Demand For Seafood Research Articles

Market-driven assessment of alternate aquafeed ingredients: seafood waste transformation as a case study

With the increase in worldwide demand for seafood, the current plateau in production from wild-harvest fisheries has resulted in the rapid growth of the aquaculture sector. Aquaculture relies on quality ingredients such as fishmeal, but cost concerns have led to the investigation of a variety of alternate plant and animal by-products and microbial sources as aquafeed ingredients. Evaluation of alternative aquafeed has traditionally focused on their effects on the growth and immune status of the fish and not always on market-driven assessments of the final edible product. One of the commonly researched groups of alternative ingredients is seafood waste, which, after transformation, has potentially beneficial nutritional characteristics. Transformation, which includes rendering, enzyme hydrolysis and use as a feed source for insects and microbial species, is intended to provide stability and enhance the logistical feasibility of the waste as an aquafeed ingredient. This review discusses transformed fish waste in aquafeeds and describes some of the market and end-user implications (composition, edible safety and quality, sustainability metrics and consumer perceptions) of this approach.

Hierarchical clustering for line detection with UAV images and an application for the estimation of the clearance volume of oyster stones

Mariculture can meet the increasing demand for seafood but may lead to significant environmental pollution in coastal zones. Remote sensing with UAVs is used in this paper to estimate the clearance volume as part of a coastal ecological restoration project in an oyster breeding area. First, a mathematical model for multiline detection is established based on the linear distribution of maricultures, and the minimum cosine distance sum is used as the judgment basis in the clustering algorithm. Second, an algorithm for hierarchical clustering line detection is proposed, and the centerline of marine breeding is determined. Then, the clearance volume is estimated using a three-point estimation scheme. The oyster breeding area in Xiamen between Dadeng Island and Xiaodeng Island is selected as the experimental area, it is determined that the clearance volume of oyster stones can be estimated with an accuracy of 93.4%. Finally, the factors associated with improvements in the accuracy of hierarchical clustering linear detection are analyzed and discussed.

Marine aquaculture mapping using GF-1 WFV satellite images and full resolution cascade convolutional neural network

ABSTRACT Growing demand for seafood and reduced fishery harvests have raised intensive farming of marine aquaculture in coastal regions, which may cause severe coastal water problems without adequate environmental management. Effective mapping of mariculture areas is essential for the protection of coastal environments. However, due to the limited spatial coverage and complex structures, it is still challenging for traditional methods to accurately extract mariculture areas from medium spatial resolution (MSR) images. To solve this problem, we propose to use the full resolution cascade convolutional neural network (FRCNet), which maintains effective features over the whole training process, to identify mariculture areas from MSR images. Specifically, the FRCNet uses a sequential full resolution neural network as the first-level subnetwork, and gradually aggregates higher-level subnetworks in a cascade way. Meanwhile, we perform a repeated fusion strategy so that features can receive information from different subnetworks simultaneously, leading to rich and representative features. As a result, FRCNet can effectively recognize different kinds of mariculture areas from MSR images. Results show that FRCNet obtained better performance than other classical and recently proposed methods. Our developed methods can provide valuable datasets for large-scale and intelligent modeling of the marine aquaculture management and coastal zone planning.

Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed probiotic during the earliest developmental stages have enhanced growth rates and intestinal microbiome bacterial diversity

Sustainable aquaculture practices can help meet the increasing human demand for seafood, while easing pressures on natural fish populations. Studies aimed at increasing fish production in aquaculture have included supplementary dietary probiotics that often promote general health and enhanced growth rates by altering the microbiome of the host. Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is anadromous, like salmon, and it is a subspecies of rainbow trout capable of rapid growth, making it an attractive fish to the aquaculture industry. In this study, the impact of feeding a Bacillus subtilis probiotic on the bacterial microbiome of steelhead trout was examined temporally across several stages of animal development, from eggs (day -19) through 184 days after hatching, in relation to physiological measures. Diets included: commercial feed only as a control (A), continually-fed probiotic top-coated on commercial feed (B), commercial then switch to probiotic feed (C), or probiotic then switch to commercial feed (D). Validation of probiotic concentrations on feed and in fish tissues was performed using CFU/g and qPCR, respectively. Fish growth was measured and samples for intestinal microbiome analyses were collected at multiple timepoints during fish development. Fish fed diet D yielded higher weights than the other three diets, with little impact on other biometric parameters. However, bacterial microbiome analysis indicated an increasing trend of overall alpha diversity from the egg stage to day 29 for fish fed the various diets with diet D having the highest diversity. Fish fed diets A and D maintained a high alpha diversity beyond day 29 in contrast to a decreased trend for fish still being fed probiotics in diets B and C. The fish fed diets B and C harbored a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacillus sp. in their total microbiomes (feces + mucosa). Interestingly, the mucosal-only microbiome indicated little variation between the four groups of fish. Feeding the probiotic earlier in development, during the hatchery phase, to influence bacterial microbiome composition in the intestine (rather than later after the microbiome has been established) appears to be a more effective aquaculture practice by enhancing microbiome diversity while enabling higher fish yields.

