Demand High Precision Research Articles

Effects of power inversion spatial only adaptive array on GNSS receiver measurements

The Spatial Only Processing Power Inversion (SOP-PI) algorithm is frequently used in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) adaptive array receivers for interference mitigation because of its simplicity of implementation. This study investigates the effects of SOP-PI on receiver measurements for high-precision applications. Mathematical deductions show that if an array with a centro-symmetrical geometry is used, ideally, SOP-PI is naturally bias-free; however, this no longer stands when non-ideal factors, including array perturbations and finite-sample effect, are added. Simulations are performed herein to investigate how exactly the array perturbations affect the carrier phase biases, while diagonal loading and forward-backward averaging are proposed to counter the finite-sample effect. In conclusion, whether SOP-PI with a centro-symmetrical array geometry will satisfy the high precision demands mainly depends on the array perturbation degree of the element amplitude and the phase center.

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder among Nurses in Emergency Department: A Systematic Review

Background: Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSD) is a sleep pattern disorder that can be caused by a shift work system, especially night shift. This disorder can cause various cardiovascular diseases, psychological, decreased concentration, even Alzheimer's. Some professions that demand high precision such as nurses who work with night shifts in Emergency Room are very vulnerable to if not handled, it can lead to work negligence. The purpose of this review is to review due to work shifts, possible risks to ED nurse how to overcome them. Subjects Method: This article uses CRSD-related reviews published from 2000-2018 from various databases: PubMed, PMC Central Elsevier open-access. The search was conducted on 1-14 July 2018 with keywords: Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders, treatment AND CRSD, the effect of CRSD, CRSD AND nursing, and in night workers . Results: Based on 20 articles reviewed, is a sleep pattern disorder that can be caused by endogenous factors exogenous factors. One exogenous factor is a disturbance due to working time with shift work disorders (SWD) system. There are several ways to overcome due to working hours, including: taking a nap before work, modifying environment by avoiding light if going to sleep, but approaching light if you have to wake up, resetting your sleep schedule, giving melatonin. Conclusions : due to work disorders is called SWD which can be overcome by rearranging sleep, modifying environment to fit circadian rhythm, consuming melatonin if needed. Keywords: rhythm sleep disorders, shift work disorders, nurses Correspondence: Arief Wahyudi Jadmiko. Study Program of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Jakarta. Email: awjadmiko@upnvj.ac.id. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2018), 3(1): 27-32 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2018.03.01.04

Rapid Control of Genome Editing in Human Cells by Chemical-Inducible CRISPR-Cas Systems.

Genome editing using programmable DNA endonucleases enables the engineering of eukaryotic cells and living organisms with desirable properties or traits. Among the various molecular scissors that have been developed to date, the most versatile and easy-to-use family of nucleases derives from CRISPR-Cas, which exists naturally as an adaptive immune system in bacteria. Recent advances in the CRISPR-Cas technology have expanded our ability to manipulate complex genomes for myriad biomedical and biotechnological applications. Some of these applications are time-sensitive or demand high spatial precision. Here, we describe the use of an inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system, termed iCas, which we have developed to enable rapid and tight control of genome editing in mammalian cells. The iCas system can be switched on or off as desired through the introduction or removal of the small molecule tamoxifen or its related analogs such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT).

Comparison of micro and conventional injection moulding based on process precision and accuracy

Replication-based processes enable the large-scale production of precision and micro components made of many materials. As for polymers, injection moulding represents the most common technological solution. Micro polymer parts can be, in most cases, either manufactured by conventional injection moulding (IM) or by micro-injection moulding (µIM). However, fundamental differences exist among the two processes. The present study aims at comparing IM and µIM in terms of accuracy and precision of moulded parts. The same micro thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) component was manufactured using the two technologies on two different machines by means of multi-cavity moulds. The produced batches were assessed using a precision scale and a focus variation microscope. The cavities of the moulds were also measured in order to evaluate the pure replication capability by eliminating any influence caused by dimensional variations of master geometries. Measurement uncertainty was evaluated using ISO 15530-3. The data-based comparison revealed that µIM was better suitable for meeting the high precision and accuracy demands typical of micro productions, allowing also to achieve a better cavity balance.

Discovering the Genome-Wide Activity of CRISPR-Cas Nucleases.

