Demand For Media Research Articles

Comparison of metal filter media for polymer melt filtration using the standard multipass and polymer tests

For the filtration of polymer melt and polymer solutions different filter media made out of stainless steel are used. In this article, Dipl.-Ing. Peter Potthast and Dipl.-Ing. Otto Sandmeyer from HYDAC Process Technology GmbH, Germany deliver a short overview of the different filter media involved followed by a discussion of the Multipass Test according to ISO 4572. This test is a method to characterise filtration efficiency and dirt-holding capacity. Initiated by several filter manufacturers, the ISO-Institute developed this test for a direct comparison of different filters using similar filter media from different manufacturers. For the enduser this is more and more, important as the demand for higher quality products and finer filter media with longer service life increases. The article concludes with some results from some real polymer testing which is opening up new ways of determining the optimal filter media.

Communication Media and Demand for Printing and Publishing Papers in the United States

Abstract To predict the demand for printing and publishing papers, a model was first developed of the demand for printed materials—newspapers, books, magazines, and their substitutes--computers, and televisions and radios. A two-stage Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) represented the consumer demand for communication media (stage one) and for printed materials, computers, and televisions and radios (stage two). Annual United States data from 1960 to 1991 were used to estimate the expenditure share equations and related elasticities. The results suggest that during that period: (1) printed materials and computers were luxury goods; (2) the demand for printed materials was independent of the price of computers and slightly complementary of the demand for televisions and radios; and (3) the demand for printed materials was most sensitive to its price and to income. Then, the demand for paper by the printing and publishing industry was derived from a two-stage translog cost minimization model. The first stage describes the demand for paper to make printed materials together with labor, capital, and other materials. The second stage decomposes the demand for paper into that for each printing and publishing grade. Results show that during the period of observation, (1) paper demand was inelastic; (2) labor, capital, and other materials were substitutes for paper in making printed materials; and (3) technical change led to a relative decrease in the use of newsprint, and an increase in that of other paper grades. Equating production of printed materials to consumer demand led to the derived demand for each paper grade. The elasticities suggested that paper demand was not influenced much by the price of electronic media. A decomposition analysis of the growth in demand for printing and publishing papers showed that from 1981 to 1991 the positive income effects were most important, followed by the negative effects of changes in the prices of printed materials. For. Sci. 43(3):362-377.

Alternative Monies and the Demand for Media of Exchange

PREPAID CARDS, CASH CARDS, electronic purse, smart cards these are but a few of the elements in the revolution now taking place in monetary systems around the world. At that movement's heart is the emergence of a new value transfer system where alternative monies are offered to consumers through the miracle of electronics. In some cases, the new monies are merely a repackaging of existing media of exchange. For example, stored value cards that have been traditionally available for single vendors now are being offered for multiple merchant use. In other cases, technology and its acceptability are being cross-sold, as with debit cards and the expanded use of ATM cards as point-of-sale vehicles. However, the banking industry is perhaps most enthusiastic about the emerging technology of smart cards chip-in-cards that have been making inroads in Europe. With the expanded capability of a memory chip, alternative monies are seen to have the capability of moving to a new plateau of acceptance. There are many stories in the business press about the general enthusiasm for these new forms of money. For example, Block (1995) and Cutler (1994) herald the new day of electronic money. They forecast the demise of both the greenback and of commercial banks that exploit the float derived from its use. According to the hyperbole from marketing reps from this side of the financial community, currency and demand deposits soon will be endangered species. Consumer acceptance is alleged to be high, and cost efficiency associated with the new technology is expected to be substantial.

Comment on Alternative Monies and the Demand for Media of Exchange

Professors Santomero and Seater have put considerable energy into building and analyzing a carefully crafted mathematical model with a narrow microbanking focus. They explore the representative consumer's willingness to substitute electronic money (which they portray as plastic-based smart cards with no nontransactional informational processing or communications usages) for paper-based traditional money. Their model concerns itself only with what we could call money and pocket electronic platforms. The question I wish to explore in my remarks is where can we go from here: How can this first-cut model be made to cast more light on the problem of persuading households to dive deeply into electronic banking?

