Water Supply Demand Research Articles

Development of water re-allocation policy under uncertainty conditions in the inflow to reservoir and demands parameters: a case study of Karaj AmirKabir dam

The process of optimal operation of multipurpose reservoirs is accompanied by large dimensions of decision variables and the uncertainty of hydrological parameters and water demands. Therefore, in determining the optimal operation policies (OOPs), the decision making for water allocation is faced with problems and complexities. One of the effective approaches for sustainable management and optimal allocation from water resources is the multi-objective structural development based on the uncertainty of input parameters. The purpose of this study is to provide OOPs from Karaj AmirKabir multi-purpose reservoir with applying uncertainty in the inflow to reservoir and downstream water demand. The proposed approach has been investigated in two certain and uncertain models, and three objective functions of the system including maximizing hydropower generation, water supply demands, and flood control have been considered to formulate OOPs. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) was performed to optimize the three proposed objective functions and by applying multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, the best operation scenario was selected. In the uncertainty model, using the interval method and repeated implementation of the deterministic model for completely random scenarios that generated based on the variation interval of the uncertain parameters, the non-deterministic optimal allocation values were produced. Based on these optimal allocation values and the fitting of the standard probability distribution on it, the probability of occurrence of the deterministic allocation values was determined. Production of optimal probabilistic allocation policies can be very useful and efficient in providing real vision to managers to select appropriate policies in different conditions and rare hydrological events. The results obtained from the certain model shows that as a result of optimal allocation to demands, the fuzzy reliability, resiliency, and system stability indexes were improved to 67.81, 21.99, and 24.98 percentage, respectively. Also, in an uncertain model, applying changes of 48% and 22%, respectively, for the inflow and downstream demand has led to changes of 23%, 55%, and 18%, respectively, in the first, second, and third objective functions. The highest impact from uncertain conditions, has been related to the water supply demands with 55% of the range of variations So, the water supply demands, has a higher sensitivity and priority than other reservoir objective functions under uncertain conditions. Another important result extracted from this study is to determine the monthly probability of optimal allocations achievement. Accordingly, in the warm seasons and years in which the reservoir is facing drought, the occurrence probability of the optimal allocations decreases. Given the comprehensiveness of the proposed methodology, this approach is a very suitable tool for determining the optimal water allocations as probabilistic based on the scenarios desired by managers and reservoir operators.

Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region

The Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean, are an archipelago of volcanic origin which, for decades, has been affected by natural fluoride contamination in the water supply of some of its islands, mainly the island of Tenerife. In addition, recent volcanic eruptions in the archipelago and the increased demand for water supply have led to an increase in the fluoride content in other areas which, historically, were not affected. Fluoride content was determined in 274 water supply samples from the most populated islands of the Canary Islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) collected during the months of June 2021 to May 2022. The samples were analysed by fluoride ion selective potentiometry. The highest concentrations in Tenerife were found in the municipalities of Sauzal (7.00 mg/L) and Tegueste (5.39 mg/L), both water samples are over the parametric value of 1.5 mg/L set in the supply water legislation. In the Gran Canaria Island, the highest fluoride levels were found in Valsequillo and Mogán with 1.44 mg/L in both locations, but under the parametric fluoride value abovementioned. Consumption of just 1 L of water per day in the El Sauzal area would result in a contribution rate of 77% for adults and children over 15 years of age (Upper Level value of 7 mg/day) and 108% for children 9-14 years of age (UL value of 5 mg/day). The contribution rates increase considerably, reaching or exceeding 100% of the reference value (UL) with increasing consumption of 1 to 2 L of water per day. Therefore, it is considered that there is a health risk of overexposure to fluoride on the island of Tenerife. In the case of the island of Gran Canaria, it has been shown that even the consumption of 2 litres of water per day does not confer contribution rates that pose a health risk.