Originally discovered as part of an adaptive bacterial defense system against the invasion of foreign phages, programmable CRISPR-Cas nucleases have emerged as remarkable enzymes with transformative potential for both biological research and clinical application. CRISPR-Cas nucleases likely evolved in their natural context to tolerate imperfect specificity in order to recognize mutant bacteriophages. However, in the context of biological research and clinical applications, high specificity is generally preferred. For therapeutic applications in particular, it is important to carefully and empirically define the genome-wide activity of engineered nucleases, as hundreds of millions to billions of cells may be modified in a single therapeutic dose. Over the past several years, a number of both cell-based and in vitro sensitive and unbiased genome-scale methods to define CRISPR-Cas nuclease specificity have been developed. These methods will play important complementary roles in better understanding their global specificity profiles and identifying optimal nucleases for applications that demand high precision editing. Improving the sensitivity of mutation detection by next-generation sequencing, developing assays to define the functional consequences of unintended off-target activity nuclease activity, and understanding the consequences of individual human genetic variation on gene editing activity will be important areas for future research and development.

Design for Manufacturing of Variable Microgeometry Cutting Tools

Cutting edge microgeometry has gained special attention of late in the machining research community. Machine tool vibration, tool life, and workpiece surface integrity are all influenced by cutting edge size/shape. To optimize the machining process, variable microgeometry (VMG) cutting tools, in which the edge microgeometry varies along the edgeline with respect to specific variables (such as machining parameters or expected tool wear), are manufactured. Despite the advantages of VMG tools, a major hindrance in their development is the manufacturing complexity that demands high precision multi-axis edge preparation processes following extensive machine setup, fixturing, and programming. This paper details the proof of concept of a design criterion, which leads to the manufacturing of VMG cutting tools by only traditional edge preparation processes. The present method relies on the existing relationship between the edge radius subsequent to the edge preparation process and the tool wedge angle. The validity of the proposed method is first examined by a numerical simulation of the edge preparation. Carbide cutting tool inserts are then designed based on the proposed idea. Robust VMG generation subsequent to edge preparation by microblasting is demonstrated through microgeometric measurements. VMG chemical vapor deposition-coated carbide tools manufactured by the proposed approach are evaluated for turning hardened steel, and optimal designs are identified with respect to tool life and workpiece surface roughness. To address the design consideration, finite element (FE) modeling provides valuable insight into the machining process. FE modeled stress and temperature distribution clarify the experimental observations and reveal the design constraints.

Stochastic Analysis of Microgrinding Tool Topography and Its Role in Surface Generation

With the rising trend of miniaturization in modern industries, micro manufacturing processes have made a significant position in the manufacturing domain. Demands of high precision along with super finish of the final machined product have started rising. Grinding, being largely considered as a finishing operation, has large potential to cater to such requirements of micro manufacturing. However, stochastic nature of the grinding wheel topography results in a high degree of variation in the output responses especially in the case of microgrinding. With an aim to obtain a good and predictable surface finish in brittle materials, the current study aims at developing a surface generation model for wall grinding of hard and brittle materials using a microgrinding tool. Tool topographical features such as grit protrusion height, intergrit spacing, and grit distribution on the tool tip of a microgrinding pin have been calculated from the known mesh size of the grits used during tool manufacturing. Kinematic analysis of surface grinding has been extended to the case of wall grinding and each grit trajectory has been predicted. The kinematic analysis has been done by taking into consideration the effect of tool topographical features and the process parameters on the ground surface topography. Detailed analysis of the interaction of the grit trajectories is done to predict the final surface profile. The predicted surface roughness has been validated with the experimental results to provide an insight to the surface quality that can be produced for a given tool topography.

