Demand For Materials Research Articles

Anchoring mycelium on CNTs to make strong and smart self-regenerative composite materials

How to develop new recycled composite materials to meet the growing global demand for sustainable materials is of great interest. In this paper, by leveraging the growth of mycelium to anchor CNTs, the self-regenerative mycelium-CNTs composite materials (MCCs) are created. It demonstrates good strength (∼30 MPa), self-healing (restore ∼98 % original strength), and self-sensing properties. Finally, a human care-computer interaction device is developed to demonstrate the application of this technology. Our manufacturing process utilizes the autonomous growth of living cells grown in in vitro cultures to produce regenerable living composites that do not require harsh chemical processing and polluting exhaust emissions. The final mechanical properties are comparable to commercial polymer plastics, and their functional properties can be further tuned by introducing nanoparticles.

Preface

Abstract With the continuous changes in material demand and the development of related disciplines driven by economic and social development, in recent years, material research has shown some new trends. The deep integration of material technology and information technology has deepened our understanding of material structure and performance, leading to more precise control over the material preparation process and functionality. The conference shares practical experiences and enlightening ideas from mateirals physics and appliacations and will be of interest to researchers in and practitioners everywhere. Keynote speakers includes Prof. Junhui Hu, from Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, China, Prof. Karamanis Dimitrios from University of Patras, Greece, Prof. Osman Adiguzel from Firat University, Elazig, Turkey. The proceedings present papers from the International Conference on Materials Physics and Applications, held in Xi’an during 1-3 October, 2024. All papers were carefully reviewed by the technical program committee (TPC) and reviewers, bearing in mind the quality, novelty, breadth and depth of the research themes which fall into the ICMPA scope. The topics of papers accepted in the Proceedings of ICMPA 2024 can be classified as Material Modeling and Application, Phase Transition and Mechanical Properties of Materials, Glasses & Ceramics, Composites Materials. Furthermore, we are very grateful to everyone, especially the program committee members and reviewers, who devoted time to assess the papers. Our particular thanks and regards also go to the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, for supporting this conference. List of Conference Committees are available in this Pdf.

Multi-period emergency facility location-routing problems under uncertainty and risk aversion

This paper addresses a multi-period emergency facility location-routing problem, in which the uncertainties in material demands and transportation time, as well as dynamic inventory replenishment and carryover are incorporated in the design of multi-level emergency logistics networks. To measure the risks stemming from uncertain transportation time, mean-CVaR method is used. Then, a risk-averse stochastic programming model for the presented problem is formulated to minimize the total rescue time of the network. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is developed to solve the proposed model. Extensive numerical experiments including the randomly generated instances and a case study on the Wenchuan earthquake in China are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the presented model and algorithm. Experimental results show that the genetic algorithm significantly performs better than the Gurobi solver in terms of both solution quality and solution time.

The Potential of Tea Waste and Silica Fume as Partial Replacements for Cement in Bricks

Bricks are widely used building materials made from sand, cement, and water in standard proportions. However, the increasing demand for construction materials that use sand and ordinary Portland cement is leading to the depletion of natural resources. To address this issue, researchers are exploring alternative materials, such as Tea Waste (TW) and Silica Fume (SF), as partial replacements for cement bricks. This study used a mix proportion of 1:2.5 with a certain percentage of replacement materials and 0.5 of a water/cement ratio. The experimental results indicated that when TW and SF were substituted at 5% and 10%, respectively, the compressive strength of the cement bricks was adequate and met the minimum masonry unit requirements of the British Standard. Additionally, the density of the cement bricks (with TW and SF) was lower than that of solid bricks, and the water absorption met the requirements of the British Standard. However, the cement bricks' effective strength-to-weight ratio (s-w ratio) was lower than 1.0, except for the specimens with 5% TW and 10% SF. The optimum mix proportion was the cement brick with 5% TW and 10% SF as it achieved all the industry requirements.

Characteristics of natural corn starch/waste paper fiber composite foams treated by organic-inorganic hybrid hydrophobic coating technology.