Global fishing between jurisdictions with unequal fisheries management

The demand for seafood is increasing globally and is being met, in some cases, by unsustainable fishing practices. When a country fishes outside of its jurisdiction, any negative social and environmental impacts associated with fishing are displaced to the fished location and may not be compensated. This is particularly problematic when a country fishes in jurisdictions with poorer, less-effective, fisheries management than itself (henceforth ‘unequal displacement’). Using two different indices for national fisheries management effectiveness, we calculated unequal displacement of wild-capture seafood globally. We found that up to 23% (19.8 Mt) of seafood was unequally displaced annually between 1976–2015, most of which was caught in the high seas. During the period that the management effectiveness data is most accurate (2007–2011), almost all 172 countries unequally displace seafood (n = 123), but a few are responsible for the majority (China, India, Japan, Norway, Russia, Republic of Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand). Achieving both sustainable food provision and ocean health requires improving international fishing and trade policies targeted at these countries to encourage the reduction of unequal seafood displacement.

Effects of constant flow velocity on endurance swimming and fatigue metabolism in red drum and blackhead seabream

Aquaculture has greater potential for seafood production than wild capture fisheries. To meet the growing demand for seafood, China's marine aquaculture industry has begun building deep-water cages in the open sea. However, under these conditions, fish encounter strong currents and waves, and ensuring their healthy growth is key to the farming process. To address these issues, it is necessary to study the sustained swimming abilities of cultured fish species. Blackhead seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) are traditional economic fish species in China; however, their sustained swimming ability under a constant current has been underexplored. Therefore, we examined the endurance swimming ability of three size classes of blackhead seabream and red drum at 20 °C. The fish were then subjected to swimming tests of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min at a constant swimming speed of 0.55 m/s (0.80 m/s), 0.65 m/s (0.90 m/s), and 0.70 m/s (0.98 m/s). The fish were then dissected to obtain muscle, blood, and liver samples; sample metabolite concentrations were measured at six time points, each of which guaranteed five sets of valid data. The results indicated that red drum has a significantly stronger swimming ability, and can be cultured in waters with a short-term flow rate not exceeding 0.75 m/s or 3.5 BL/s. Further, blackhead seabream can be cultured in waters with a flow velocity lower than 0.55 m/s or 2.5 BL/s. The species-related metabolic differences were mainly reflected in the hepatic glycogen and blood glucose concentrations, and those in swimming ability caused by body length were mainly reflected by the hepatic glycogen concentration. The hepatic glycogen concentration had the most significant effect on fish with body lengths >28 cm (P < 0.05). Overall, the experimental results indicated that the liver plays a major role in the physiological level of fish swimming fatigue, providing a direction for further research.

Growth performance and mineral composition of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei and the sea grape Caulerpa lentillifera in a co‐culture system

Integrated systems have been proposed as a sustainable solution to minimize the environmental impact of shrimp intensive aquaculture practices. The increasing demand for seafood is largely attributed to a growing need for healthy food recommended in a human balanced diet, but information on the nutritional quality of the resulting products is still scarce. In this study, a co-culture system (CO) of white shrimp Penaeus vannamei and sea grape Caulerpa lentillifera were evaluated in 50-L tanks during 28-days. Water nutrients and mineral composition were measured every 4 days using spectrophotometry and ICP-AES, respectively. At the end of the experiment, growth performance of shrimp and seaweed, proximal composition of shrimp and mineral composition of shrimp and seaweed were evaluated. Shrimps in CO revealed a better final weight (15.4 ± 0.02 g) and lower feed conversion rate (1.4) compared with monoculture system (13.5 ± 0.4 g; 1.9). C. lentillifera, in the CO system, bioremediate 64.0% of ammonium, 62.5% of nitrite, 82.4% of nitrate and 53.3% of phosphate. Regarding minerals, there were less P, Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn in CO water than in shrimp monoculture water. Concerning products' compositions, in CO, sea grapes had higher protein content and shrimps revealed higher lipid content in muscle, lower whole-body cholesterol, higher concentrations in Fe (+70.2%), Zn (+14.8%), Co (+62.7%), Mn (+49.9%) and lower concentrations in Na (−13.7%). Thus, cultivating P. vannamei and C. lentillifera in a co-culture system led to an increase the nutritional value of aquaculture products and to improve their interest in a human healthy diet.