Flood Risk Quantification, Transmission, and Propagation Analysis for Flood Water Utilization of Parallel Reservoirs

Joint operation of the reservoir system can greatly improve flood water utilization and alleviate the contradiction between water supply and water demand. But yet, the flood risk brought by forecast uncertainties transfers between the reservoirs and propagates from upstream to downstream, which is crucial for flood water utilization but is rarely investigated. To address this issue, this study proposes a FLWL optimal control framework, which consists of three modules: the FLWL upper bound derivation module, the flood risk analysis module, and the optimal FLWL decision-making module. The first module is to derive the upper bound relationship of the flood limited water level (FLWL), i.e., the specific substitution relationship of storage, for the parallel reservoirs coupling the capacity-constrained pre-release method and the aggregation-decomposition method. In the second module, the method to calculate the flood risk of the reservoirs and downstream caused by rainfall and runoff forecast uncertainties based on the total probability formula is proposed. In the third module, the transmission and propagation of flood risks in the parallel reservoir system under different rainfall grades are quantified, based on which the optimal FLWLs are determined. The implication in the Qinghe-Chaihe parallel reservoir system located in Northeast China shows that FLWL in Qinghe Reservoir and Chaihe Reservoir can be raised to 129.5 m from 127 m and 108 m from 104 m, respectively. Controlling the FLWL at any point in the safety domain can improve both flood water utilization and flood control benefits. However, the flood risk nonlinearly transfers between the parallel reservoirs and nonlinearly propagates from the upstream to the downstream. Based on this relationship, the optimal FLWLs of the reservoirs under different decision preferences are recommended.

Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Surface Water Quality Assessment in and around Selected Dams of Jharkhand using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geographic Information System (GIS)

Abstract Surface water quality deterioration is mainly occurring due to anthropogenic activities at an alarming rate in developing countries. Jharkhand has been undergoing exponential urbanisation and mining, causing immense surface water pollution and water stress. The state is heavily dependent on artificial dams for its daily water supply demands. Therefore, an effort is made to monitor and ascertain the surface water quality and the influence of nearby land use pattern on water quality, in the selected five dams, namely, Hatia dam, Kanke dam, Getalsud dam, Galudih barrage, and Chandil dam are done. These dams are built on the Subarnarekha river basin, located in the Jharkhand state on a seasonal basis and associated land use land cover (LULC) changes, changes in vegetation cover using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and water body changes using normalised difference water index (NDWI) that have occurred in a 5-year gap i.e. 2016 and 2021. The secondary data for the year 2016 was obtained from the Jharkhand pollution control board report published by the government of Jharkhand, India. For the year 2021, the samples were collected from sampling sites for pre, post and monsoon seasons. The chemical analysis of collected water samples was done in the laboratory for parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total calcium and magnesium, hardness, total dissolved and suspended solids, alkalinity, chlorine etc. and compared with the standard values prescribed by world health organisation (WHO) and Indian standards (IS) 10500:2012. The seasonal water quality status was analysed using the water quality index (WQI) for the pre, post and monsoon seasons of 2016 and 2021. Then, the use of supervised classification method for land use land cover (LULC), normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalised difference water index (NDWI) was opted to understand the relation between the change in water quality and quantity concerning its land use and land cover, by comparison of results from the year 2016 to 2021. LULC were found using the supervised maximum likelihood classification method in ArcGIS and its accuracy was checked using the kappa accuracy method, which was found to be varying from 87 to 95% for all sites. The results showed that the overall water quality varied from good to poor indicating that it can be used for human activities but may need pre-treatment before drinking. NDWI showed a massive increase in severe drought areas for Hatia, Kanke, Chandil and Galudih barrage, whereas moderate drought regions increased for Hatia, Getalsud, and Kanke. NDVI showed dense and moderate vegetation both decreased massively for all the dam sites indicating an alarming situation and the need to adopt better land management practices.

