Changes In Demand Research Articles

Evolution of stressors for healthcare workers over the COVID-19 pandemic.

Many studies have documented exposure to psychosocial factors in healthcare workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Few have done it prospectively with open-ended questions. To describe the evolution of stress factors reported by HCWs during the pandemic. A prospective cohort of 4964 HCWs (physicians, nurses, healthcare aides and personal support workers), from four Canadian provinces, received four online questionnaires between the spring 2020 and 2022. Responses to an open-ended question on stressful events were coded into 25 stressors. Multilevel logistic regressions assessed trends in stressors, and the effect of gender, occupation and age. In 2020, 91% of participants reported at least one stressor compared to 51% in spring 2022. Overall, eight stressors were reported 1000 times or more among 16 786 questionnaires. Five stressors decreased over time: fear of COVID-19, problems with personal protective equipment, changing guidelines, management of difficult cases and changes to work routine. Conversely, an increasing trend was noted for volume of work, and poor behaviour from the public or colleagues. Difficulties managing patients' deaths remained steady. Changes in stressors over time were similar by gender, professional role and age group, although the reporting of some stressors varied within subgroups. Reporting of most stressors decreased over the pandemic, except for stressors arising from the changing demands on staff and patients as the pandemic progressed. Such changes in workplace psychosocial factors need to be addressed by prevention programmes to ensure an appropriate support response to the needs of HCWs.

State of the Art of Digital Twins in Improving Supply Chain Resilience

Background: In today’s complex and rapidly changing global markets, supply chain resilience (SCR) has become critical for businesses aiming to maintain continuity and competitive advantage. Disruptions and challenges in the supply chain will always exist; therefore, preparing in advance and improving resilience for the upcoming consequences should be the utmost important goal. Methods: Digital twins (DTs) provide a comprehensive view of product performance, enabling companies to adopt an end-to-end approach to product management. To maximize product and service value, supply chains must also be managed holistically. Results: Therefore, companies will need smarter strategies to balance inventory costs, availability and lead times. The optimal setup of suppliers, manufacturing, logistics and stock locations will ensure high service levels and meet customer expectations. Additionally, supply chains must be resilient, and capable of maintaining performance during disruptions and adapting to demand changes. Conclusions: This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the state of the art in digital twin applications within supply chains, focusing on their role in improving visibility, agility and decision-making. This paper explores how digital twins might integrate with emerging technologies such as IoT, AI and blockchain, fostering a more adaptive and robust supply chain ecosystem.

Inter-organizational pooling of NICU nurses in the Dutch neonatal network: a simulation-optimization study.

Neonatology care, the care for premature and severely ill babies, is increasingly confronted with capacity challenges. The entire perinatal care chain, including the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), operates at high occupation levels. This results in refusals, leading to undesirable transports to other centers or even abroad, which affects quality of care, length of stay, and safety of these babies, and places a heavy burden on patients, their families, and involved caregivers. In this work we assess the improvement potential of network collaboration strategies that focus on reducing the number of patient transports, by allowing flexible deployment of nurses over the existing NICUs to match short-term changes in patient demand. We develop a discrete event simulation with an integrated optimization module for shift allocation and transfer optimization. A case study for the Dutch national NICU network, involving 9 NICU locations and current transport of 15% of all NICU patients in case of no flexible deployment, shows the potential of transporting staff instead of patients: About 70% of patient transports can be eliminated in case of 15-50% capacity sharing, and about 35% of nationwide transports is eliminated with up to 15% capacity sharing in the Dutch's main conurbation area only.

EXPRESS: When a Mighty Competitor Comes to Town, Can Adjusting Product Variety Shield Incumbent Stores from Sales Loss? Insights from Retail Collocation, Category, and Pre-Existing Competition