Rebuilding fish biomass for the world's marine ecoregions under climate change.

Rebuilding overexploited marine populations is an important step to achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 14-Life Below Water. Mitigating major human pressures is required to achieve rebuilding goals. Climate change is one such key pressure, impacting fish and invertebrate populations by changing their biomass and biogeography. Here, combining projection from a dynamic bioclimate envelope model with published estimates of status of exploited populations from a catch-based analysis, we analyze the effects of different global warming and fishing levels on biomass rebuilding for the exploited species in 226 marine ecoregions of the world. Fifty three percent (121) of the marine ecoregions have significant (at 5% level) relationship between biomass and global warming level. Without climate change and under a target fishing mortality rate relative to the level required for maximum sustainable yield of 0.75, we project biomass rebuilding of 1.7-2.7 times (interquartile range) of current (average 2014-2018) levels across marine ecoregions. When global warming level is at 1.5 and 2.6°C, respectively, such biomass rebuilding drops to 1.4-2.0 and 1.1-1.5 times of current levels, with 10% and 25% of the ecoregions showing no biomass rebuilding, respectively. Marine ecoregions where biomass rebuilding is largely impacted by climate change are in West Africa, the Indo-Pacific, the central and south Pacific, and the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Coastal communities in these ecoregions are highly dependent on fisheries for livelihoods and nutrition security. Lowering the targeted fishing level and keeping global warming below 1.5°C are projected to enable more climate-sensitive ecoregions to rebuild biomass. However, our findings also underscore the need to resolve trade-offs between climate-resilient biomass rebuilding and the high near-term demand for seafood to support the well-being of coastal communities across the tropics.

Towards a Novel Architectural Design for IoT-Based Smart Marine Aquaculture

Marine farms must employ innovative solutions and new technologies to increase productivity and supply the seafood demand sustainably. In this paper, we propose a novel four-layers architecture for smart marine farms. The proposed architecture relies on recent advancements and proposes the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Underwater Things (loUT), edge and cloud computing, and machine learning (ML) for efficient and reliable integration of underwater sensors, data transfer among the components in a smart aquaculture farm, and real-time data processing and inference for monitoring and control of smart marine farms. The designed architecture will tackle many fundamental challenges aimed at the autonomous, intelligent, and real-time monitoring and control of smart marine farms. For each component, the issues it tackles and the challenges and guidelines to implementing it are presented. Finally, we shed light on open challenges that still prevent innovative features in smart aquaculture.

Acclimatory gene expression of primed clams enhances robustness to elevated pCO2.

Sublethal exposure to environmental challenges may enhance ability to cope with chronic or repeated change, a process known as priming. In a previous study, pre-exposure to seawater enriched with pCO2 improved growth and reduced antioxidant capacity of juvenile Pacific geoduck Panopea generosa clams, suggesting that transcriptional shifts may drive phenotypic modifications post-priming. To this end, juvenile clams were sampled and TagSeq gene expression data were analysed after (i) a 110-day acclimation under ambient (921 μatm, naïve) and moderately elevated pCO2 (2870 μatm, pre-exposed); then following (ii) a second 7-day exposure to three pCO2 treatments (ambient: 754 μatm; moderately elevated: 2750μatm; severely elevated: 4940 μatm), a 7-day return to ambient pCO2 and a third 7-day exposure to two pCO2 treatments (ambient: 967 μatm; moderately elevated: 3030 μatm). Pre-exposed geoducks frontloaded genes for stress and apoptosis/innate immune response, homeostatic processes, protein degradation and transcriptional modifiers. Pre-exposed geoducks were also responsive to subsequent encounters, with gene sets enriched for mitochondrial recycling and immune defence under elevated pCO2 and energy metabolism and biosynthesis under ambient recovery. In contrast, gene sets with higher expression in naïve clams were enriched for fatty-acid degradation and glutathione components, suggesting naïve clams could be depleting endogenous fuels, with unsustainable energetic requirements if changes in carbonate chemistry persist. Collectively, our transcriptomic data indicate that pCO2 priming during post-larval periods could, via gene expression regulation, enhance robustness in bivalves to environmental change. Such priming approaches may be beneficial for aquaculture, as seafood demand intensifies concurrent with increasing climate change in marine systems.

