Demand For Approval Research Articles

Childhood Trauma, Irrational Beliefs and Self-Esteem Among Adult Individuals with Conversion Disorder

The present study explored the relationship between childhood trauma, irrational beliefs and self-esteem among adult individuals with Conversion Disorder receiving treatment (N=100) at public institutes of Lahore. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein, Ahluvalia, Pogge, & Handelsman, 1997)Irrational Beliefs Inventory (Ellis, 1962), and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) were used. Correlational research design was used. Independent sample t test, multiple linear regression, and Multi Variate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were applied. Results highlighted childhood trauma as a significant predictor of Conversion Disorder. Childhood trauma had significant negative relationshipwith self-esteem. Childhood trauma pertaining to parental rejection wasa negative predictor of low self-esteem. Independent sample t-test showed that the individuals with childhood trauma hadhigher scores on irrational beliefs inventory than the general population. Individuals withchildhood trauma scored high on worrying, problem avoidance, rigidity, demand for approval and emotional irresponsibility than individuals who did not report any experience of trauma.Childhoodtrauma was a significant predictor of Conversion Disorderin adulthood. Individuals with a history of trauma in early childhood reportedlow self-esteem Individuals with childhood trauma scored high on worry subscale of irrational beliefs inventory.

The Indonesian version of irrational beliefs tests in rational emotive behavior therapy: adaptation of irrational beliefs tests

This Indonesian version of Irrational Beliefs Test (IV-IBT) measures the irrational thoughts in accordance with the irrational belief’s concept by Albert Ellis (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) and is the result from the language and cultural adaptation of Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT; Richard Garner Jones, 1968). There are 10 irrational thoughts contained in IBT namely demand for approval, high self-expectation, blame proneness, frustration reactive, anxious overcome, problem avoidance, dependency, helplessness, perfectionism. IBT consists of 100 items originating from 10 items for each type of irrational thoughts. The IBT adaptation process was conducted using the Guidelines for test translations (van de Vijver & Hambleton, 1996), and further elaborated into four major steps, namely (1) the translation from English into Indonesian by an expert in English language and a psychologist, and from Indonesian into English by two experts in English language, (2) content validity assessment by three assessors who master the REBT concepts and psychological measurement, (3) dimensionality examination with exploratory factor analysis, (4) empirical testing to obtain the accurate, adequate, and relevant item formulation involving 302 students. The Irrational Beliefs Test consists of 31 items, 10 factors, and is unidimensional (single dimension) in nature. Results and discussion are described in the Indonesian culture context.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Drama Therapy by Psychodrama Method on Psychological Well-Being and False Beliefs of Addicts—Case Study: Persian Gulf Addiction Treatment Center in the City of Bushehr

<p>This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of psychodrama on psychological well-being and false beliefs of people with drug abuse referred to Persian Gulf residential center in the city of Bushehr. The methodology of this study was experimental with pretest-posttest design and following up with the control group. For the purpose, among the people referring to this center, 30 patients (15 as experimental group and 15 as control group) were randomly selected. Research tools included a psychological well-being questionnaire (1986) and irrational beliefs of Jones (1969). Psychodrama interventional program was presented as a group to the participants of the experimental group during twelve 90-minute sessions. Analysis of data covariance showed that the psychodrama, in the experimental group, has significantly increased psychological well-being of subjects in making positive relations with others, autonomy, self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth and a purposeful life, and reduced irrational beliefs such as emotional irresponsibility, avoiding dealing with the problems, helplessness in the face of change and demand for approval from others.</p>

Self-esteem, demand for approval and the facilitativeness of a romantic relationship

ABSTRACT There is some empirical support for the person-centred hypothesis that self-esteem is positively associated with having a facilitative relationship. Rational emotive behaviour theory suggests such an association is more likely to occur in people holding the irrational belief that they must be approved by others while person-centred theory may presume that a less facilitative relationship leads to a demand for approval. The aim of this study was to examine these ideas in romantic relationships using a cross-sectional design. Jones’ Demand for Approval Scale specified for a romantic partner, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and a shortened modified Barrett-Lennard's Relationship Inventory were completed by 89 female and 62 male undergraduates. Facilitativeness was not related to demand for approval. Although the rational emotive behaviour hypothesis was not confirmed, demand for approval was more strongly related to self-esteem than facilitativeness. This finding suggests that self-esteem may be increased more if this irrational belief can be successfully challenged than if a more facilitative relationship is provided. The causal nature of these associations need to be investigated.