When a competitor enters a market, incumbent retail stores often adjust their product variety to maintain sales. However, no empirical evidence has been provided in the literature to justify the value of such product variety adjustments after a rival’s entry. One difficulty is that the change in consumer demand due to rival’s entry and changes in product variety simultaneously affect incumbents’ sales. When changes in sales at incumbent stores are observed after rivals’ entries, it is unclear whether the sales changes result from product variety adjustments or changes in consumer demand directly resulting from the entry. Even if adjusting product variety can potentially mitigate sales loss due to rivals’ entries, it is unclear whether such product variety adjustments provide a universal solution to all incumbent stores. This paper applies the difference-in-difference research design to develop a system of equations for product variety and sales at incumbent stores after rivals’ entries by exploiting the entries of warehouse clubs. The findings reveal that, on average, product variety at incumbent stores increased after the entries. This increased product variety mitigates the sales decreases caused by the entries with a diminishing return. After the entry of a warehouse club store, incumbent stores collocated with the new store have less sales loss than the non-collocated stores due to the trade-off between the substitution and agglomeration effects. Product variety adjustments at collocated incumbent stores experience greater sales benefits than non-collocated stores. Moreover, the sales loss that was mitigated by increased product variety at incumbent stores within the retail category of entrants is larger than others after the entry of a warehouse club store. Interestingly, the mitigation effect is not significant for certain incumbents, such as convenience and drug stores, which belong to different retail categories from entrants. This study also explores the heterogeneous effects by investigating pre-existing competition and different warehouse club chains. The empirical findings offer valuable insights to managers of incumbent stores on how to adjust product variety to reduce sales loss resulting from a rival’s entry.

Sustainable thermal buffering of microencapsulated bio-phase change materials through an engineered biochar dopant

Climate change and unbalanced energy demand and consumption require innovative approaches to the development of sustainable and renewable energy technologies. Phase change materials (PCMs) present exceptional solutions for zero-energy thermal management due to their outstanding energy storage density at an isothermal phase transition. However, the low thermal transport and thermal stability of bulk PCMs, as well as the expensive and complex synthesis of additive materials, hinder their large-scale utilization. In this study, food-waste-derived engineered biochar (FW) is produced via slow pyrolysis to improve the thermal properties of a microencapsulated bio-PCM (B28). The thermal performance of biochar-PCM composites is evaluated based on two biochar preparation systems: varying activation temperatures (carbonized at 400 °C followed by KOH activation at different temperatures (500–800 °C)) and varying mass ratios between KOH and biochar. The introduction of a low (0.63 wt%) engineered biochar dopant significantly improves the thermal diffusivity of B28 by more than 1.3-fold. The biochar-PCM microcapsule composites present fusion and crystalline isothermal phase transition temperatures of 29.4 ± 0.38 °C and 16.7 ± 0.13 °C, respectively. Moreover, the bio-PCM exhibits a highly efficient energy per unit mass of 61.6 kJ kg–1, which is 101.7% of the energy storage capacity of bulk B28. Additionally, the composite demonstrates high thermal stability with decomposition occurring above 195 °C, thus enabling an increase of > 20 °C in the onset decomposition point compared with pristine B28. Further analysis reveals the impact of the KOH/biochar mass ratio on the thermal properties of bio-PCM. Sample FW6PCM, in which the biochar is activated at 600 °C with a KOH/biochar mass ratio of 1, exhibits the highest enthalpy storage capacity. This study suggests a promising strategy for designing high-performance, eco-friendly, and scalable bio-based composite PCMs by overcoming the long-standing bottleneck of microcapsules, which is crucial for advanced thermal management applications such as cooling and green buildings.Graphical

#SeAcabó: how a mass-mediated “social drama” made visible and confronted (subjective and objective) violence in women’s football in Spain

ABSTRACT The victory of the Spanish national women’s football team at the 2023 FIFA World Cup was marred by the mass-mediated non-consensual kiss on midfielder, Jennifer Hermoso, by Luis Rubiales, then President of the Royal Spanish Football National Federation. The kiss sparked general outrage worldwide and led to the prosecution of Rubiales for sexual assault and coercion. Drawing on the concepts of “moral shock” and “social drama,” this article explores how this widely disseminated episode of “subjective violence” resulted in a shock capable of mobilising and politicising different agents. It does so through qualitative analysis of official statements and vernacular online discussions. The article makes the case that the unfolding of this social drama enabled more subtle (objective) violence, long endured by female athletes, to be brought into public discourse debate. In so doing, it boosted demands for social change. But such demands were also contested, in that the structured social drama resulted in an online “reactionary moral shock” characterised by anti-feminist and misogynistic discourses. Significantly, our analysis of these discourses reveals a shift in male victimisation narratives and strategies to disempower women and maintain sexual inequality. These include the denial of gender-based violence and the banalisation of sexual abuse.