Sustainable fisheries: Towards operationalization of decision making accounting for biodiversity

Overexploitation of biotic resources constitutes a major threat on marine biodiversity while demand for seafood will rise in the next decades. Application of Life Cycle Assessment to marine ecosystems needs further focus. This study applies two existing methods (Langlois et al., 2014 and Emanuelsson et al., 2014) of fishing impact assessment on biodiversity to 125 common fish stocks fished in the 14 marine areas drawn by FAO and proposes operational guidelines for sustainable production and efficient conservation policies. We show that unsustainable fishing is responsible for a loss of up to 30 times the potential yield of major fish stocks such as Atlantic cod, red snapper and bluefin tuna. We identify depleted fish stocks for which biomass is up to 15 times lower than it should be (yellownose skate fished in South America) and stocks facing fishing mortality up to 1.9 × 107 times higher than required to allow sustainable recovery (Pacific Ocean perch fished on the US West Coast). Regarding intrinsic biodiversity, our study shows that we are not able to understand the consequences of overfishing through a cause-effect chain due to lack of science knowledge. However, we display how to limit the impacts on biodiversity by using complementary indicators at species and ecosystem level. The complexity of marine ecosystems and the remaining limits of studied methods are discussed, showing the compelling need for further data collection and analysis, and opening ways for targeted research.

気候変動と新興感染症の境界における水産業と水産養殖の持続可能性について：水産疫学は何を提供できるのか？

The global captured fishery is at an all-time low, however, the rising world population and the increase in demand for seafood have led to the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry, including net-pen based salmon production. The aquaculture and fishing industries are challenged by changing ecosystems due to climate change as well as from an increase in the emergence, severity, and prevalence of infectious diseases in the aquatic ecosystem. The potential consequences of farming fish in the vicinity of native wild sympatric fish species is an ongoing debate and has led to the closure of some farm sites in Canada and can have ramifications for other farming regions and species in the absence of a social license. Climate change and infectious diseases are altering the population dynamics of many commercially and culturally important fisheries such as Atlantic and Pacific salmon, lobsters, etc. Many aquatic food animal diseases are associated with pronounced shifts in microbial community structures or genetic and functional changes in reservoir non-virulent progenitor variants. The long-term goal of my research program is to understand the effects of changing ecosystem, and the interaction of farmed and wild fish, by utilizing big data along with appropriate quantitative and epidemiologic tools, on infectious diseases of aquatic food animal species and ultimately to enhance the aquatic epidemiology research program for sustainable aquaculture and fishery. The short-term goal is to conduct prospective and retrospective on-farm (field) or in-silico studies to elucidate the interactions between host, pathogen(s), and environment to understand the occurrence, transmission, and risk factors associated with emerging or likely to emerging infectious diseases in salmon aquaculture and lobster fishery in Canada. Some of the key questions my current research is trying to answer are: what are the spatio-temporal trends in emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases of aquatic food animals, how abundant are non-virulent strains of infectious agents, and how likely are they to convert to virulent strains and result in clinical outbreaks? To what extent do the environmental and other factors interact with these microbial and genetic shifts and result in clinical disease? Are there factors that can be managed to reduce the impact of such diseases? My research uses molecular epidemiology (including microbiome analyses) to evaluate genetic differences between variants and strains of the infectious agents, and profile differences in microbial communities between healthy and clinical fish, applies epidemiological methods to identify the component causes/risk factors (specific agents, genotypes, variants, and strains) involved in the clinical manifestation of these diseases to help understand the complex causal pathway/s of the disease, investigates the association of environmental (water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and plankton), host (immune system, stress markers), and management factors with outbreaks of the diseases and employs simulation models to evaluate the effectiveness of different control and mitigation measures on the potential spread of infectious diseases between aquaculture sites. I will discuss and present some of my recent studies using these methods that will highlight the importance of epidemiologic research in addressing infectious disease and productivity issues in farmed and wild salmon, lobster, and shrimp.

