Demand Framework Research Articles

Dancers win at work: unionization and Nowak v Chandler Bars Group Ltd

In the United Kingdom, United Sex Workers is organizing as the sex workers' branch of the trade union United Voices of the World (UVW). Sex workers have located dancer unionization and labour rights within a political framework and set of demands relating to socially reproductive labour and decriminalization of all forms of sex work. Their efforts have led to an Employment Tribunal decision that dancers fall within the definition of “worker” found in various UK labour laws. At the same time, the broad perspective and demands of the sex-worker rights movement expose the limits of worker status, and the gains made through unionization have, at least at this time, been eclipsed by COVID-19.

Applying the demand–control–support model on burnout in students: A meta‐analysis

AbstractFourteen empirical studies on academic burnout were synthesized and reviewed with a meta‐analytic approach based on the framework of job demand, control, support model. It was found that demand, control, and support were associated with academic burnout. The three dimensions of burnout were negatively related to demand and positively related to control and support. In terms of types of demand, which were classified into psychological and physical demands, moderating effects were observed on the three burnout dimensions, with a larger correlation coefficient of psychological demands. As for social support, moderating effects were observed only with exhaustion. Implications for research and interventions as well as limitations are stated.

Identifying mismatches of ecosystem services supply and demand under semi-arid conditions: The case of the Oasis City Urumqi, China.

Understanding the balance between supply and demand of ecosystem services (ESs) is helpful for sustainable urban management. However, the interactions among multiple ESs supplies and demands remain under-researched, and ESs supply and demand spatial heterogeneity and correlation characteristics at the city level are rarely studied, especially in arid areas. To fill this gap, we established a comprehensive assessment framework of ESs supply and demand through integrating multi-source remote sensing data, social economy, and policy objectives, for the oasis city of Urumqi, China. The ESs supply-demand mismatches were revealed at the city level, and the spatial relationship between the ESs supply and demand was analyzed using spatial statistics. The results demonstrated that: (1) The total quantity of supply and demand of food provision, carbon sequestration, PM10 removal, and recreation services in Urumqi revealed that the demand was greater than the supply, the deficits being 16.10 × 107 kcal/ha, 6.88 × 104 t/ha, 155.86 kg/ha, and 697.26, respectively. (2) The supply and demand assessment of ESs revealed spatial differences from the city center to the suburbs, which further indicated that there are neighborhood similarities between the supply and demand of ESs. (3) The matching types of ESs supply and demand present obvious spatial heterogeneity, which can be divided into four types: High-high, high-low, low-high, and low-low. Owing to rapid urban development in the inner city, the city center is dominated by low-high, whereas the urban-rural ecotone is characterized by high-low, owing to the higher elevation and water resource advantages in the suburbs. Based on the analysis of the supply, demand, and matching of ESs, economic development and sustainable management policies are proposed for different ecological spaces. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1293-1304. © 2021 SETAC.

Professional activists? Party activism among political staffers in parliamentary democracies

Although the position of the party on the ground has been weakened by cartelization, grassroots activists remain an important recruitment pool for political professionals. Based on unique survey data collected among the staff of 14 Belgian and Dutch parties (N = 1009), this article offers an in-depth analysis of party activism among this under-researched population. Introducing a new supply and demand framework, I argue that staff recruitment is shaped by candidate preferences (supply) and party preferences (demand). The findings demonstrate that most political staffers are high-intensity activists with a strong commitment to their party. Moreover, the theoretical model accurately predicts that non-activists are more common among policy and communication experts, ministerial staff, and those working for ideologically moderate parties. These findings show that paid staffers do not necessarily widen the gap between parties and activists. They also raise normative questions about internal congruence within parties in coalition governments.

Job Demands and Job Resources of Academics in Higher Education.

