy system are currently higher than the existing alternatives. From previous works, H2S removal by biochar was proposed as a potential local cost-effective alternative. This research demonstrates the techno-economic potential of locally produced biochars made from cow manure, jackfruit leaves, and jack fruit branches in rural Uganda for purifying the biogas prior to SOFC use. Results revealed that the use of biochar from cow manure and jack fruit leaves can reduce H2S to below the desired 1 ppm and substitute alternative biogas treatments like activated carbon. These experimental results were then translated to demonstrate how this biochar would improve the economic feasibility for the implementation of biogas-SOFC systems. It is likely that the operation and maintenance cost of a biogas-SOFC energy system can in the long run be reduced by over 80%. Also, the use of internal reforming as opposed to external reforming can greatly reduce the system capital cost by over 25% and hence further increase the chances of system economic feasibility. By applying the proposed cost reduction strategies coupled with subsidies such as tax reduction or exemption, the biogas-SOFC energy system could become economically competitive with the already existing technologies for off-grid electricity generation, like solar photovoltaic systems.

A hybrid optimization for distributed generation and D-STATCOM placement in radial distribution network: a multi-faceted evaluation

The deregulation of the power system, upward growth in electrical energy demand and network expansion have resulted in an increasing integration of distributed generation (DG) and distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) into radial distribution systems (RDS). Nonetheless, the optimal allocation of these devices is highly important to derive immense benefits. This investigation narrows down on optimizing DG and D-STATCOM placement in IEEE 33-bus RDS with a view to increase bus voltages, decrease power losses as well as maximize economic gains. The study undertakes a comprehensive analysis comparing the technical, economic and environmental performance of DG and D-STATCOM; thereby enabling power engineers to make informed choices concerning which device will be most advantageous when it comes to delivering power in RDS. A fuzzy enhanced firefly optimization (FEFO) approach is proposed for the optimization and a multifaceted evaluation in terms of technical, financial and environmental is presented for effective decision-making on distributed energy resource deployment. D-STATCOM and wind DG integrations led to notable reductions in power loss and pollutant emissions, highlighting their effectiveness in improving power quality and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. While wind DG incurred a higher installation cost ($3,100,749.2) compared to D-STATCOM ($90,566.6), it achieved greater yearly power loss cost savings ($69,198 versus $47,619). FEFO’s efficiency in optimization stands out, aiding engineers in making informed decisions for optimizing D-STATCOM and wind-DG integration in the IEEE-33 RDS, ultimately enhancing system performance and cost-effectiveness through proactive planning. The integration of D-STATCOM and wind DG led to a significant improvement in distribution system efficiency, with D-STATCOM reducing real power loss by 28.7% and reactive power loss by 27.8%, while wind DG achieved greater reductions of 41.8% in real power loss and 37.5% in reactive power loss, alongside reductions in pollutant emissions of 1.5% and 2.2%, respectively.

Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System for Generating Energy to Dairy Farm Activities

Minas Gerais is the leading milk-producing state in Brazil, and many dairy activities are supplied with electricity by the cable aerial network of the electrical energy state company. Given that the Brazilian energy matrix relies primarily on hydroelectric power, studies on the potential of other renewable energy sources in the context of dairy farms are innovative. Additionally, frequent disturbances and interruptions have motivated the installation of solar energy systems on dairy farms. However, the scarcity of technical and scientific studies demonstrating the benefits of electricity generated from photovoltaic panels in Minas Gerais has caused dairy farmers to fear potential financial losses. In this study, grid-connected photovoltaic systems in dairy farms were evaluated, considering three fixed tilt angles for the panels (latitude - 10°, latitude, and latitude + 10°) and electrical energy demands of dairy activities associated with two herd sizes (100 and 150 cows). Meteorological databases and mathematical models were used to predict daily global radiation on tilted panels in dairy farms of two Brazilian municipalities of Minas Gerais State (Lavras and Paracatu). Energy consumption related to dairy activities was monitored for 12 months. For both municipalities, the best results were verified with the tilt angle of panels equal to the local latitude - 10°. The municipality with the lowest latitude (Paracatu) showed higher electricity generation potential. In all simulated scenarios, a greater energy surplus was found from late spring to early autumn (Southern Hemisphere), when the higher electricity generation by the photovoltaic panels met the elevated electrical energy demand of the dairy farms. A high energy surplus was also verified during midwinter, where lower energy consumption by the dairy farms compensated for the reduced availability of solar radiation. The proposed methodology can be adapted to other dairy farms, agricultural and urban buildings.