Urban Planning for the Contemporary Age: Navigating Complexities and Shaping Urban Futures

The term “urban planning for the contemporary age” describes the process of creating and overseeing urban areas to meet the many complex issues of the current times, such as social justice, climate change, growing urbanisation, and technological advancement. It places a strong emphasis on flexible, inclusive, and progressive approaches that strike a balance between sustainable development and the changing demands of various urban populations. Urban planning, particularly in the contemporary age, is a multidisciplinary discipline that tackles the complexity of contemporary cities that is influenced by social injustices, fast urbanisation, climate change, and technology breakthroughs. This entry paper examines how planners deal with these issues by using flexible, inclusive, and sustainable approaches that strike a balance between community well-being, environmental conservation, and growth. It looks at important topics including incorporating smart technology, building climate impact resilience, and creating inclusive, accessible, and egalitarian urban environments. The conflict between tradition and modernisation is also highlighted in the chapter, underscoring the necessity of creative solutions that protect cultural legacy while meeting contemporary needs. By examining global trends, this study offers insights into how urban planning is changing to satisfy the demands of a dynamic and connected society. The study used a literature review to identify the main areas that are influencing innovation in urban planning. It then delves into discussions on contemporary issues and complexities in shaping urban futures. The main research methods were a literature review and empirical analysis. In the end, it makes the case for rethinking urban futures with an emphasis on resilience, sustainability, and the welfare and well-being of urban residents.

Prediction Of Cigarette And Tobacco Price Index In Tangerang City Using Ses And Double Linear Exponential Smoothing

The cigarette and tobacco price index is a crucial indicator that reflects changes in prices and demand in the tobacco market. Accurate predictions of this index are essential for the government and industry players in planning policies and business strategies. This study aims to forecast the cigarette and tobacco price index in Banten Province using the Single Exponential Smoothing (SES) and Double Linear Exponential Smoothing (DES) methods. The data used in this research comprises monthly cigarette and tobacco price index data from January 2021 to December 2023. SES and DES models are applied for prediction, and their results are evaluated using performance indicators such as Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The research findings indicate that both methods are highly effective in predicting the cigarette and tobacco price index, with the SES method providing slightly more accurate predictions than the DES method. The MAPE error value for the SES method is 0.51%, while the DES method has a MAPE error value of 0.65%. These results are expected to contribute to policymakers and industry players in understanding price trends and making more informative decisions.

Impacts of changes in climate and water demand on flow in a subtropical river catchment below a major dam

Impacts of changes in climate and water demand on flow in a subtropical river catchment below a major dam

Analysis and Design of CUK-SEPIC-based Converter for Hybrid Power Generation Systems

Background: The increasing demand for electricity, coupled with an imbalanced supply and demand, population growth, and climate change, has prompted the shift from conventional to non-conventional energy systems. However, the unreliability and intermittency of the latter pose a challenge to their feasibility. To address this challenge, a proposal has been made to explore the combination of two renewable energy sources (RES) using a unique DC-DC converter topology, with the aim of meeting the load demand in a sustainable and efficient manner. Objective: The focus of this research was to explore solutions for the challenges associated with operating RES independently, including issues with intermittency, weather dependence, and meeting load demands. The proposed hybrid system features exclusively RES, offering a promising approach to reducing carbon footprint. Ultimately, we aimed to develop a CUK-SEPIC-based converter that can effectively integrate two independent RES to satisfy the load demand of a standalone application. Method: Effective hybrid power generation through RES is a complex challenge, but it has been found that combining solar and biomass energy sources is one of the best options for achieving this goal. To tap into these sources, it is essential to have a suitable power electronic converter, and the CUK-SEPIC converter has been chosen for its many benefits. The features of this converter have been described in detail. The integration of solar and biomass energy sources is achieved using this converter, which has been designed and mathematically modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to ensure optimal performance. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed converter, a comparison with existing power electronic converters has been done using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Results: The hybrid power generation system model has been comprehensively developed in this work using the sophisticated MATLAB/Simulink environment. The input and output parameters have been diligently estimated through an extensive simulation process. The research has yielded valuable insights, indicating that the CUK-SEPIC converter exhibits an impressive power conversion efficiency of 96.57%, along with an overall step-up ratio of 5.25 and significantly reduced ripple content. Conclusion: Upon conducting a comprehensive analysis of the CUK-SEPIC DC-DC converter, it has been observed that the proposed system exhibits significant promise in rectifying the reliability issues commonly associated with renewable energy power generation. Therefore, it is recommended that this system be considered for implementation in rural electrification initiatives. Furthermore, it is worth noting that this system represents one of the most recent developments in the field of renewable energy power generation technology.