With the growing global awareness of environmental protection, the demand for biodegradable materials to replace traditional plastic foam has become increasingly urgent. Starch-based foam, with its abundant availability, low cost, and biodegradability, has shown great potential as an alternative to plastic foam. However, its inherent high hydrophilicity and relatively low mechanical performance limit its widespread application. The aim of this study is to modify corn starch (NCS) and waste paper fiber (WPF) using citric acid (CA) and stearic acid (SA), and to develop an efficient hydrophobic coating through an organic-inorganic hybrid approach. This successfully resulted in the preparation of hydrophobic corn starch/waste paper fiber composite foam materials. Experimental results showed that the foam materials treated with a palmitic acid (PA)-modified nano-SiO2 coating (MCF@PA) exhibited excellent hydrophobic performance, with a water contact angle reaching as high as 138°, and a significant reduction in moisture absorption to 3.1%. In water immersion tests, the material maintained buoyancy and shape stability, demonstrating excellent self-cleaning properties. Additionally, the coating significantly enhanced the material's compressive strength, increasing by 90kPa, while also retaining thermal stability. However, the coating prepared by this method increased the material's hardness and reduced its biodegradability, which poses challenges for environmental sustainability. This study provides a new approach for preparing high-strength foam materials with excellent hydrophobicity and mechanical performance, paving an economical and efficient pathway for industrial production.

Optimization Of Process Parameters For Incremental Forming Of Aluminium 1060

In the past two decades, extensive research was done on incremental sheet forming (ISF). It has resulted in significant advances in fundamental understanding and the development of new processing and tooling solutions. However, ISF is yet to be fully implemented in mainstream high-value manufacturing industries due to a number of technical challenges, all of which are directly related to ISF process parameters. Now a days, the demand for new materials for sheet plate has become high in the number of applications because of various attributes in the material such as high tensile strength, good flexibility and durability. The present work gives the effect of several process parameters such as tool rotating speed, step size(z-axis), and feed (x-y axis) on forming force of incremental forming. Particular attention is given to the deformation rate and stress developed in the material during incremental forming. The tool path for incremental forming is generated using MATLAB software. Simulations are done using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array method. All the simulations are done in Abaqus software. Stress developed in the material during incremental forming is determined in the simulations. The effect of each process parameter on the stress developed is investigated. Finally, Optimization of the Process parameters is done for Incremental forming process. ANOVA technique is used to find the influence of each process parameter on the stress developed in the material

Elevating Red Emission: Yb3+ Doped CsPbBr1I2 Nanocrystal Glass for Exceptional PLQY and Stability in Wide Color Gamut Backlit Displays

As display technologies progress towards enhanced visual performance, there was a growing demand for color conversion materials to meet increasingly stringent performance requirements. In recent years, all-inorganic perovskite CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals (NCs) had gained attention in the field of wide color gamut backlight displays due to their tunable full spectrum, narrow-band emission, high color purity, and ease of processing. However, red-emitting perovskite NCs were still facing challenges with photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and stability. In this study, Yb3+ doped CsPbBr1I2 perovskite nanocrystal glass (Yb3+@CsPbBr1I2 PNG) was synthesized using a melt-quenching technique. Samples emitting at a narrow band centered at 630nm, with a full width at half maximum(FWHM) of 31.8nm, exhibited a high PLQY of 80.36% and retained fluorescence intensity at 98.2% of the initial value in water, maintaining to 92.6% after continuous blue light irradiation for 60 days. Moreover, the optical conversion film Yb3+@CsPbBr1I2@CsPbBr3@PET developed in our study showcased color gamut coverage surpassing 132.9% of the NTSC 1953 standard and 98.8% of the Rec.2020 standard. In summary, the highly efficient and remarkably stable red-emitting Yb3+@CsPbBr1I2 PNG composite material introduced in this study paved the way for future advancements in wide color gamut and ultra-high definition backlight display technologies.