Too many job demands and not enough job resources can negatively influence the well-being of employees. Currently, limited information exists surrounding the job demands and resources as experienced by academic employees in the higher education sector. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the job demands and job resources experienced by academic employees using qualitative methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 academic employees, using an Interpretative Phenomenological Approach. Thematic analysis, specifically template analysis was used to categorize the themes. Job demands were divided into three categories: quantitative (publication pressure, overburdened with the load, and competing time demands), qualitative (work/home balance, complexity of student support, organizational politics, and lack of mental health support) and organizational demands (using technology-mediated learning and lack of structural resources). Job resources were organized into two categories: organizational (social support) and personal resources (autonomy, meaningful work, and personal support). Participant experiences are highlighted to provide a better understanding of the job demands and job resources encountered. The framework of job demands and job resources gleaned from the study could be used for further research to manage and monitor motivational processes for academic staff, and to reduce strain due to high job demands.

MAKE YOURSELVES SCARCE: THE EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE ON THE RELATIVE WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT RATES OF EXPERIENCED WORKERS

AbstractThis article studies the impact of demographic change on experienced workers' relative wages and employment rates. We investigate empirical predictions from a framework of supply and demand for experience skill, using variation across U.S. local labor markets (LLMs) over the last decades and instrumenting experience skill supply by the LLMs' age structures a decade earlier. We find that aging substantially reduces experienced workers' relative wages and full‐time employment rates, and also their labor market participation rates. Our results imply that the effect of demographic change on labor markets might be more severe than previously recognized, as it reaches beyond wages.

The Mechanism of Operation Effectiveness of Emergency Shelter Rescue Systems

Natural disasters cause serious damage to buildings and infrastructure, and victims lose a comfortable living environment. A large number of people are left homeless. Emergency shelter is an important component that cannot be ignored in the comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation plan. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has collectively taken into account the rapid and accurate resettlement of evacuees by taking stratification of demand, distribution of supplies, and diversion evacuation as an organic model. Given the bottleneck of rapid and accurate resettlement in the complex sheltered environment, we combine field research, literature analysis, and previous case study. This paper explains that the three main factors that affect the resettlement of evacuees are the complexity of demand, the shortage of materials, and the blindness of refuge. Additionally, then an effective analysis framework of the hierarchy of demand, distribution rapidity and refuge accuracy are constructed. Finally, this paper puts forward the structural framework of demand for layered, comprehensive distribution and diversion of evacuees and further explains the structure relationship, mode of rescue and operation strategy of effective resettlement of evacuees.

Synthesising digital twin travellers: Individual travel demand from aggregated mobile phone data

Mobile phone data generated in mobile communication networks has the potential to improve current travel demand models and in general, how we plan for better urban transportation systems. However, due to its high-dimensionality, even if anonymised there still exists the possibility to re-identify the users behind the mobile phone traces. This risk makes its usage outside the telecommunication network incompatible with recent data privacy regulations, hampering its adoption in transportation-related applications. To address this issue, we propose a framework designed only with user-aggregated mobile phone data to synthesise realistic daily individual mobility — Digital Twin Travellers. We explore different strategies built around modified Markov models and an adaption of the Rejection Sampling algorithm to recreate realistic daily schedules and locations. We also define a one-day mobility population score to measure the similarity between the population of generated agents and the real mobile phone user population. Ultimately, we show how with a series of histograms provided by the telecommunication service provider (TSP) it is possible and plausible to disaggregate them into new synthetic and useful individual-level information, building in this way a big data travel demand framework that is designed in accordance with current data privacy regulations.