English

Indonesia lies in a tropical climate area and depends on rainfall as the main source of irrigation. Changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature directly impact the water availability for irrigation purposes, including Danda Besar Swamp Irrigation Area (DIR). DIR Danda Besar is a tidal swamp irrigation field, but the tidal power cannot reach several areas, so it needs to use rainwater to supply water demand and becomes rainfed agriculture. The observation of changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature from 2001 to 2020 was conducted using daily TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) data split into 2 observation periods: Period I from 2001 to 2010 and period II from 2011 to 2020. The data analysis process consists of validation and correction to the TRMM data before it is used for water balance analysis, calculation of effective rainfall for rice and evapotranspiration, and analysis of water availability and demand. From the comparison of water availability discharge between Period I (2001-2010) and Period II (2011-2020), the highest increase in mid-month water availability occured on December 1 and December 2, and the highest decrease in water availability occured on November 1 and November 2. The results of the water balance analysis are based on water demand according to the cropping scenario with two cropping scenarios. Water balance 1 has a deficit in water availability for Periods I and II; water balance 2 is recommended for cropping patterns due to climate change, so the water balance is calculated based on water availability for Period II. No water deficit in Water balance 2.

Exploring the effects of physical and social networks on urban water system’s supply-demand dynamics through a hybrid agent-based modeling framework

The urban water system involves complex interactions between physical and social factors, such as physical infrastructures and information communications. Among these, the water supply network (WSN) and water consumers network (WCN) are critical determinants of water supply and demand, which are featured with prominent structural heterogeneity and interrelationships. The structures of WSN and WCN have been traditionally modeled in isolation under the assumption of structural homogeneity. This work proposes a new agent-based modeling (ABM) framework with a local-world fitness network to explore the effects of structural heterogeneity and WSN-WCN interrelationship on water supply–demand dynamics. A case study in Lhasa reveals that, the traditionally assumed fully-connected water supply system and structurally homogeneous water user network may result in simultaneous overestimation of water demand and underestimation of inter-region variances in water demand and groundwater table. Our analysis provides new insights into the disentanglement of the complex interdependencies of WSN and WCN and their associated structural heterogeneities, which could be extended to the modeling of other complex and interrelated networks.

Contaminant Exposure and Transport from Three Potential Reuse Waters within a Single Watershed.

Global demand for safe and sustainable water supplies necessitates a better understanding of contaminant exposures in potential reuse waters. In this study, we compared exposures and load contributions to surface water from the discharge of three reuse waters (wastewater effluent, urban stormwater, and agricultural runoff). Results document substantial and varying organic-chemical contribution to surface water from effluent discharges (e.g., disinfection byproducts [DBP], prescription pharmaceuticals, industrial/household chemicals), urban stormwater (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, nonprescription pharmaceuticals), and agricultural runoff (e.g., pesticides). Excluding DBPs, episodic storm-event organic concentrations and loads from urban stormwater were comparable to and often exceeded those of daily wastewater-effluent discharges. We also assessed if wastewater-effluent irrigation to corn resulted in measurable effects on organic-chemical concentrations in rain-induced agricultural runoff and harvested feedstock. Overall, the target-organic load of 491 g from wastewater-effluent irrigation to the study corn field during the 2019 growing season did not produce substantial dissolved organic-contaminant contributions in subsequent rain-induced runoff events. Out of the 140 detected organics in source wastewater-effluent irrigation, only imidacloprid and estrone had concentrations that resulted in observable differences between rain-induced agricultural runoff from the effluent-irrigated and nonirrigated corn fields. Analyses of pharmaceuticals and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in at-harvest corn-plant samples detected two prescription antibiotics, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, at concentrations of 36 and 70 ng/g, respectively, in effluent-irrigated corn-plant samples; no contaminants were detected in noneffluent irrigated corn-plant samples.