Starch-calcium inclusion complexes: Optimizing transparency, anti-fogging, and fluorescence in thermoplastic starch

With the increasing demand for anti-fogging transparent material and environmental concern, developing sustainable intrinsically hydrophilic and anti-fogging thermoplastic material is important. In this work, thermoplastic starch (TPS) films with good anti-fogging and optical properties were prepared via coordinative interactions with calcium chloride (CaCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Among them, TPS with the incorporation of CaCl2 exhibited excellent anti-fogging and high optical transparency. Notably, the haze of TPS-0.2Ca just increased from 2.5 % to 3.8 %, with transparency remaining robust at 80 %. FTIR, XPS and 2D-WAXD results demonstrated the formation of inclusion complexes between Ca2+ and hydroxyl groups, which could modulate the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of TPS. Moreover, DMA, POM, and AFM results revealed that the formation of starch-calcium inclusion complex was crucial for achieving uniform intensity distribution, reduced crystalline areas, minimized light scattering, and decreased surface roughness, thereby contributing to the high transparency and low haze of TPS-Ca. Furthermore, TPS-Ca samples exhibited inherent fluorescent properties under UV light, showing the potential as disposable and eco-friendly fluorescence materials. This work provides new insights into design of sustainable TPS-based materials that combine robust antifogging performance with advanced optical property.

Enhancing electromagnetic properties of NiCuZn ferrites through Nb and Li Co-doping for wireless power transfer

With the rapid development of wireless charging technology, there is a growing demand for ferrite materials with high permeability, high saturation magnetic induction intensity, and low power loss. This study aims to enhance the electromagnetic performance of NiCuZn ferrite by co-doping Nb5+ and Li+. The influence of the doping levels Nb5+ and Li + on the morphology, crystal structure, and electromagnetic properties of NiCuZn ferrite were studied in detail. Structural analysis shows that the lattice constant decreases as the Nb5+-Li+ doping concentration increases, and the NiCuZn ferrite exhibits a high density and homogeneous microscopic morphology at the optimum concentration of x = 0.004. Specifically, at a doping concentration of x = 0.004, the magnetic permeability at 1 MHz measured at 1112.1, the saturation magnetic induction intensity reached 458.98 mT, and the power loss was minimized to 521.85 kW/m3, demonstrating significant improvement in the transmission power of wireless charging applications.

Eco-Friendly Innovation: Crafting Bio-Environmental Rice Husk Board for Sustainable Living

Background: The growing focus on environmental sustainability and safety has heightened the demand for eco-friendly household materials. This study explores the development of a bio-based board using rice husk (RH), assessing its properties and potential for diverse applications. Methods: The board was formulated using 30 g RH powder, 2 ml glycerol, 4 g agar, 3 g calcium propionate, and 100 ml water. The study involved visual and textural evaluation, physical property testing, and microbial growth assessment. Practical utility was examined through the fabrication of various objects including boxes and candle bases, and material adaptability was tested by varying RH concentrations and additives. Results: The RH boards, with equal proportions of RH and RH powder, exhibited light weight and good physical characteristics. Microbial growth was limited to 39% under conditions of 37 °C and 95% humidity. The boards were moldable, with a smooth, easily colorable surface post-sanding, demonstrating shape stability and flame retardancy under prolonged heat exposure. Furthermore, the material demonstrates good compatibility; varying RH ratios, colorants, and preservatives yield different appearance effects and characteristics. Conclusions: This study successfully developed a sustainable, safe, and versatile RH board, showcasing significant commercial potential and suitability as an innovative eco-friendly material.

Synergistic charge-transfer dynamics of novel benzothiadiazole-based donor materials for higher power conversion efficiency: From structural engineering to efficiency assessment in non-fullerene organic solar cells

In the realm of organic solar cell technology, current research is dedicated to enhancing the photovoltaic properties of donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) materials to achieve higher power conversion efficiencies (PCE). This optimization focuses particularly on fine-tuning the conduction band and electrolytic characteristics to maximize performance. Addressing the growing demand for novel materials with enhanced optoelectronic properties in organic photovoltaic research, our proposed compound BT05, one of nine new benzothiadiazole-based D-π-A donor molecules (BT01-BT09), exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25%, surpassing the 18% PCE of the reference compound BTD-OMe. TD-DFT and DFT simulations illuminate how donor modifications enhance the photovoltaic characteristics of the proposed molecules. Higher open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.74-2.26 V, increase in binding energy (∼1.997), λmax (470-476 nm), reduction in energy gap (4.25-4.65 eV), also validates the PCE results and confirm the usefulness of designed molecules (BT01-BT09). Moreover, DHOMO and ALUMO, TDM, reorganization energy λe (0.0124-0.0134) and λh (0.0094-0.0098), and NPA results also confirm that BT01-BT09 molecules unlock the organic solar cell's potential and advance sustainable energy solutions through innovative technology. Among all developed compounds, BT05 displays higher VOC (2.26 V), 87% fill-factor, and 25% PCE; hence, it is recommended in future solar cell applications.