Cloud Migration Framework: Transitioning from On-Premises to Azure Cloud for Improved System Reliability and Scalability

This article examines the transition from on-premises IT infrastructure to the Microsoft Azure cloud platform, aimed at enhancing the reliability, flexibility, and scalability of information systems. The purpose of the study is to analyze the migration process from an on-premises network to the Microsoft Azure cloud platform. The article explores the stages of migration, including the assessment of the current infrastructure, the design of an architecture based on cloud technologies, and the implementation of monitoring tools and process automation. The methodology is based on theoretical principles, practical recommendations, and examples of successful migrations. The findings demonstrate that transitioning to the Azure platform improves system availability and reliability through its distributed infrastructure and automated resource management tools. Cloud technologies enable organizations to scale computing power flexibly, adapting to changing demands. Azure also offers integration with other cloud services, expanding the functional capabilities of the ecosystem. This article will be useful for IT professionals, IT managers, cloud solution architects, and developers interested in efficient migration and optimization of IT structures. The conclusion emphasizes that a well-planned cloud transition can reduce operational costs, improve system resilience, and enhance the competitiveness of IT systems, thereby supporting organizational goals.

The Future of HR Education

As the business landscape rapidly evolves, the human resources (HR) field is undergoing a profound transformation, requiring strategic and innovative HR professionals to address unprecedented organizational challenges. However, traditional HR education has struggled to keep pace with the changing demands of the modern workplace. This research brief explores the future of HR education, examining key trends, emerging best practices, and the critical skills needed for HR professionals to thrive, including the integration of emerging technologies, emphasis on strategic and business-oriented thinking, and the development of interpersonal and emotional intelligence competencies. The article also discusses innovative teaching and learning approaches, such as experiential and project-based learning, technology-enabled instruction, interdisciplinary collaboration, and continuous professional development, which are shaping the future of HR education and equipping the next generation of HR leaders to drive organizational success.

European tourism demand in the face of climate change: asymmetric impacts, demand reallocation, and deseasonalisation strategies

Abstract The European tourism industry, a significant contributor to employment and income, is under threat due to climate change. This study, using data from 1315 European regions and considering a tourism-specific climate index and tourism typologies, examines the potential impact of climate change on tourism demand across the continent under four warming scenarios. We find that climate change impacts in Europe will be highly asymmetrical across regions and seasons, resulting in significant reallocations of tourism demand in space and time across all warming scenarios. A clear north-south pattern in tourism demand changes emerges, with northern regions benefiting and southern regions experiencing significant reductions, particularly under higher warming. Summer demand and coastal areas, where tourism demand is more concentrated, will be particularly affected. We also quantify the deseasonalising efforts necessary to maintain the status quo in the annual demand for tourism, involving relative reductions in summer demand and increases in shoulder and winter seasons.

Towards person-centred maternal and newborn care in Ethiopia: a mixed method study of satisfaction and experiences of care.

Person-centred maternal care is associated with positive experiences in high-income countries. Little is known about the transferability of this concept to non-Western, low-income settings. We aimed to explore women's experiences of care and investigate satisfaction with antenatal care (ANC) in relation to person-centred care and unmet psychosocial needs in rural Ethiopia. Design: facility-based, convergent mixed-method study. A cross-sectional survey included 2079 consecutive women attending ANC at eight health centres. Service satisfaction was measured using a 21-item validated measure. [1] person-centred care (1A: receipt of information; 1B: perceived adequacy of health worker responses) and [2] unmet psychosocial needs (2A: Patient Health Questionnaire for depressive symptoms; 2B: screening questionnaire for intimate partner violence (IPV)). Linear mixed effect regression assessed hypothesized associations between person-centred care/unmet psychosocial needs and service satisfaction, accounting for clustering at the health centre level. A linked qualitative study comprised eight in-depth interviews with women accessing ANC. Structured observations of ANC consultations rated health worker competencies (n = 65) and adherence to guidance promoting person-centred care (n = 53). Qualitative data were analysed thematically and triangulated with quantitative and observational data. Women reported lowest satisfaction in relation to family involvement (71.5% dissatisfied) and continuity of care (65.7% dissatisfied). As hypothesised, satisfaction increased with more information received (adjusted regression coefficient (ARC) 0.96 95%CI 0.71,1.20) but reported adequacy of help from health workers did not show a dose-response relationship (test-for-trend p = 0.157). Undetected depressive symptoms (ARC - 0.21 95%CI -0.27,-0.15) and IPV (ARC - 1.52; 95%CI -2.43,-0.61) were associated with lower service satisfaction scores. Most observed consultations scored low on most indicators of person-centred care. In qualitative interviews, women valued respectful and responsive communication from health workers, which affected their willingness to disclose psychosocial problems. Triangulation of findings indicated a mismatch between what women valued about care, their reported satisfaction with care and the actual care they were observed to receive. Systems strengthening interventions to support person-centred maternal care appear contextually relevant but need to increase women's expectations of care and agency to demand change. Prioritization of person-centred care could improve women's experience of maternal care and better address psychosocial needs.