Civil Rights for Whom?: Gay Rights versus Religious Freedom

Disapproval of homosexuality is widespread, deep-rooted and of long standing. Often this disapproval is tied to religion including, for nearly 3,000 years, religions of the Book - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In last forty years a movement to change treatment of homosexuality has emerged in West. This movement first sought only tolerance. Now it demands acceptance of homosexuality as legally and socially equal to heterosexuality. The demand for approval has brought gay movement into conflicts with religion that flare throughout our culture. This war is not amenable to compromise. The goals of gay movement are not primarily economic; most gays already have above-average incomes. Because of pervasive influence of religion in America, equal acceptance of homosexuality cannot be achieved unless religious groups either surrender and affirm this equality or, at least, those that do not are reduced to a despised minority forced to keep its views to itself. Since gay movement's goals are not primarily economic, it cares about law not so much for its financial impact as for its symbolic or expressive significance. Since prize is a symbol, compromise is unacceptable except, perhaps, as a temporary tactic: anything less than full equality is inferior, second-class status, intolerable. Full legal and social equality of homosexuality, however, cannot be squared with respect for traditional religions that disapprove of it. If government treats homosexuality as equal to heterosexuality and by nondiscrimination laws compels citizens to do likewise, then disparagement of homosexuality must be condemned and suppressed just as racial discrimination now is. In effect, government must declare traditional religion to be false and evil. The legal war between religion and gay movement will not culminate in an Armageddon, a final showdown. Neither side is poised to obtain a national law providing that its claims always trump claims of other side. Accordingly, war between religion and gay movement seems fated to drag on indefinitely in innumerable battles large and small. Part I of this Article discusses general federal and state constitutions and statutes that set some boundaries for specific disputes. Part II discusses government action supporting homosexuality, including antidiscrimination laws and religious exemptions therefrom. Part III discusses actions by private institutions against employees, students, or others who manifest traditional views about homosexuality. Part IV discusses general principles in conflict between gay movement and religious freedom and suggests some resolutions.

Facilitativeness, Conflict, Demand for Approval, Self-Esteem, and Satisfaction With Romantic Relationships

This study is an examination of the extent to which satisfaction with a main current romantic relationship is associated with negative conflict, demand for approval, self-esteem, and the 3 facilitative conditions of unconditional regard, empathy, and congruence. One or more of these conditions have been proposed as important determinants of relationship satisfaction by various relationship-enhancement approaches such as behavioral marital therapy and cognitive-behavioral marital therapy. College students (86 women and 58 men) completed S. S. Hendrick's (1988) Relationship Satisfaction Scale, a measure of negative conflict formulated by the author, R. G. Jones's (1969) Demand for Approval Scale (modified for a particular relationship), M. Rosenberg's (1965) Self-Esteem Scale, and a shortened modified version of G. T. Barrett-Lennard's (1964) Relationship Inventory. Relationship satisfaction was most strongly related to the level of regard and empathy, which is consistent with approaches to relationships that emphasize empathy training.

An investigation of the relationship between general belief patterns and well-being

One hundred and thirty-three employees (58 males, 75 females) of the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (DVAMC), Coatesville, PA anonymously volunteered data on a Demographic Survey, The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI, Derogatis), and The Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT, Jones). A canonical correlation analysis was used to investigate associations between general patterns of beliefs and symptomatology. Two significant pairs of variates were revealed. The first pair provided associations between Demand for Approval, High Self-Expectations, Frustration Reactive, Anxious Overconcern, and Perfectionism and psychological symptomatology. The second pair provided associations between Demand for Approval, Blame Proneness, Frustration Reactive, and Emotional Irresponsibility and somatic symptoms. A MANOVA was used to assess for gender differences. There was no significant general gender effect. However, univariate analyses revealed significant effects for seven BSI variables. This study supported the belief that one's pattern of thinking is related to one's pattern of symptomatology. This has implications for use in health psychology and behavioral medicine.

THE PATTERN OF IRRATIONAL BELIEFS ASSOCIATED WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

In light of Rational-Emotive Theory, this study was undertaken to determine the pattern of irrational beliefs underlying Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). A total of 126 subjects (50 males, 76 females) volunteered to participate. Patients clinically diagnosed with MDD (unipolar type) and a control group of non-depressed patients were solicited from the inpatient and outpatient facilities of several Ottawa and Montreal hospitals; the normal control group comprised students and civil servants. The subjects completed questionnaires to measure irrational belief endorsement (IBT, RBI) and symptom severity (STAI, BDI) and to verify the depression diganosis (IDD). Multivariate statistics were used to determine the pattern of beliefs which best discriminates between the MDD group, the psychiatric control group, and the normal controls. Discriminant analysis of the IBT revealed a pattern of four irrational beliefs generally known as demand for approval, frustration reactivity, anxious overconcern, and helplessness over past. The implications of such findings for RET theory are discussed.

Personality characteristics of bulimic and non-eating-disordered female controls: A cognitive behavioral perspective

Although studies have examined the personality characteristics of bulimic individuals, these studies have been few and characterized by methodological shortcomings. To address these difficulties, this study compared 20 bulimic women and 20 non-eating-disordered normal weight controls on a variety of standardized psychological questionnaires. A comprehensive cognitive behavioral model of bulimia (Mizes, 1985) was evaluated by this comparison. Results showed that bulimic individuals showed significantly more pathological personality characteristics than control subjects. In specific, bulimics showed evidence of significant anxiety, depression, restrictive eating standards, low self-efficacy for dieting, distorted eating-related attitudes (i.e., weight as basis of self-esteem, striving for perfect self-control), self-control deficits, generalized irrational thinking styles (particularly helplessness and demand for approval), and body image distortion. A trend was found suggesting discomfort in social situations. Contrary to expectations, assertion deficits and concerns about sexual functioning were not found.