Reproductive sterility in aquaculture: A review of induction methods and an emerging approach with application to Pacific Northwest finfish species

AbstractAquaculture is the fastest‐growing food‐production sector and is striving to become a long‐term sustainable approach to meet the rising global demand for seafood. During the expansion and advancement of aquaculture, minimizing ecological impacts should occur concomitantly with maximizing production. Farmed fish, often genetically distinct from their natural conspecifics, may pose significant risks of genetic contamination and ecological imbalance to wild populations if they escape from aquaculture confinement. Growing reproductively sterile fish is the most effective way to genetically contain farmed fish. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) escape events in the ‘Pacific Northwest’ region of the United States and Canada have raised alarms over potential ecological impacts and led to legislation in Washington State phasing out the culture of non‐native finfish species. Farming sterile native species such as coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in the Pacific Northwest would ease public concerns and promote environmentally and economically sustainable aquaculture. Sterile fish also can mitigate the challenge of precocious maturation, a prominent issue associated with culture of salmonids and many other species, to improve somatic growth, flesh quality and fish health and welfare. Here, we review methods having potential applications for producing sterile fish and introduce our novel immersion‐based technology that temporarily silences the dead end (dnd) gene using Morpholino oligonucleotides to produce sterile coho salmon and sablefish for the first time. The successful induction of sterility in these two iconic Pacific Northwest species without introducing genetic modifications would promote the use of this immersion‐based sterilization technology for more aquaculture finfish worldwide.

سمندری حیوانات کے متعلق معاصر فقہاء اور مراکز فتاوی کی آراء۔ تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ Opinion of Contemporary Jurists and Fiqh Academies on Aquatic Animals (An Analytical Study)

The Quran is the fundamental document of the religion of Islam. Among the blessings that Allah Almighty has bestowed is that He has allowed us to do many things that were forbidden according to the previously revealed law. “Allah intends for you ease and He does not want to make things difficult for you.” (Al-Baqarāh: 2/185). Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans. Seafood prominently includes fish and other sea creatures like shellfish, prawns, crabs, eel, shrimps, oysters, octopuses, snails, frogs, crocodiles, snakes etc. As observed during the last few years, the demand for seafood has become manifold. The trends for seafood are widely in fashion as eating habits, generally around the world, and especially in Asia. The basic objective of this article examines the views of contemporary scholars of modern jurisprudential institutions and various Iftaa councils, keeping in view the above-mentioned research. Questionnaires were written by the researcher to different madaris which included 17 questions. Various topics related to the condition and sanctity of marine animals, their regular use of food, medicine and trade were discussed. In this perspective, it is stated that there are many deviated exegeses for permissible and forbidden seafood in all schools of thought. By using the descriptive and analytical method of research, these efforts are made to throw light on the importance of seafood, especially for various Fiqh Academies in Pakistan.

“Ocean Optimism” and Resilience: Learning From Women’s Responses to Disruptions Caused by COVID-19 to Small-Scale Fisheries in the Gulf of Guinea

This study examines the response of women to disruptions caused by COVID-19 in small-scale fisheries (SSF) in the Gulf of Guinea (GOG). It interrogates the concept of resilience and its potential for mitigating women’s vulnerability in times of adversity. We define resilience as the ability to thrive amidst shocks, stresses, and unforeseen disruptions. Drawing on a focus group discussion, in-depth interviews with key informants from Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria, and a literature review, we highlight how COVID-19 disruptions on seafood demand, distribution, labour and production acutely affected women and heightened their pre-existing vulnerabilities. Women responded by deploying both negative and positive coping strategies. We argue that the concept of resilience often romanticises women navigating adversity as having ‘supernatural’ abilities to endure disruptions and takes attention away from the sources of their adversity and from the governments’ concomitant failures to address them. Our analysis shows reasons for “ocean optimism” while also cautioning against simplistic resilience assessments when discussing the hidden dangers of select coping strategies, including the adoption of digital solutions and livelihood diversification, which are often constructed along highly gendered lines with unevenly distributed benefits.

Plenty more fish in the sea? - is there a place for seafood within a healthier and more sustainable diet?