Exploring the Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Leisure Walking Based on the Demand of Behavior

Leisure walking has been an important topic in space-time behavior and public health research. However, prior studies pay little attention to the integration and the characterization of diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking. This study constructs a theoretical framework of leisure walking behavior demands from three different dimensions and levels of activity participation, space-time opportunity, and health benefit. On this basis, through a face-to-face survey in Nanjing, China (N = 1168, 2017–2018 data), this study quantitatively analyzes the characteristics of leisure walking demands, as well as the impact of the built environment and individual factors on it. The results show that residents have a high demand for participation and health benefits of leisure walking. The residential neighborhood provides more space opportunities for leisure walking, but there is a certain constraint on the choice of walking time. Residential neighborhood with medium or large parks is more likely to satisfy residents’ demands for engaging in leisure walking and obtaining high health benefits, while neighborhood with a high density of walking paths tends to limit the satisfaction of demands for space opportunity and health benefit. For residents aged 36 and above, married, or retired, their diverse demands for leisure walking are more likely to be fulfilled, while those with high education, medium-high individual income, general and above health status, or children (<18 years) are less likely to be fulfilled. These finding that can have important implications for the healthy neighborhood by fully considering diverse and multilevel demands of leisure walking behavior.

Burnout and Engagement Dimensions in the Reception System of Illegal Immigration in the Mediterranean Sea. A Qualitative Study on a Sample of Italian Practitioners.

The present study describes the semantic nature of burnout and engagement in the operators involved in the management of illegal immigration. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on a sample of Italian practitioners (n = 62) of the two levels of the reception system considered: (1) rescue and first aid and (2) reception and integration. Within the framework of the job demands–resources model (JD-R), the interviews deepened the analysis of the positive and negative dimensions of burnout and engagement: exhaustion versus energy, relational deterioration versus relational involvement, professional inefficacy versus professional efficacy and disillusion versus trust. The interviews were analysed using the T-Lab software, through a cluster analysis (bisecting K-means algorithm), which emphasised noteworthy themes. The results show that, in the vast majority of the dimensions considered (for both levels of reception), the same dimensions of engagement of the operators (energy, relational involvement, professional efficacy and trust) are able to lead them into a condition of burnout, with experiences, conversely, of exhaustion, relational deterioration, professional inefficacy and disillusion. These findings expand the knowledge on burnout and engagement in practitioners of illegal immigration, a context characterised by the value of help and welcome.

Extending stimulus preference assessment with the operant demand framework.

This study extended earlier research on stimulus preference (SP) and reinforcer efficacy (RE) using the behavioral economic concept of elasticity. The elasticity of demand for different items can be used to simultaneously compare RE across stimuli and schedules of reinforcement. Highly preferred stimuli were identified via SP assessments and evaluated using progressive-ratio reinforcer assessments. Reinforcers were then evaluated across the ranges of elasticity in individual reinforcer evaluations. Results indicated that schedules associated with the ranges of elasticity (e.g., inelastic vs. elastic) corresponded with rates of the targeted behavior (i.e., work) and these trends were consistent with behavioral economic predictions. These findings encourage further inquiry and replication of operant demand methods to identify potential boundary conditions for stimuli identified using SP assessments. Discussion is provided regarding the efficiency of reinforcer assessment and the utility of schedules found to exist in the elastic and inelastic ranges.

A Review of Water Demand Framework for River Basin in Southeast Asia

Water demands are the most referred indicators for water distribution system operators to regulate production and storage of potable water. Many regional in Southeast Asia are greatly dependent on freshwater resources, which most of the time comes from large rivers basin, with starting point in high mountains and the flowing water which distribute into many parts in particular region for daily activities. Hence, understanding the projection of water demand by the reservoir that are formed by constructing dams across rivers need to be done which can contribute to water demand framework for river basin. Evaluation on consideration and estimation between water withdrawal and water availability can provide the quantity of water loss. This paper presents a review of water demand projection for different reservoir in river basin across Southeast Asia.

Theoretical Framework of Energy Internet Demand Forecasting Based on Internal and External Information Fusion

Due to the limited information sources, the existing energy demand forecasting models cannot fully, truly and accurately reflect the nature of the trend change of Energy Internet demand. To solve this problem, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of Energy Internet demand forecasting based on internal and external information fusion from the perspective of information sources. The framework summarizes the data characteristics of energy internet and divides the data information into internal information and external information. According to the attribute characteristics of data information, the forecasting information is divided into data layer, feature layer and decision layer. Finally, a combined forecasting model is established for data at different levels for data forecasting. The framework uses multi-source information fusion prediction theory to fuse the internal and external prediction information of energy Internet in different situations, which increases the amount of information of the prediction model.