Harnessing Stadium Roofs for Community Electrical Power: A Case Study of Rome’s Olympic Stadium Title

Within a city, there is a lack of space for the installation of photovoltaic panels, especially in cities with significant artistic heritage. Hence, there is a need to identify new spaces for the installation of renewable energy systems capable of supplying part of the city’s energy demand. Large infrastructures for public use such as stadiums, because of their characteristics, can become an essential resource for surrounding communities by installing photovoltaic panels on their roofs. This innovative approach can supply renewable electricity to the local community, aligning with the concept of renewable energy communities (RECs). This study focuses on the Olympic Stadium in Rome, exploring a new way to produce and share the electricity generated. An energy simulation of the photovoltaic plant was carried out by means of a transient calculation tool System Advisor Model (SAM). Then, the energy output from photovoltaics was correlated with the stadium, streetlight, and household electrical energy demands. The results highlight the suitability of the photovoltaic plant and the energy, economic, and environmental advantages derived from its exploitation.

Charging Strategies for Electric Vehicles from Renewable Hybrid Systems

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze charging strategies for electric vehicles (EVs) in a hybrid system connected to the conventional electricity grid, to optimize the use of renewable energies. Theoretical Framework: This paper presents the concepts of hybrid systems, photovoltaic power generation, and electric vehicle energy demand. It emphasizes the importance of integrating renewable energy into the transportation sector to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability. Method: The research was based on obtaining load curves and photovoltaic generation in different climatic conditions. The energy available for charging electric vehicles was calculated, considering the limitations of the hybrid system. Different charging power configurations were studied. Results and Discussion: The results demonstrate the feasibility of recharging EVs with renewable energy and highlight the operational flexibility provided by storage systems. Different climate scenarios affect energy availability for charging, highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies. Research Implications: This research contributes to developing sustainable strategies in the transportation sector by providing insights into integrating electric vehicles and renewable energy. Practical implications include reducing carbon emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. Originality/Value: This study stands out for its specific analysis of EV charging strategies in a hybrid context, providing new approaches for the efficient use of renewable energy in transportation. The integration of storage systems and adaptation to climatic conditions are innovative aspects that add value to the research.

Solar-driven self-sustaining remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil

Petroleum-contaminated soil poses an environmental risk and is costly to remediate. Self-sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR) is an emerging remediation technique that consists of igniting and propagating a smoldering front through a volume of contaminated soil. While effective, the electrical energy demand required to initiate smoldering can be cost-prohibitive in locations without robust electrical infrastructure. To address this, we investigated the viability of a novel concentrated solar power process as a low-carbon alternative to electrically driven heating for STAR. The solar-driven system uses parabolic reflectors to focus solar energy, then directs it through fiber optic bundles to flexibly transmit it to a soil column. This process is demonstrated on ∼ 750 mL samples of petroleum-contaminated soil and detectable hydrocarbons were reduced in each case. Research evaluated several parameters of interest for effective treatment including thermal receiver material and distance between solar output and thermal receiver. Temperature was measured throughout treatment and typically exceeds 400 °C prior to ignition. Steel and quartz thermal receivers show effective temperature distribution, initiating smoldering, reducing detectable hydrocarbons and maintaining durability. The results indicate that concentrated solar power can efficiently ignite smoldering remediation, showing promise as a low-carbon alternative to current methods.