The Cost of Alternative Water Supply and Efficiency Options under Uncertainty: An Application of Modern Portfolio Theory and Chebyshev’s Inequality

Sea-level rise, population growth, and changing land-use patterns will further constrain Florida’s already scarce groundwater and surface water supplies in the coming decades. Significant investments in water supply and water demand management are needed to ensure sufficient water availability for human and natural systems. Section 403.928 (1) (b) of the Florida Statutes requires estimating the expenditures needed to meet the future water demand and avoid the adverse effects of competition for water supplies to 2040. This study considers the 2020–2040 planning period and projects (1) future water demand and supplies; and (2) the total expenditures (capital costs) necessary to meet the future water demand in Florida, USA. The uniqueness of this study compared with the previous studies is the introduction of a probabilistic-based approach to quantify the uncertainty of the investment costs to meet future water demand. We compile data from the U.S. Geological Survey, Florida’s Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Florida’s Water Management Districts, and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection to project the future water demand and supplies, and the expenditures needed to meet the demand considering uncertainty in the costs of alternative water supply options. The results show that the total annual water demand is projected to increase by 1405 million cubic meters (+15.9%) by 2040, driven primarily by urbanization. Using the median capital costs of alternative water supply projects, cumulative expenditures for the additional water supplies are estimated between USD 1.11–1.87 billion. However, when uncertainty in the project costs is accounted for, the projected expenditure range shifts to USD 1.65 and USD 3.21 billion. In addition, we illustrate how using Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) can increase the efficacy of investment planning to develop alternative water supply options. The results indicate that using MPT in selecting the share of each project type in developing water supply options can reduce the standard deviation of capital costs per one unit of capacity by 74% compared to the equal share allocation. This study highlights the need for developing more flexible funding strategies on local, regional, and state levels to finance additional water supply infrastructure, and more cost-effective combinations of demand management strategies and alternative water supply options to meet the water needed for the state in the future.

Investigation of air-cooled condenser’s operating parameters in modern thermal power plant

Air-cooled condensers in thermal power plants have recently become increasingly popular. Besides all the advantages they have, like no demands for water supply on the plant site and no need for taking care of environmental regulations, they also have some serious disadvantages. One of the biggest disadvantages air-cooled condensers do have is precisely the nature of the Earth?s atmosphere being their low temperature reservoir. Low density and low heat capacity of the air as the cooling medium combined with extremely stochastic behavior of the atmosphere itself put some serious challenges in front of the air-cooled condenser?s proper and steady functioning. In this paper, the operating parameters of the air-cooled condenser in the chosen thermal power plant were investigated to gain a clearer insight into the influence of the atmospheric changes on its entropy generation and consequently on its efficiency. Also, the acquired results were further proposed as a starting point for potential optimization of the process inside the device.

Climate and pest interactions pose a cross-landscape management challenge to soil and water conservation

Climate change and biological invasions by plant pests (weeds), agriculture and forest insect pests (insects), and microbial pests (plant pathogens) are complex interactive components of global environmental change. The influence of pest distribution and prevalence across landscapes are challenging the conservation and sustainability of natural resources, agricultural production, native biological diversity, and the valuable ecosystem services they provide (Huenneke 1997; Vitousek 1997; Juroszek and von Tiedemann 2013; Ziska and Dukes 2014). Since 2000, numerous scientific studies indicate accelerating climate change is posing substantial risks to natural and managed systems in North America (IPPC 2022). Intensified droughts, large-scale wildfires, and increased demands for limited surface and groundwater water supplies in arid regions are threatening the sustainability of irrigated agriculture and contributing to economic losses (Stewart et al. 2020), while extreme rainfall events are contributing to severe riverine and urban flooding across the United States. Climate change affects crops, rangelands, forests, and natural areas directly through the immediate effects of temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels and thereby impacts production and management systems. These effects are amplified by climate-driven increases in weed, insect, and plant pathogen problems that further complicate related factors such as water, nutrient, and pest management (Walthall et al. 2013). Changing climates also alter physiological, ecological, and evolutionary processes that can support increased establishment, invasiveness, local spread, and geographic range changes of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens (Chidawanyika et al. 2019; Gallego-Tevár et al. 2019; Ziska et al. 2019) that have cascading effects on soil and water quality, and human livelihoods. Thus, a need exists for cross-habitat and landscape/watershed-scale perspectives to improve understanding of mechanisms underlying pest fitness and impacts within and across integrated systems.