Challenges and Solutions of Surveillance Systems in IoT-Enabled Smart Campus: A Survey

A Smart Campus is a miniature of a Smart City with a more demanding framework that enables learning, social interaction and creativity. To ensure a Smart Campus uninterruptible secure operation, a key requirement is that daily routines and activities are performed protected in an environment monitored unobtrusively by a robust surveillance system. The various components that compose such an environment, buildings, labs, public spaces, smart lighting, smart parking, or even smart traffic lights, require us to focus on surveillance systems, and recognize which detection activities to establish. In this paper, we perform a comparative assessment in the area of surveillance systems for Smart Campuses. A proposed taxonomy for IoT-enabled Smart Campus unfold five research dimensions: (1) physical infrastructure; (2) enabling technologies; (3) software analytics; (4) system security; and (5) research methodology. By applying this taxonomy and by adopting a weighted scoring model on the surveyed systems, we first present the state-of-the-art, and then we make a comparative assessment and classify the systems. We extract valuable conclusions and inferences from this classification, providing insights and directions towards required services offered by surveillance systems for Smart Campus.

Estimation Of Demand For Fish In Delhi And NCR, India

Fast population growth, increase in per capita income and increase in level of awareness among the people regarding health are the main causes of increase in demand for nutritional and protein rich food. Fish is very good source of protein as well as vitamins. Fish may play a vital role to ensure the nutritional security in rural areas. Fish production and consumption has however undergone major uneven changes in the past four decades. It is found that at higher ends of the income distribution, the consumption of milk, eggs, meat, fish and processed foods have risen. Present study focuses on the demand for fish in Delhi and NCR in comparison to other items like chicken, mutton and eggs. A Three Stage Budgeting Framework of demand is used for present analysis. NSSO data of household consumption has been used for analysis. Per capita consumption of “fish”, “chicken” and “mutton” in Delhi and NCR were estimated and it was found to be 4.04 kg/ annum, 2.27 kg/annum and 0.81 kg/annum respectively. So, per capita consumption of “fish” was found to be greater than “chicken” as well as “mutton”. Income elasticity of demand was estimated for each income group of population and in most of the cases demand for fish was found to be income elastic. Compensated as well as non-compensated price elasticity of demand for fish was also estimated. It was found that price elasticity of fish was almost unitary elastic whereas price elasticity of chicken” and mutton were price inelastic. Fish demand was also projected up to 2020 and it was found to be 5.11 kg/capita/ annum in 2020. With increase in income of the population as well as awareness of health benefit of fish, it is expected that fish consumption will increase at a very fast rate in future. However the presence of a large proportion of vegetarian population in Delhi and NCR is a challenging proposition for increasing of overall fish consumption of Delhi and NCR.

Capital Demand Driven Business Cycles: Mechanism and Effects

We develop a tractable macroeconomic model that captures dynamic behaviors across multiple timescales, including business cycles. The model is anchored in a dynamic capital demand framework reflecting an interactions-based process whereby firms determine capital needs and make investment decisions at the micro level. We derive equations for aggregate demand from this micro setting and embed them in the Solow growth economy. As a result, we obtain a closed-form dynamical system with which we study economic fluctuations and their impact on long-term growth. For realistic parameters, the model has two attracting equilibria: one at which the economy contracts and one at which it expands. This bi-stable configuration gives rise to quasiperiodic fluctuations, characterized by the economy's prolonged entrapment in either a contraction or expansion mode punctuated by rapid alternations between them. We identify the underlying endogenous mechanism as a coherence resonance phenomenon. In addition, the model admits a stochastic limit cycle likewise capable of generating quasiperiodic fluctuations; however, we show that these fluctuations cannot be realized as they induce unrealistic growth dynamics. We further find that while the fluctuations powered by coherence resonance can cause substantial excursions from the equilibrium growth path, such deviations vanish in the long run as supply and demand converge.