Internet of things-based electrical energy control and monitoring in households using spreadsheet datalogger

Today, the demand for electrical energy is paramount in various daily activities. Hence, individuals must be aware of the amount of electrical energy consumed to maintain the quality of electronic devices. Knowing the quality of electronic devices is essential since it can impact the performance and lifespan of electrical equipment. The value of electrical power is determined by the quality of electrical power and the number of hours. Monitoring electrical energy involves collecting or measuring data to assess the current level of energy consumption. The author is interested in researching the use of Datalogger Spreadsheets to monitor and gather real-time information on energy use, which is made possible through integration with internet of things (IoT) and microcontrollers. Through data analysis and observation, solutions to existing problems are sought by comparing and matching data. Monitoring daily energy usage in a home setting produces output data that can be viewed directly and remotely with real-time results. This tool is expected to address current issues.

A Hybrid Deep Learning Model to Estimate the Future Electricity Demand of Sustainable Cities

Rapid population growth, economic growth, and technological developments in recent years have led to a significant increase in electricity consumption. Therefore, the estimation of electrical energy demand is crucial for the planning of electricity generation and consumption in cities. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning model that combines convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) techniques, both of which are deep learning techniques, to estimate electrical load demand. A hybrid deep learning model and LSTM model were applied to a dataset containing hourly electricity consumption and meteorological information of a city in Türkiye from 2017 to 2021. The results were evaluated using mean absolute percent error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2) metrics. The proposed CNN-LSTM hybrid model was compared to the LSTM model, with lower MAPE, MAE, and RMSE values. Furthermore, the CNN-LSTM model exhibited superior prediction performance with an R2 value of 0.8599 compared to the LSTM model with an R2 value of 0.8086. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed deep learning model in accurately estimating future electrical load demand to plan electricity generation for sustainable cities.

The Impact of Human Activities on Air Pollution in the Fallujah City, Al-Anbar Province – West Iraq

Air pollutant field study and laboratory sample analyses revealed that most of the air pollutants in Fallujah City come from various human activities. These activities: Factories, Bakeries, Private electric generators, etc represent the major sources of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Those emissions have affected the air quality of the air in study areas. This research aimed to identify air pollutant concentrations, and their effects, and develop immediate solutions to reduce their health and environmental impacts. Air pollutant measurements were taken for four sites, with each site having generators and bakeries, another five sites representing industrial activities, and another site representing the residential areas. These measurements which included total suspended particles (TSP), PM10, PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphate dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4) and (CO) were conducted in the winter and summer seasons. The plaster and asphalt factories and industrial district locations recorded the highest concentrations of particle pollutants (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) and gases (NO2, SO2, CH4, and CO). It was also observed that there was an increase in the concentrations of total suspended particles, in addition to some gases measured at the sites of bread ovens and private electric generators, especially in the summer. Most of the sites recorded values higher than the local environmental allowable limits. The high concentrations of air pollutants measured at the study sites are due to the increased demand for electrical energy and the use of private electrical generators to compensate for the lack of electrical energy emitted by high air pollutants. In addition to the emissions of cement, plaster, and asphalt factories and the large quantities of suspended particles they release into the atmosphere resulting from crushing operations and loading operations for raw materials, in addition to the polluting gases they release resulting from the use of black oil, as well as the use of black oil as fuel in the bakeries, which leads to an increase in pollutant concentrations will, therefore, negatively affect air quality.

Feasibility and sensitivity assessment of various heads for micro-hydropower plant design in the Deluwang watershed, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The escalating global demand for electrical energy, including in Indonesia, underscores the need for renewable energy sources like micro-hydropower plants (MHPs). This study examines the financial feasibility and sensitivity of MHP projects in the Deluwang watershed, Situbondo Regency, Indonesia. Three cases with varying head elevations and discharge rates were analyzed, utilizing crossflow turbines. Case 1, with the highest head and discharge, emerged as the most profitable, demonstrating the highest values for Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The study found that on-grid systems, despite higher initial costs, offer more stable revenue and faster payback periods compared to off-grid systems. Sensitivity analysis revealed the on-grid method's resilience to fluctuations in interest rates, project lifespan, and river discharge, maintaining feasibility with up to an 80% reduction in discharge over 15 years. This highlights the importance of strategic planning in MHP design, considering head and discharge rates to optimize power generation. The findings provide valuable insights for renewable energy development, contributing to Indonesia's energy needs and local socio-economic benefits. Future research should further explore the socio-economic impacts of MHP installations to enhance their development and sustainability.