Morphometry relevant to Anterior Petrosectomy with special reference to Kawase’s Triangle

Abstract Background and aims :The petrous apex and the middle cranial fossa is a commonly explored area in neurosurgeries and hence require a holistic approach which should include the possibility of anatomical variants and morphometric dissimilarities. Material and Methods:This morphometric study was undertaken on 91 dry adult skulls [182 petrosal apices] to analyze a number of parameters relevant to Anterior Petrosectomy [AP] via the Kawase’s Triangle [KT]. The anatomical landmarks most pertinent to Anterior Petrosectomy [Kawase's approach] were defined, recorded and validated. The findings of the study were compared with earlier workers who have employed other means of investigation viz. dry bones/CT scans or cadaveric studies . Results : The parameters undertaken for the study presented with variable values and moresoever for the surface area of the KT. This can be very logically attributed to the variant anatomy amongst races and also to the physiological status of the individual Conclusions : AP has evolved as a preferred method for approaching petroclival region and thus requires an in depth understanding. The present analysis throws significant light on certain parameters that would be helpful in making anterior petrosectomy safer. Surgeries of the skull base demand for high end precision and proficiency and thus our findings provide enhanced alertness for a better and safe procedure. A methodical approach to the area with the background knowledge of these parameters shall culminate in desired neurosurgical outcomes.

Design of Defect Detection System for Valve

To meet the demand of high precision and high speed of modern industrial inspection, this paper realizes defect detecting in the inner hole of valve. This paper builds a detection system using CCD camera and hard tube endoscope. Through the operation of the test bench can complete to collect image information. Collecting image distortion due to the bending of the bore itself and distortion of the camera lens, so it is necessary to eliminate distortion, image cutting, filtering and other operations before image matching, then, stitching image with Scale Invariant Feature Transformation algorithm (SIFT). The weighted average method is used to deal with the overlapped area of the image in the image stitching, continuously, a completed hole image of valve sleeve is obtained. Finally, use algorithm of template match between template and detection image to complete defect detection.

Three-Dimensional Modeling and Indoor Positioning for Urban Emergency Response

Three-dimensional modeling of building environments and indoor positioning is essential for emergency response in cities. Traditional ground-based measurement methods, such as geodetic astronomy, total stations, and global positioning system (GPS) receivers, cannot meet the demand for high precision positioning and it is therefore essential to conduct multiple-angle data-acquisition and establish three-dimensional spatial models. In this paper, a rapid modeling technology is introduced, which includes multiple-angle remote sensing image acquisition based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), an algorithm to remove linear and planar foregrounds before reconstructing the backgrounds, and a three-dimensional modeling (3DM) framework. Additionally, an indoor 3DM technology is introduced based on building design drawings, and an indoor positioning technology is developed using iBeacon technology. Finally, a prototype system of the indoor and outdoor positioning-service system in an urban firefighting rescue scenario is introduced to demonstrate the value of the method proposed in this paper.

Real-time polarization imaging algorithm for camera-based polarization navigation sensors.

Biologically inspired polarization navigation is a promising approach due to its autonomous nature, high precision, and robustness. Many researchers have built point source-based and camera-based polarization navigation prototypes in recent years. Camera-based prototypes can benefit from their high spatial resolution but incur a heavy computation load. The pattern recognition algorithm in most polarization imaging algorithms involves several nonlinear calculations that impose a significant computation burden. In this paper, the polarization imaging and pattern recognition algorithms are optimized through reduction to several linear calculations by exploiting the orthogonality of the Stokes parameters without affecting precision according to the features of the solar meridian and the patterns of the polarized skylight. The algorithm contains a pattern recognition algorithm with a Hough transform as well as orientation measurement algorithms. The algorithm was loaded and run on a digital signal processing system to test its computational complexity. The test showed that the running time decreased to several tens of milliseconds from several thousand milliseconds. Through simulations and experiments, it was found that the algorithm can measure orientation without reducing precision. It can hence satisfy the practical demands of low computational load and high precision for use in embedded systems.

Registration of multiview point clouds for application to ship fabrication

Ship size is increasing and demand for high precision of the final product is growing, making accurate production of parts and precise assembly increasingly important. Three dimensional scanners can be used to measure the shape of a product, but multiple scanning is required to obtain the entire shape. There is no general method to merge multiview point clouds because registration results are highly sensitive to the point cloud characteristics. This paper proposes a method for registering point clouds along with target detection and improved overlap computation. The proposed method is applied to registration of multiview point clouds, with examples to show practical performance. It is expected that the proposed method can be used in ship fabrication, reducing cost and human effort.