Streamlining Demolition Processes: A Material Cadaster-Based Digitalization and Automation of Predemolition Audit

Abstract A key prerequisite for the implementation of circular economy principles in the building sector is the effort to maximize the use of construction and demolition waste, which is, however, limited by the low demand for secondary raw materials in the Czech Republic. The reason for this is the variable and difficult-to-predict availability of these raw materials at the place and time of planned construction and the variability of their technical characteristics, which leads to the insufficient scope of the market for reclaimed materials. Therefore, the objective was to develop an online tool for the processing of demolition audits and a linked national deconstruction database. The system is supported by information gathered from the material cadaster, which provides a comprehensive inventory of the materials assumed in a building as a default value for predemolition audit. In this study, we present progress on the development of the tool, which includes basic data from a Prague material cadaster, as a city where the piloting was conducted. Furthermore, the user’s navigation through the collection of data needed for the final use of materials was integrated as a key feature, streamlining the placement of the product with recycled content on the market.

Rotary ultrasonic surface machining of silicon: Effects of ultrasonic power and tool rotational speed

The surging demand for monocrystalline silicon materials in the production of microelectronic components highlights its crucial role in the semiconductor and optic industries. Hence it is inevitable to produce a silicon workpiece with high quality finish to meet the demand in semiconductor industries. Due to high brittleness, controlling the quality of silicon in surface machining is quite difficult. Traditional manufacturing processes induce issues like rough surfaces and edge chipping. It was reported that rotary ultrasonic surface machining (RUSM) can effectively reduce cutting force, roughness, and edge chipping in machining of brittle materials. There have been several studies on drilling and sliding silicon materials using rotary ultrasonic machining investigating the effects of machining parameters on the output variables such as cutting force, torque, edge chipping, surface roughness etc. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no reported investigations on effects of machining variables (ultrasonic power and tool rotation speed) in surface machining of silicon materials using the rotary ultrasonic machining. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of ultrasonic power and tool rotation speed on the cutting force, edge chipping, and surface roughness. Experimental results show that the ultrasonic vibration and tool rotation speed had a notable impact on edge chipping and cutting forces. Lastly, the current research has paved the way for widening the research on investigating grinding of the silicon wafer in semiconductor manufacturing with ultrasonic vibration and high rotation speed. In semiconductor wafer manufacturing, grinding process is used to reduce the flatness but generate surface and subsurface damage. With further investigations, RUSM can contribute to reducing these damages.

Innovative hybrid machine learning models for estimating the compressive strength of copper mine tailings concrete

The growing demand for copper and related materials in various industries is driving increased copper mining globally. This surge presents a substantial challenge in managing and responsibly disposing of large volumes of copper mine tailings (CMT). Incorporating CMT as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete addresses two significant environmental challenges simultaneously: reducing the accumulation of CMT waste in landfills and lowering the carbon footprint by reducing cement usage. The investigation into recycling CMT as a cement substitute involves a thorough assessment of its impact on the compressive strength (CS) of concrete. This research introduces innovative hybrid machine learning (ML) models for estimating the CS of CMT concrete, aiming to streamline strength assessment processes and save valuable resources. The method involves integrating features from large public datasets with the limited available data on the CS of CMT concrete. Support vector regression (SVR) was combined with advanced optimization techniques: firefly algorithm (FFA), grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to create new hybrid models for forecasting the CS of CMT concrete. Additionally, traditional ML techniques like decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) were used to compare with these SVR-based hybrids. All three hybrid models demonstrated strong performance, with SVR-FFA emerging as the most effective among them. Notably, SVR-FFA achieved the greatest R² score of 0.96, indicating superior predictive accuracy compared to SVR-PSO (0.92) and SVR-GWO (0.90). Additionally, the DT model attained an R² score of 0.88, while the RF model achieved an R² score of 0.84. Moreover, the SHapley additive exPlanations (SHAP) and partial dependence plots (PDP) analyses underscore the positive effects of curing age, cement, blast furnace slag, and superplasticizer on the CS of CMT concrete. A graphical user interface was developed for predicting the CS of CMT concrete, allowing for instant predictions without the need for conducting experiments.