Design and Economic Analysis of a Grid-Tied Microgrid Using Homer Software

The demand for electrical energy is increasing due to reasons such as economic growth, industrialization and electrification. The world responds to a large part of this electricity demand with fossil fuel-based production. However, the constraints on the sustainability of fossil resources and the negative effects of fossil-based production on nature have made renewable energy one of the most talked about concepts in the energy sector in recent years. After Russian – Ukrainian conflict, the effects of political crises between countries were seen in the field of energy, and many countries faced the risk of energy supply and high pricing policies. With its easy integration of renewable energy and its structure that reduces dependency in energy, Microgrids (MGs) are important for the energy systems of the future. However, the environmental dependence of renewable energy prevents it from being used as an absolute energy source in systems. In this study, a microgrid design for the city of Duquesne, USA whose main sources of electricity generation are solar and wind, has been realized and electrical and economic analyzes have been made over different scenarios as grid-tied, limited grid activation and standalone. Scenarios are evaluated on Net Present Value (NPV), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), installation cost and renewable penetration. The grid-tied scenario, which reduces the LCOE by around 33% compared to the existing grid has been determined as the most economic option.

Impact of uncertainty in building operation patterns and electric energy demand on the design and techno-economic performance of solar photovoltaic systems in different climates

The optimal design of renewable energy systems for buildings requires accurately estimating building electric energy loads. While this energy demand highly depends on how occupants and facility managers use building systems, operation-related uncertainty is rarely accounted for in the renewable energy design workflow. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to quantify the impact of uncertainty in building operation patterns and electric demand on the techno-economic performance of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems (with and without battery storage). A hybrid methodology is proposed, combining and comparing two approaches to studying building performance under uncertainty: (i) physics-based building performance simulations coupled with parametric variations of occupant behavioral profiles (e.g., austere vs. wasteful), and (ii) data-driven modeling using a large national building dataset. The approach is illustrated and validated on small, medium, and large-sized office buildings in different climate zones (hot dry, mixed marine, and cold humid). Results show that different building operational patterns could lead up to 60% increase in building electric demand, which translated to similar increases in PV energy capacity and the corresponding capital costs of the systems. The findings emphasize the urgent need to better account for uncertainty in building operational patterns in the design workflows of buildings with PV generation and energy storage capabilities.

SIMULASI DAN ANALISIS DAMPAK PLTS DAN BESS TERHADAP KESTABILAN FREKUENSI SISTEM KELISTRIKAN NUSA PENIDA

The islands of Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan are some of the famous tourist destinations in Bali. The growth of tourism in the area has increased the demand for electrical energy. PLN is committed to improving infrastructure by building a solar power plant and BESS in Nusa Penida. This research aims to analyze the impact of implementing PLTS and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) on the frequency of the electricity system in Nusa Penida. This research uses a simulation with two scenarios in three different conditions. Scenario 1 is simulated by releasing the Cogindo generating unit from the Nusa Penida electricity system with three conditions, namely an electricity system without PLTS and BESS, an electricity system with PLTS, and an electricity system with PLTS and BESS. Scenario 2 is simulated by removing the Ceningan feeder from the Nusa Penida electricity system with the same three conditions. Simulations were carried out to determine the effect of PLTS and BESS on frequency changes. The simulation results show that frequency changes are still within the limits regulated by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 20 of 2020.

SIMULASI DAN ANALISIS DAMPAK PLTS DAN BESS TERHADAP DROP TEGANGAN PADA SISTEM KELISTRIKAN NUSA PENIDA

Nusa Penida, Nusa Ceningan, and Nusa Lembongan or known as Tiga Nusa are very famous tourist destinations in Bali Province. The growth of tourism in Tiga Nusa has resulted in demand for electrical energy increasing every year. In order to meet the electrical energy needs in Tiga Nusa, the PLN continues to strive to improve the quality of the Nusa Penida electricity system. One of PLN's efforts is to build a Solar Power Plant that is interconnected with BESS. This research aims to analyze the effect of Solar Power Plant and BESS on voltage drops in the Nusa Penida electricity system. This research was carried out by simulation using electricity system dynamic simulation software. The simulation will be carried out with 3 scenarios. The results of this research are that Solar Power Plant interconnected with BESS has a good influence on the Nusa Penida Electricity System, as evidenced by the simulation results for scenarios 2 and 3 which have better voltage drop values compared to scenario 1.