Discovery of Cancer Driver Long Noncoding RNAs across 1112 Tumour Genomes: New Candidates and Distinguishing Features

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a vast unexplored genetic space that may hold missing drivers of tumourigenesis, but few such “driver lncRNAs” are known. Until now, they have been discovered through changes in expression, leading to problems in distinguishing between causative roles and passenger effects. We here present a different approach for driver lncRNA discovery using mutational patterns in tumour DNA. Our pipeline, ExInAtor, identifies genes with excess load of somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) across panels of tumour genomes. Heterogeneity in mutational signatures between cancer types and individuals is accounted for using a simple local trinucleotide background model, which yields high precision and low computational demands. We use ExInAtor to predict drivers from the GENCODE annotation across 1112 entire genomes from 23 cancer types. Using a stratified approach, we identify 15 high-confidence candidates: 9 novel and 6 known cancer-related genes, including MALAT1, NEAT1 and SAMMSON. Both known and novel driver lncRNAs are distinguished by elevated gene length, evolutionary conservation and expression. We have presented a first catalogue of mutated lncRNA genes driving cancer, which will grow and improve with the application of ExInAtor to future tumour genome projects.

Morphometry relevant to anterior petrosectomy with special reference to Kawase’s triangle

Background and aims : The petrous apex and the middle cranial fossa is a commonly explored area in neurosurgeries and hence require a holistic approach which should include the possibility of anatomical variants and morphometric dissimilarities. Material and Methods: This morphometric study was undertaken on 91 dry adult skulls [182 petrosal apices] to analyze a number of parameters relevant to Anterior Petrosectomy [AP] via the Kawase’s Triangle [KT]. The anatomical landmarks most pertinent to Anterior Petrosectomy [Kawase’s approach] were defined, recorded and validated. The findings of the study were compared with earlier workers who have employed other means of investigation viz. dry bones/CT scans or cadaveric studies. Results: The parameters undertaken for the study presented with variable values and moresoever for the surface area of the KT. This can be very logically attributed to the variant anatomy amongst races and also to the physiological status of the individual Conclusions: AP has evolved as a preferred method for approaching petroclival region and thus requires an in depth understanding. The present analysis throws significant light on certain parameters that would be helpful in making anterior petrosectomy safer. Surgeries of the skull base demand for high end precision and proficiency and thus our findings provide enhanced alertness for a better and safe procedure. A methodical approach to the area with the background knowledge of these parameters shall culminate in desired neurosurgical outcomes.

High-Precision Vehicle Navigation in Urban Environments Using an MEM's IMU and Single-Frequency GPS Receiver

Many applications demand high-precision navigation in urban environments. Two frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are too expensive for low-cost or consumer-grade projects. As single-frequency GPS receivers are getting less expensive and more capable, more people are utilizing single-frequency RTK GPS techniques to achieve high accuracy in such applications. However, compared with dual-frequency receivers, it is much more difficult to resolve the integer ambiguity vector using single-frequency phase measurements and therefore more difficult to achieve reliable high-precision navigation. This paper presents a real-time sliding-window estimator that tightly integrates differential GPS and an inertial measurement unit to achieve reliable high-precision navigation performance in GPS-challenged urban environments using low-cost single-frequency GPS receivers. Moreover, this paper proposes a novel method to utilize the phase measurements, without resolving the integer ambiguity vector. Experimental results demonstrate real-time position estimation performance at the decimeter level. Furthermore, the novel use of phase measurements improves the robustness of the estimator to pseudorange multipath error.

Technical developments in high precision radiotherapy

Introduction Modern Radiotherapy techniques demand high spatial accuracy and precision in order to guarantee the necessary quality and safety of high-dose, often hypo-fractionated treatments. This need prompted the development of refined in-room imaging and tracking techniques that allow correction of patient position and even real-time compensation of organ motion to be performed. In this presentation, some examples of technological solutions and related methods are analysed with the aim of providing an overview of the evolving field of image-guided and signal-guided Radiotherapy techniques. Technology and methods High precision techniques in Radiotherapy can be categorized in image-guided methods, non-conventional system architectures, signal-guidance by means of non-imaging techniques used to track a surrogate signal in real time, and combinations of these approaches. The theory and technology underlying these techniques come both from the imaging and therapy realms, with interesting examples that will be presented in this talk. From the standpoint of a Medical Physicist, a strong need of reference guidance is generally felt as specialised systems show peculiarities that make standard protocols often non-applicable. Furthermore, the increasing sensibility to the organized approach to quality and safety in Radiation Oncology asks for more standardization. Final considerations The Medical Physicist has the opportunity to play an important role in the management of safety and quality of precision techniques in Radiotherapy, especially in view of the inherent multi-disciplinarity of Medical Physics that benefits from competences acquired in the diverse fields that embrace our profession. It will be the task of our scientific societies to provide members with sufficient resources – education and scientific support, above all – so that this opportunity is fully understood.