Determining demand for water, water supply and drainage balance to wastewater reuse for urbans in Vietnam

Wastewater reuse is very important in ensuring a stable water supply for the socio-economic development of cities in the future. That is even more meaningful for areas affected by climate change erratic, hot, arid, scarce and polluted due to different causes. Specifically, many regions and urban areas in Vietnam have not been proactive in water resources upstream; runoff through agricultural, industrial and urban areas contaminated by farming, industrial waste, wastewater and municipal solid waste. Based on published studies on the role and situation of wastewater reuse in urbans, as well as on legal documents Vietnam's current management related to wastewater drainage and reuse, the article presents how to calculate and determine the water demand in urban areas for calculating capacity of water supply plants; to set up the balance diagram of water supply and drainage for all types of urban areas (from special to grade V urbans) and the balance diagram of water supply and drainage in the works. The research results will be considered as a scientific basis for state management agencies as well as local authorities to appropriately and effectively use in formulating strategic orientations and objectives for urban water supply and drainage management in Vietnam urban areas.

Gestão integrada de águas subterrâneas e superficiais em cenários de mudanças climáticas

ABSTRACT This study aimed to simulate the joint use of surface water and groundwater in the urban-rural basins of the municipality of São Carlos and evaluated the impact of climate change scenarios in the system. A calibrated WEAP model is employed with 5 km resolution climate model data from the CPTEC - PROJETA project with the future scenario of RCP85 and RCP45 from 2007 to 2050. This system is utilized to create various future scenarios of groundwater and surface-water abstraction of public water supply, industrial and private demands, with combination of conjunctive use 50-50% of both type of resources and 100% from one them. Results were assessed by analyzing the flow duration curves and the level of the aquifer for the 2007-2050 period. The simulated climatic scenarios indicate that the pressure over groundwater in the area could represent a challenge due to the progressive depletion of the resources affecting the system sustainability, the flow of the main rivers with the 95% percentile presents a reduction of 20% in some cases. This modelling approach can be used in other river basins to manage scenarios of supply and demand.

Evidence of fish community fragmentation in a tropical river upstream and downstream of a dam, despite the presence of a fishway

Context Rapid human population growth has increased demand for water supply, food security, electricity, and flood mitigation worldwide. To address these challenges, governments have invested heavily in the expansion of water infrastructure. However, there is substantial evidence that globally, this infrastructure impacts aquatic ecosystems and can have a significant impact on the persistence of fish species. Despite being well understood globally, the impacts of dams on fish have been given scant attention in Indonesia. Thus, considerations for fish are rarely included in river development planning frameworks. Methods To document the impact of riverine barriers on Indonesian freshwater fish, we surveyed multiple sites, using three different kinds of gear (gillnets, castnets, and bait traps), upstream and downstream of Perjaya Dam in the Komering River. Key results The study revealed 13 of 36 species were found only downstream of the dam and five of 36 species were found only above the dam. There were significant differences in fish community composition between upstream and downstream regions using either fish abundance (Pseudo-F = 4.495, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05), species richness (Pseudo-F = 15.837, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05) or species diversity as the response metrics (Pseudo-F = 8.3256, d.f. = 1, P < 0.05). Conclusions The local extirpation of many species from upstream areas suggests that the Perjaya Dam hinders fish migration. Implications Despite containing a fishway, the results indicate that fish are not successfully recolonising upstream reaches.