Multimedia: Forecasts of employment growth in the media and communications sector often exaggerated

In the light of the probable market development of new multimedia products and services, domestic demand for media and communications goods in the year 2010 will be around three times its level at the start of the 1990s. The increase in private sector demand will be somewhat higher than general economic expansion, the rise in private household demand will be slightly higher than the growth of private consumption. This is, however, contingent on solutions being found by 1998 for the technical and regulatory questions that are as yet still unresolved. What is decisive for the pace at which the telecommunications infrastructure will develop is the degree of competitive and innovative pressure. German policy makers can contribute to this by ensuring that the (still publicly owned) Telekom AG sells off its cable TV networks. It would also seem important to restrict the time-consuming licensing procedure for broadcasting companies to programmes with a bearing on public opinion and to render the regulatory procedure more efficient by setting up a national body to perform this task.

“PD” (Powerfull Optical Disk System) for Multimedia

The use of CD-ROM has become widespread. PC users have generally been satisfied with the performance CD-ROM's, however, there is also a demand for larger-capacity removable rewritable media for “Multimedia” applications. The “PD” system offers users an optical disk which is easily handled such as floppy disks presently in use. In addition, “PD” can also read CD-ROM at fourtimes of the speed using a single common slot for both CD-ROM and PD media. The PD system (name of the new optical disk system prososed by Matsushita Electric Industrial. Co., Ltd.) has good compatibility for pit and groove recording. We calculated the reflectivity, tracking error, and ROM modulation, and varied the groove depth and width to maximize performance. A signal was written on various pregroove depths, and the reproduced signal ratio was measured. We obtained good results by using a phase-change material with the PD optical disk.

The Development of an Integrated Communications Demand Model for the British Telecommunications Business

This paper describes aspects of a project in which a computer model (I.C.D.M.) of the longer-term trends in demand for telecommunications media in the U.K. was developed and implemented. The work was undertaken by Cambridge University Engineering Department for the Long Range and Strategic Studies Division of British Telecom. The paper concentrates on the processes of developing and implementing the model as an aid in the formulation of robust investment and marketing strategies for British Telecom in the face of a rapidly changing technological environment and emergent competition. The value of the integrative and dynamic characteristics of the I.C.D.M. in this context is emphasized, and the role of a user-friendly colour graphics interface in encouraging managerial acceptance of the new tool is noted.

The crest voltmeter

The demand for testing dielectric media in terms of crest voltage has resulted in several schemes of measuring high voltage. The paper mentions and compares some of the methods of high-voltage measurement and describes in more detail the crest voltmeter which has been found to be more satisfactory in commercial testing than the spark gaps which have been adopted by the Institute in the Standardization Rules. The construction, operation, accuracy and applications of the crest voltmeter are briefly described. The present Standardization Rules for the measurement of high testing voltages recommend spark gap methods which under certain conditions are impractical, inconvenient, and dangerous. The summary states that the spark gaps should be only a calibrating standard and a more practical instrument, such as described, the preferred working standard. To be presented at the fourth Midwinter Convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York, February 8, 1916.

The Crest Voltmeter

The demand for testing dielectric media in terms of crest voltage has resulted in several schemes of measuring high voltage. The paper mentions and compares some of the methods of high-voltage measurement and describes in more detail the crest voltmeter which has been found to be more satisfactory in commercial testing than the spark gaps which have been adopted by the Institute in the Standardization Rules. The construction, operation, accuracy and applications of the crest voltmeter are briefly described. The present Standardization Rules for the measurement of high testing-voltages recommend spark-gap methods which under certain conditions are impractical, inconvenient, and dangerous. The summary states that the spark gaps should be only a calibrating standard and a more practical instrument, such as described, the preferred working standard.