Bespoke metal cladding. Rethinking the design of the building envelope to ensure sustainability principles

Abstract Nowadays policies are increasingly oriented towards the use of renewable and bio-based materials to reduce the environmental impact of the building sector. Furthermore, the increasing use of dry construction techniques allows to combine a more sustainable use of resources with an attentive management of the end-of-life stage. Considering the need to shift the demand for material sourcing towards solutions that do not permanently affect the environment, the use of metals is not the first solution that comes to mind, but it offers many possibilities both in terms of sustainability and formal rendering. Metals can have great potential for use but, although the benefits of recyclability and disassembly of this material are well known, the metal cladding sector still finds little room for development. Bearing this in mind, this contribution presents a research work which analysed the possibilities and opportunities deriving from the use of metal cladding for sustainability.

Dual-Functional Cs3Bi2Br9 for stable all-solid-state photo-rechargeable batteries

In light of the immense potential solid-state photo-rechargeable batteries hold in the efficient utilization of renewable solar energy, there is a rapidly growing demand for materials that possess both energy harvesting and storage capabilities. In this study, a solid-state photo-rechargeable battery has been designed based on the FTO(Fluorine-doped SnO2 transparent conductive glass)/TiO2/Cs3Bi2Br9/Pt/FTO system, which achieves dual functions of photoelectric conversion and energy storage. The inorganic bismuth-based material employed in these batteries exhibits commendable cyclic stability. Under photo-rechargeable conditions, a single cell can maintain an open-circuit voltage as high as 0.45 V in the absence of illumination. By connecting multiple cells in series, we succeed in powering an LED (Light-emitting diode) continuously for 1 min without light exposure. The findings of this research open new avenues for the design and development of novel materials that could enable highly efficient solid-state photo-rechargeable batteries.

Canola meal extract as a low-cost substrate in Mortierella alpina culture for the production of arachidonic acid

The demand for high-quality and cost-effective raw materials is growing across various industries. Canola meal (CM), a low-cost by-product of canola processing facilities, boasts an impressive nutritional profile comprising protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, making it a potential candidate for microbial culture media. Saskatchewan leads globally in canola production and plans to expand its canola processing facilities. Commercial valorization of CM could not only optimize the management of this by-product but also offer additional incentives and financial returns to regional canola stakeholders. Efficient utilization of canola meal extract (CME) in producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA), holds promise as valuable ingredients or base chemicals for the food, feed, and nutraceutical industries. This study focused on incorporating pH 10.5 treated alkaline extract (AE) and temperature 160°C treated subcritical extract (SE) of CM into the culture medium of Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous fungus, by replacing conventional yeast extract (YE). Trials investigated the effect of aeration levels ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 vvm and revealed that increasing oxygen supply significantly boosted fungal growth rate and ARA content in biomass up to 0.39 day⁻¹ and 21.86 %, respectively. ARA production correlated positively with biomass accumulation and lipid content. Replacing YE with CME resulted in less significant differences (P < 0.05) in biomass and lipid accumulation. Additionally, AE- and SE-supplemented media exhibited higher ARA accumulation of 144.91 mg/L and 165.8 mg/L, respectively, compared to standard media (124.87 mg/L). Therefore, this study introduces canola meal extract (CME) as a novel nitrogen source in microbial media, with comparative demonstrations showing its efficiency to be similar to that of conventional extracts.