Water collector location for the rang dong textile industrial park

For coastal region, the saline intrusion is one of the major issues to be concerned because it has a direct and long-term impact on the socio-economic growth. Rang Dong Textile Industrial Park is specifically designed for the large-scale textile project, located in Rang Dong Town, Nghia Hung District, Nam Dinh Province, with a daily water demand of 170,000m3 per day. The Industrial Park (IP) is located close to the sea, surrounded by 2 big rivers, Day River and Ninh Co River with ambulant water sources. However, the surface water in this region is suffered from the saline intrusion issue. Therefore, in order to supply sufficient water amount for the industrial park, it is important to determine and select the water collector location for the clean water treatment plant in the industrial park. In the present study, the calculation of saline intrusion in the downstream of Day River is simulated with MIKE11 model, which is built based on the salinity data of water in Nhu Tan, Ba Lat, Phu Le & Dong Quy stations. The simulation results show that at the selected location of the water collector, 25km from the sea gate, the salinity maintaining time of water 4‰ per month is almost unaffected; the salinity maintaining time of water 1‰ per month only accounts for 1%-4% days in the month, meeting the water supply demand of the industrial park.

Model of Sustainable Drinking Water Governance at Tirta Kualo Regional Drinking Water Corporate in Tanjungbalai City, Indonesia

Tirta Kualo is the only regional drinking water corporate (herein after PDAM Tirta Kualo) that provides drinking water to the people of Tanjungbalai city, which has yet to be able to serve the entire community. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential availability of the Silau river, to meet the water needs of the people, to know the condition of drinking water supply governance of PDAM Tirta Kualo, and to design a model of sustainable drinking water governance at PDAM Tirta Kualo, Tanjungbalai city. A mixed method approach was used in this study. The population was customers of PDAM Tirta Kualo who have been domiciled in Tanjungbalai city for more than 10 years. The analysis shows that based on the area of Tanjungbalai city around 60.62 km2 with population 169.367 inhabitants and coverage services of PDAM Tirta Kualo in 2019 was only 68.86%. The projection of drinking water supply demand for each house connection in the next 5 years, assumed to be 2% increase, is an average of 14.79 liters/second. The condition of drinking water supply governance in PDAM Tirta Kualo is still low, and it is proven that there are still many issues in all working units. The design of a sustainable water supply governance model in PDAM Tirta Kualo refers to the regional spatial plan of Tanjungbalai city year 2013 until 2033.

Spatial-Temporal Changes in Water Supply and Demand in the Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia Using a Geospatial Approach

Balancing water supply demand is vital for sustaining livelihoods. Spatial mapping and calculating water yield dynamics due to land use changes over decades are needed to manage land resources and formulate ecological protection policies. This study mapped the supply, demand, and matching status of water product service using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Service and Tradeoff (InVEST) biophysical models in the Citarum Watershed (CW) in 2000, 2010, and 2020. Moreover, this study used Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to study the agglomeration characteristics and evolutionary trajectories of supply–demand over two decades. The results showed that between 2000–2010 and 2010–2020, the water supply decreased by 19.01 × 108 m3 (18.28%) and 12.97 × 108 m3 (15.27%), respectively. However, the water demand in the same period increased by 6.17 × 108 m3 (23%) and 15.74 × 108 m3 (47%), respectively. Over the decades, the contribution of land use land cover (LULC) changes to variations in water supply has yielded values ranging from 2.87% to 6.37%. The analysis of the water supply–demand imbalance indicated that the entire CW experienced water shortage, and the type of spatial matching for supply and demand is dominated by a high supply and high demand class (16.09% of the total area). Based on the level of water deficit calculation, the upstream and downstream areas were identified as zones that require ecological conservation, while the middle CW area requires ecological restoration or ecological improvement.