An automated rat single pellet reaching system with high-speed video capture

BackgroundSingle pellet reaching is an established task for studying fine motor control in which rats reach for, grasp, and eat food pellets in a stereotyped sequence. Most incarnations of this task require constant attention, limiting the number of animals that can be tested and the number of trials per session. Automated versions allow more interventions in more animals, but must be robust and reproducible. New methodOur system automatically delivers single reward pellets for rats to grasp with their forepaw. Reaches are detected using real-time computer vision, which triggers video acquisition from multiple angles using mirrors. This allows us to record high-speed (>300 frames per second) video, and trigger interventions (e.g., optogenetics) with high temporal precision. Individual video frames are triggered by digital pulses that can be synchronized with behavior, experimental interventions, or recording devices (e.g., electrophysiology). The system is housed within a soundproof chamber with integrated lighting and ventilation, allowing multiple skilled reaching systems in one room. ResultsWe show that rats acquire the automated task similarly to manual versions, that the task is robust, and can be synchronized with optogenetic interventions. Comparison with existing methodsExisting skilled reaching protocols require high levels of investigator involvement, or, if ad libitum, do not allow for integration of high-speed, synchronized data collection. ConclusionThis task will facilitate the study of motor learning and control by efficiently recording large numbers of skilled movements. It can be adapted for use with modern neurophysiology, which demands high temporal precision.

Changes in division of labour and tasks within public dentistry: relationship to employees work demands, health and work ability

Objective: By 2023, fewer dentists are expected in Sweden, at the same time as the demand for dental care is expected to increase. Older people, in particular, are expected to require more dental health than previous generations. To meet this demand, the public sector dentistry in Sweden is moving towards changes in division of labour among dental professionals, including dentists, dental hygienists and dental nurses. However, the impact of this reallocation on the physical and psychosocial wellbeing of employees is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare workplaces with an equal or larger proportion of dental hygienists than dentists (HDH) with workplaces with a larger proportion of dentists than dental hygienists (HD) on the physical and psychosocial work load, musculoskeletal and psychosomatic disorders and sickness presence.Material: A total of 298 persons employed in the Public Dental Service in a Swedish County Council participated in this study.Conclusion: The medium large clinics HDH reported 85% of employee’s with considerably more high psychosocial demands compared to employees in medium HD (53%) and large HD (57%). Employees in medium large clinics HDH also reported sleep problems due to work (25%) compared with employees in medium large clinics HD (6%), large clinics HD (11%) and small clinics HDH (3%). Clinic size does not seem to influence the outcome of the HD and HD clinics to any great extent. Of all employees, about 94–100% reported high precision demands and 78–91% poor work postures.

Laparoscopic Tubal Reanastomosis Using Barbed Sutures

Study ObjectiveTo show a new technique of laparoscopic tubal reanastomosis using barbed sutures. DesignStep-by-step explanation of the technique using videos. SettingLaparoscopic tubal reanastomosis is an effective procedure with a high success rate for reversal of tubal sterilization. Conventionally, 4 equidistant interrupted sutures are placed under a magnified view for laparoscopic tubal reanastomosis. This step demands high precision and requires a lot of skill and experience. We have tried to simplify this suturing technique by using barbed sutures because they do not require knotting. Two separate 5-0 Quill barbed sutures (Angiotech Puerto Rico Inc, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico) are used in this technique. The first suture is used for taking 6 and 3 o' clock stitches. The second suture is used for taking 9 and 12 o' clock stitches. With this technique, the purse-string effect on the tubal lumen is reduced. InterventionsLaparoscopic tubal reanastomosis using 5-0 Quill barbed sutures (equivalent to United States Pharmacopeia suture size 6-0). ConclusionThis technique of laparoscopic tubal reanastomosis using barbed sutures is a feasible and simpler alternative to conventional suturing.

Within the next five years, adaptive hypofractionation will become the most common form of radiotherapy.

Within the next five years, adaptive hypofractionation will become the most common form of radiotherapy.