Designing of 0.9 MWp Solar Power System Project for Kastamonu University

Today, with increasing consumption costs, costs and needs in the field of energy are increasing exponentially. In this study, a Solar Power System project has been designed at Kastamonu University in order to meet the increasing demand for electrical energy and because it is more advantageous than other power plants, has a shorter depreciation period and a shorter installation and commissioning time. Solar Energy Systems, or Solar Power Systems are cutting-edge devices made to capture solar radiation and transform it into electrical energy that can be used. Solar Power Systems are essential for creating a greener and more sustainable energy landscape as the world community continues to emphasize sustainability. It is envisaged to use 8 inverters with 1632 panels on various roofs within the Kastamonu University campus area in order to supply the energy demand. Energy costs, power plant installation fees, depreciation process and exemptions are also cost within the scope of this study. It is concluded that approximately one third of the energy needs of Kastamonu University will be met with the proposed project.

Isolated Work of a Multi-Energy Carrier Microgrid

With the increasing use of renewable energy sources and decentralized power systems, certain challenges have emerged in meeting consumers’ electrical energy demands. The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation means that it cannot always align with consumers’ needs, resulting in periods of excess energy production when it is not required. To bridge this gap between production and consumption, energy storage systems are necessary. This paper defines the work of an isolated microgrid, which consists of renewable sources (wind and PV) for energy production, households with electric vehicles as consumers, and a combined storage system. This storage system is made from batteries, hydrogen storage, and a control system that defines the best use of the storage. Stored energy is utilized through fuel cells to generate electricity for consumption when renewable sources cannot meet the demand. This paper presents the principles of electrolysis and models of individual elements within such a system, as well as the definition and principle of control of the system functionality based on rules and conditions. The proposed control system aims to increase the energy storage lifecycle by deciding when and how to utilize which type of storage and define a self-sufficient microgrid based on renewable sources of production. An economic analysis of the storage part of the system was carried out in which the levelized cost of energy stored and the NPC of the storage systems are calculated. A simulation of the system’s operation is conducted using one-hour measurements of wind turbines, solar panels, and household consumption in Serbia. To analyze the system’s behavior, a one-week time horizon is considered.

The role and benefits of storage systems in distributed solar PV generation on public buildings in Brazil

This paper proposes a method for assessing the energy and economic impacts provided by the adoption of battery energy storage (BESS) in public buildings with integrated photovoltaic (PV) systems under current legislation. The method is applicable to prosumer units (PU) connected on the medium voltage grid and is based on techniques for measuring the electric energy demand and the surplus PV energy injected by the PU into the grid. Empirical data, including ambient temperature and solar irradiation, were employed to assess the solar radiation resource. In BESS simulations, PU power flows were utilized. The BESS defined operation (charging/discharging schedules) was aimed at the maximum use of the surplus PV energy and the largest reduction in electricity expenses (energy arbitrage). The suggested methodology was applied to a case study of a public building PU in Brazil. The results showed that, during peak hours, the adoption of the BESS would provide a 100 % reduction in measured power demands and consumed energy with a significant annual injection of power in the utility grid. During off-peak hours, the annual self-consumption of the PU would increase by nearly 30 %. This outcome underscores the benefits associated with time-of-use billing structure for public PU + BESS. Approximately 85 % of the total energy required to charge the BESS would be originated from the surplus of PV energy. The remaining 15 % would be supplemented by the utility grid. The findings show that currently, the insertion of BESS would not present financial attractiveness. However, it is anticipated that BESS costs will drop during the next few years. A sensitivity analysis was carried out which concluded that for a cost of US$408 (expected value for 2025) the BESS would present financial attractiveness.