Delineation of Ground Water Recharge Potential Zones in Lahore District, Punjab, Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques

Lahore is the provincial capital of Punjab and the second most populous city in Pakistan. Aquifer rechargerates have been continuously decreasing over a long period of time, which has caused a significant decline in the watertable level. Rapid population growth, urban development, and industrialization have all raised the demand for watersupplies. Due to significant infrastructural development, a considerable portion of the land is now impervious andrainfall now drains as surface runoff rather than recharging the aquifer level. Average annual rainfall, one of theprimary sources used to replenish the Lahore aquifer, is insufficient to prevent the depletion of the water table, andRiver Ravi stays almost dry except in rainy seasons. Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS)techniques are used to find suitable areas for replenishment in the Lahore aquifer system in order to enhancesustainability and prevent decreasing groundwater levels. Distance from the water channel, land use/land cover(LULC), slope, geology, drainage density, rainfall, lineament density, and soil type are the eight layers that have beenintegrated with the GIS overlay analysis. Thematic maps are generated using both conventional and remote sensingdata. These maps are eventually converted to raster data. Very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor are the fivezones that have been delineated. A good to very good

Day-ahead economical planning of multi-vector energy district considering demand response program

Increasing technology developments and economic considerations have also made the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) inevitable. To achieve the holistic planning of a microgrid consisting of several energy resources, this paper proposes a novel multi-vector energy system based on electricity, heating, and water generation sources. To supply electrical energy from heat generation units, a water-power nexus (WPN), an ESS, photovoltaic (PV) sources, and a combined heat and power (CHP) system are used. Considering the importance of Hydro generation in planning, combined energy-water and water-only systems are used to supply water demand, while heat-power and heating generation systems are used to supply heating. To make the model more realistic, the effects of the valve point, maximum and minimum generation constraints, increasing/decreasing rate, energy, water, and heating demand balance were taken into account. The main objective function of this study was to minimize multi-vector energy system costs in 24 h. To promote demand-side performance, the price-based demand response program was used to reduce the final costs in the entire study period. The proposed models have been formulated as a mixed-integer linear problem solved by the CPLEX solver in GAMS. Simulation results show that the use of RES and their proper management can reduce the generation of a thermal generator, which reduces the costs considerably. With the demand response program, the costs were reduced by 1.03%. This paper presents a systematic method for optimal system control that can provide a regulatory basis for the use of integrated generation sources.

Analysis of the water-food nexus for food security in a high Andean Community

Water and food are facing increasing demand worldwide. This increase is significant in mountainous regions where glaciers are melting, and water availability is in danger. Food demand has also increased with the population growth. This study sought to evaluate relationships between water supply and food demand in a community located in the Peruvian Andes mountainous region. The developed methodology reveals a practical way to identify future problems with food availability. Water supply was evaluated using historical precipitation data. On the other hand, water demand was estimated using meteorological data. Irrigated areas were determined using 2019 agricultural data from the local government. Food consumption was evaluated using a 2019 per capita regional consumption. Results show a water deficit for the current agricultural demand for ten out of the twelve months. The potato was the main crop being produced in the community, among sixteen studied crops. A high percentage of the time, many products were found do not satisfy local demand. For example, the potato was found to secure only fifty-five percent of the total local-demand fifty percent of the time. Current results can help the management of food security.

A novel approach to identify crop irrigation priority

It is urgent to determine the crop critical irrigation period and the priority of crop water irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions to cope with agricultural water shortage. In this study, a method combining Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) crop model with grey relational analysis was proposed to determine the irrigation priority of wheat, maize, and sunflower in the irrigation water distribution to ensure food security, and applied to the Hetao Irrigation District (HID) in China. Crop irrigation priority was determined by crop yield, water supply demand ratio (SDR), and water productivity (WP). The maximum yield, maximum water productivity and minimum water stress (crop growth stage) were evaluated. The obtained results indicate that: (1) When the irrigation scenario was 100%, the critical irrigation period for wheat was the first 10 days after sowing and 40–61 days after sowing; The critical irrigation priority for maize was 20–30 days after sowing and 61–81 days after sowing; And the critical irrigation priority for sunflower was 30–61 days after sowing. (2) In early May, irrigation priority was wheat priority to maize, while maize was a priority to wheat in mid to late May. In June, sunflower priority to wheat and maize irrigation. From early to middle July, irrigation priority to maize, and from late July to late August, sunflower water irrigation priority to maize. The method of to identify irrigation priority and crop priority to provide irrigation decision for allocating agriculture water resources.