Fish and other seafood species play an important nutritional, economic and social role within current diets worldwide, providing significant amounts of protein and micronutrients for an estimated 3billion people. Advice to consume fish is a common feature of dietary guidelines globally, including in the UK. However, increased global demand for seafood has led to overfishing and environmental damage linked to aquaculture expansion; issues, which are exacerbated by climate change. This raises the question of whether future demand for seafood can be met sustainably. In this article, we provide professionals working in diet, nutrition and health with an insight into the challenges facing the seafood sector and offer advice on how consumers may include seafood within a healthier and more sustainable diet. While a complex and multi-faceted challenge, fisheries scientists estimate that successful implementation of better management practices (for farmed and wild-capture fisheries) can meet future demand, allow fish stocks to rebuild to sustainable levels, help mitigate environmental effects of aquaculture, and ensure profitable fisheries to support the ~60million people employed by the seafood sector globally. Those working within the UK food system, including nutrition and health professionals, and businesses, can support the transition towards a more sustainable future for seafood by: encouraging consumption of a wider variety of species by UK consumers; increasing awareness of and knowledge about 'ecolabel' certifications designed to help consumers identify more sustainable choices; and engaging with multi-stakeholder initiatives addressing sustainability challenges facing the seafood sector.

Inflation: The problems for aquaculture

Inflation: The problems for aquaculture

Review of adaptations of U.S. Commercial Fisheries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic using the Resist-Accept-Direct (RAD) framework.

The COVID‐19 pandemic transformed social and economic systems globally, including fisheries systems. Decreases in seafood demand, supply chain disruptions, and public safety regulations required numerous adaptations to maintain the livelihoods and social resilience of fishing communities. Surveys, interviews, and focus groups were undertaken to assess impacts from and adaptive responses to the pandemic in commercial fisheries in five U.S. regions: the Northeast, California, Alaska, the U.S. Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. Fishery adaptation strategies were categorized using the Resist–Accept–Direct (RAD) framework, a novel application to understand social transformation in a social‐ecological system in response to a disturbance. A number of innovations emerged, or were facilitated, that could improve the fisheries' resilience to future disruptions. Fishers with diversified options and strategic flexibility generally fared better, i.e., had fewer disruptions to their livelihoods. Using the RAD framework to identify adaptation strategies from fishery system actors highlights opportunities for improving resilience of fisheries social‐ecological systems to future stressors.

Environmental monitoring tools and strategies in salmon net‐pen aquaculture

As global salmon production accelerates in response to higher consumer demand for seafood, so does the need for sophisticated monitoring strategies to enable and maintain ethically sound, productive, and environmentally friendly production of fish. Innovative technologies are needed to ensure proper water quality, react to unfavorable hydrodynamic conditions, monitor for changes in fish health, and minimize ecological interactions with indigenous aquatic life, including fish escapes. Automated sensors connected wirelessly to data stations, visualization aids, and acoustic and physical tagging technologies are emerging tools capable of detecting environmental stress and its associated behavioral changes in farmed fish. Computer modeling of the monitoring data collected from a single salmon farm or collection of farms sharing a data network can be used to spot environmental trends vital for anticipating some of the consequences of climate change. Environmental regulations governing salmon farming in coastal areas are becoming more stringent in response to public pressures to protect coastal and ocean resources and to provide for multipurpose use of marine resources. As net-pen salmon aquaculture expands globally, new technologies will be essential to collect and interpret the anticipated larger volumes of data needed to meet these stringent regulatory requirements and to safeguard the high investment costs inherent in salmon farming.Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:950-963. © SETAC.

Climate Risks and Opportunities of the Marine Fishery Industry: A Case Study in Taiwan

As climate change and extreme weather intensify, forecasting natural environmental changes involves high uncertainty and variation. Planned policy changes and the ability of fisheries to withstand these changes and impacts are major challenges in regard to addressing future climate hazards in Taiwan. Taiwan’s geographic location is favourable for the marine fishery industry, which is an important primary industry and a source of animal protein for residents of Taiwan. Recently, both long-term climate change and extreme climate hazards have led to shocks in the marine fishery industry. The resulting instability of the industry directly affects the market supply of and demand for seafood. We conduct a case study of a marine fishery industry in Taiwan that incorporates social concern assessments of risk perception and judgements of risk acceptance through risk management processes. Furthermore, we incorporate stakeholder participatory processes to reduce the gap in awareness of adaptation and to increase the opportunity to reach consensus and develop an integrated risk management model that enables decision-makers to better meet the needs of society. These measures will enhance all parties’ willingness to adapt and help achieve the goal of public–private collaboration in facing climate change challenges.