Irrational beliefs in relation to self-esteem and depression.

The joint relationship of depression and self-esteem to Ellis' "irrational beliefs" as measured by the Irrational Beliefs Test (Jones, 1968) was investigated in an Australian sample (N = 268) of students and nonstudents. Analysis that used partial correlation and canonical correlation showed six irrational beliefs to be jointly related to low self-esteem and depression: Demand for Approval, High Self-expectations, Frustration Reactivity, Anxious Overconcern, Problem Avoidance, and Helplessness. The results confirm the findings of previous studies and are consistent with the concept of depressive self-schemas.

The relationship of assertive behavior in women and a validated measure of irrational beliefs

Factors other than skill deficits are often associated with unassertive behavior. Assertive skills can be suppressed because of legitimate expectations of realistic negative social and self-evaluation consequences. Unrealistic or irrational expectations have also been proposed as inhibiting assertion, and assertion therapies have been implemented to alter irrational beliefs. However, the relationship between irrational beliefs and unassertiveness that is necessary for a causal interpretation has not been firmly established. The study used a validated measure of irrational beliefs and self-report and role-play measures of assertion for women. The results showed that irrational beliefs are unrelated to self-reported assertion. Roleplay measures of assertion are related to total irrational belief scores and the subscales of Demand for Approval and Dependency. The results are discussed regarding the measurement of assertion and the implications for therapeutic modification of assertion.

Relationships between assertiveness and factorially validated measures of irrational beliefs

Assertiveness deficits have been construed as response inhibition which results from negative self-appraisal. Therapy procedures designed to modify negative self-appraisal through rational restructuring and self instructional training have been shown to be effective in modifying such deficits. However, there has been no prior research demonstrating the association between validated measures of irrational beliefs and assertiveness. The results of the present study show that self-reported assertiveness deficits are associated with Demand for Approval, High Self-expectations, Problem Avoidance and total irrational belief score. The implications for therapy process and outcome research are discussed.

A Disconfirmation of the Relationship between Fear of Public Speaking and Irrational Beliefs

Fear of public speaking is associated with the personality variable of trait anxiety. Trait anxiety is also associated with irrational beliefs. Therapies designed to modify irrational beliefs have been successful in reducing fear about speaking and support the hypothesis that fear about speech is mediated by irrational beliefs. However, the present study showed that only one of 10 irrational beliefs, Demand for Approval, is positively correlated with fear about speaking. Demand for Approval scores were not statistically different for groups reporting high and low fear. The implications of the negative findings are discussed regarding cognitive processes and cognitive modification of fear about public speaking.

Relationship between Locus of Control and Irrational Beliefs

College students (40 male and 40 female) were administered Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale and the Irrational Beliefs Test. A significant correlation of .41 was found indicating a moderately strong relationship between externality and extent of irrational thinking. Five of 10 irrational belief scales, Demand for approval, Frustration reactive, Anxious overconcern, Dependency, and Helplessness, were also significantly positively correlated with extetnality ( rs ranging from .22 to .40). The results were interpreted as reinforcing an association between externality and maladjustment.

Retest Reliability of the Irrational Beliefs Test

Ellis ( 2 ) has proposed that subjective anxiety is a result of irrational beliefs and syllogistic reasoning processes. People draw catastrophic conclusions on the basis of irrational inferences made about problems which face them. Rational-Emotive Therapy has been developed to modify irrational beliefs and anxiety. Surprisingly, little empirical research has been directed tow>rds the measurement of irrational beliefs. At present, only one measurement device, the Irrational Beliefs Test, has been published ( 3 ) and factorially validated (4 ) . As yet no data demonstrate the consistency of the device across time. The present study was conducted to assess the retest reliability of the Irrational Beliefs Tesc. The subjects were 54 undergraduate students, 25 females and 29 males, who twice completed the Irrarional Beliefs Test, with an 8-wk. intervening period. The subscale scores and total score were computed using the scoring code developed by Lohr and Bonge ( 4 ) . Means did not significantly differ ( p > .05) from those reported by Lohr and Bonge ( 4 ) . Pearson product-moment correlations were computed for each subscale score and for total score; Demand for Approval ( .80) , High Self-expectations (.72), Blame Proneness (.74), Emotional Irresponsibility ( .63), Anxious Overconcern ( .?2) , Problem Avoidance ( .80), Dependency (.58), Helplessness (.61) , Perfectionism (.69), and Total Score ( .79). All correlations were significant ( P < .OOl). The results indicate that the Irrational Beliefs Test has considerable temporal consistency and suggcst the relatively enduring status of irrational beliefs. Having retest reliability and factorial validity ( 4 ) the measurement device appears to be useful in group research. For example, the Irrational Beliefs Test has been used to demonstrate the nature of the relationship of irrational beliefs with depression ( 6 ) , to anxiety ( 5 ) , and with public speaking fear.' It can also be used as a measure of treatment outcome in cognitive therapy ( 1 ) .