GLOBAL PRACTICE OF DIVERSIFICATION OF THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

The article considers global trends in the development of the oil and gas sector of the economy. World economic systems, developing due to the availability of large amounts of natural resources, are increasingly specialised in the extraction and export of energy products, which are mainly exported to industry markets in raw form. Countries that supply hydrocarbon commodities to world markets are subject to price volatility and pricing policies, with the result that the economies of oil and gas exporting countries are not always sustainable. Historically, such countries have historically been less able to develop manufacturing sectors that produce value-added goods, while supplementing government budgets with quick revenues from oil and gas exports. These countries have a chance to develop their economies by selling raw materials for a certain period of time, but in the long term they switch to economic diversification to ensure sustainability in the face of uncertainties (lower demand for raw materials, volatility of resource prices, environmental challenges, scientific and technological development, increased use of unconventional energy sources, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, etc.). Oil and gas producing and exporting countries have been carrying out reforms for the last two decades in order to ensure strong economic growth through the expansion of industrial sectors of the economy by producing deep processing products with high added value. The purpose of the research is to study the world experience of oil and gas industry diversification development in order to adapt it to the realities of Kazakhstan Methodology - The work uses statistical, monographic, abstract-logical and other methods of research. Originality/value of the study is to consider the experience of foreign countries in the development of diversification of the oil and gas sector of the economy. Results of the study - The main directions of development of diversification of the oil and gas sector of the country's economy are determined.

Effect of microwave sintering on density, microstructural and magnetic properties of pure strontium hexaferrite at low temperatures and heating rate

In recent decades, the rising demand for permanent magnetic materials has driven manufacturers to explore substitutes for rare earth elements in response to their fluctuating prices and negative environmental impact. M-type hexaferrites considered as good alternatives and studies have focused on enhancing their magnetic and structural properties through various approaches. In this study, new approach using low heating rate microwave sintering has been applied to investigate the changes on density, microstructure, and magnetic properties of strontium hexaferrite from core to surface. Sintering temperatures of 950 °C, 1000 °C, 1050 °C, and 1100 °C with 10 °C/minute heating rate were applied accordingly. The bulk density, FESEM, XRD and VSM tests were conducted to study materials’ properties. The outcomes of the study showed exponential relationship between density and sintering temperature reaching optimum value of 91.4 % at 1050 °C and then declined slightly at observed to analysis confirmed the magnetoplumbite structure P63/mmc in all samples and high crystallized structure at 1050 °C, with the occurrence of α-Fe2O3 at 1100 °C. Grain growth and crystallization observed to increase at higher sintering temperature with agglomeration while denser and melted boundaries at lower temperatures. Magnetic properties especially remanence magnetization Mr and saturation magnetization Ms fluctuated with sintering temperature achieving optimum values of 28.188 emu/g and 55.622 emu/g at 1000 °C respectively. Coercivity Hc and magnetic energy density BH max recorded optimum values at 1050 °C. The findings emphasize the critical role of microwave sintering in tailoring the properties of strontium hexaferrite for magnetic applications.

Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Ramie/SiO2 Hybrid Composite by Incorporation of Kenaf Fiber

This study examines the mechanical characteristics of a novel hybrid composite consisting of 25% ramie fiber, 15% kenaf fiber, and 2% titanium dioxide particles. Ramie fiber is known for its tensile rigidity and durability, while kenaf fiber is valued for its availability and biodegradability. Titanium dioxide particles are included to enhance the composite's mechanical properties. Mechanical tests—including tensile, bending, impact, and hardness—were conducted, revealing an average tensile strength of 66.14 MPa, a flexural strength of 86.46 MPa, an impact strength of 35.88 kJ/m², and a hardness of 181.8 HV. The significance of this study lies in its innovative combination of natural fibers with inorganic particles, addressing the demand for high-performing yet eco-friendly materials. The novelty of the composite is reflected in the strategic integration of ramie and kenaf fibers, which offer complementary mechanical properties, with titanium dioxide particles to enhance overall performance. This approach achieves a balance between strength, rigidity, and impact resistance while maintaining environmental sustainability. The inclusion of titanium dioxide boosts mechanical performance without compromising the material's eco-friendly nature. These findings suggest that this composite is suitable for technical applications requiring exceptional strength, rigidity, and impact resistance. This research contributes to the advancement of composite materials technology, showing potential for the development of sustainable and effective materials across various industries.