Quantifying the Structure of Residential Water Demand in the United States: A Generalized Exact Affine Stone Index Demand Framework

Quantifying the Structure of Residential Water Demand in the United States: A Generalized Exact Affine Stone Index Demand Framework

Tractatus Optimo-Linearis Demandandus: The Demandments (Treatise on Optimality and Linear Demand)

The linear demand curve and the consumer optimization problem are treated as separate, mutually exclusive manifestations in economics texts, leading to oversights and spurious results. We introduce a Revised Demand Framework (RDF) elucidating the underlying consumer optimization problem within the linear demand framework with its results. Income increases do not shift the demand curve but rotate it clockwise around the x-intercept as demand converges at all prices to its unconstrained optimum where p = 0. Thus, increases in income make the demand curve more price inelastic; income elasticity and price elasticity are additive inverses in equilibrium. Changes in income exhibit a quasi-Slutsky Decomposition; direct effects rotate the demand curve around the x-intercept while indirect effects shift it with the demand curve. Hence, the Law of Demand is inviolable as each purported violation is associated with a change in the unconstrained optimum shifting the demand curve. Convergence of demand to a finite level as income increases suggests that expansionary macroeconomic policy targeting consumer income could have a more limited impact than expected. Similarly, models employing Cobb Douglas preferences should justify isoelastic demand or nonfinite convergence in income when relying on these properties. Finally, we present a model of demand that is liner in price.

Managing Customer Search via Bundling

Bundling has been a pervasive marketing strategy and its success has been largely attributed to its strength in reducing customer valuation dispersion. Less is known about the efficacy of bundling in settings where customers are less sure about their valuations for a product, especially when that product is newly launched or has an experience nature, and can conduct a costly search to learn the product content and discover their true valuations. In this paper, we investigate the interplay between bundling and searching, and its implications for a monopolist’s pricing strategy. We apply a novel framework of multi-product demands and non-obligatory search where customers desiring multiple products reserve the right to purchase these products without having to search them first and study two different markets: 1) a market of one mature and one new product in which valuation uncertainty exists for the new product only; 2) and a market of two new products in which valuation uncertainty exists for both products. The firm fully anticipates the customers’ search behaviors, determines whether to bundle the products or unbundle them, and optimally chooses the prices accordingly. We show that bundling cultivates search in a market of one mature and one new product, but inhibits search in a market of two new products. This contrast emerges as a result of market structures: bundling reduces the appeal of search by making it sequential and path dependent in the latter market, but is less effective in doing so due to the existing heterogeneity in the former market. Our results thus point to an intricate interaction between search, market heterogeneity and prices, and their joint impact on the optimal pricing strategy. We also show that the impact of marginal cost on the optimal pricing strategy can be significantly different than that in the absence of uncertainty when customer search is trivially ruled out. We also study a market of two new but asymmetric products and show that customers’ optimal search sequence under bundling is such that the superior product is always searched first. Unlike the case of symmetric products wherein bundling always (weakly) dominates separate selling, the presence of a strong product asymmetry can overturn the dominance of bundling. Our analysis provides managers with guidelines on selling multiple experience or new products when customers search. Our work adds to the academic literature on search by analyzing multi-product demands and multi-product search, and proposing bundling as a lever to manage customer search for better revenue and profits.

Linear demand systems for differentiated goods: Overview and user’s guide

Linear demand systems and quasi-linear quadratic utility models are widely used in industrial economics. We clarify the link between the two settings and explain their exact origin as it seems to be little known by practitioners. We offer practical recommendations to achieve consistency, tractability and a reasonable degree of generality when using the linear demand framework. We show that all tractable versions of the model used in practice are (almost) identical and have a mean-variance structure. We provide concise, ready-to-use formulae for the symmetric model. Finally, we revisit and extend the asymmetric model of Shubik and Levitan.