The Present Monetary Policy Framework is Seriously Flawed

Abstract The current approach to monetary policy encapsulates the belief that the monetary policy stance can be measured by the level of the real policy rate (r) relative to a neutral rate (r*). We argue that this interest rate gap (r – r*) is a flawed concept. It would only be meaningful, if r* could be theoretically and empirically unambiguously identified as an essential variable for the establishment of equilibrium conditions in the economy. In this case, the central bank could generate temporary deviations of r from r* to restore equilibrium when an exogenous shock pushed the economy into disequilibrium. But r* is ambiguous in theory and unobservable empirically. The consequence is that we can only measure a monetary policy impulse generated by changes in r, but not its stance relative to an incomprehensible benchmark. Moreover, while short term changes in demand are driven by changes in interest rates, the difference of actual financial rates to a notional neutral rate does not translate into the real world by itself. The level of real interest rates, which affects investment in the medium term, has differed from financial rates, which are managed by the central bank with regard to its estimates of a neutral rate r*. Hence, we argue that the current monetary policy framework is seriously flawed.

Impact of climate change on high wind and solar optimal mixes and system costs: the case of France

Abstract. The electricity generation sector is undergoing profound transformations via the introduction of wind and solar energies. It is impacted by changing climate conditions, both on the demand and the supply side. The impact of a change in wind and solar resource coupled to the change in demand has however not been studied in regard of its effect on optimal investment decisions. We tackle this issue through the use of regional climate projections coupled to a minimalistic electricity system modeling tool. We find that for the case of France, increasing levels of climate change tend to decrease the optimal penetration of wind energy, while the optimal level of installed solar energy remains constant. We propose that this is explained by the interplay of an average effect coupled to a demand to generation correlation. To the contrary of previous literature, we find that the sole impact of climate change has no adverse consequences on system total costs, with adaptation measures being less attractive economically than their passive counterparts. This highlights the importance of specifying the working hypotheses and phenomena taken into account when issuing policymaking advice, and calls for further research exploring how combining all processes related to climate change impact all relevant elements of the electricity generation sector. We also encourage continued research at the climate and energy interface, to increase the precision and interpretability of similar studies.

Maintaining operability at a high personal cost – a mixed method study on maternal healthcare workers’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic forced leaders and employees in health care services to take difficult decisions to manage risks associated with employee health and the organizations’ functioning. This study aims to identify the changes in employee working routines, job demands, and job resources within Swedish maternal healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how these changes affected workload and health.MethodsData were derived from the longitudinal COPE Staff study involving midwives and physicians within maternal healthcare. Three focus group discussions with midwives and physicians (n = 13), and open-ended survey responses (n = 604) during the third wave of the pandemic (January to May 2021) were analyzed using deductive content analysis based on the Job Demands-Resources model. Quantitative measures of workload and burnout from three survey waves, both during the pandemic (January to May 2021 [n = 782] and January to March 2022 [n = 503]) and after the pandemic (February to March 2023 [n = 759]), were analyzed.ResultsMultiple changes in working routines were implemented to adhere to national and local guidelines aiming to decrease the spread of Sars-CoV-2. As a result, midwives and physicians experienced increased job demands, including an increased workload and higher emotional and cognitive demands. To balance these demands, new working routines were introduced, and managers increased their efforts to communicate and support the employees. Collegial support also grew. When surveyed, however, most of the maternal healthcare workers said they experienced a high workload. It was found that between 3–7% likely experienced burn out, while another 10% were at risk of burnout during and after the pandemic.ConclusionsThe pandemic had a large effect on maternal healthcare employees. Strategies and adaptations on an organizational, managerial, and individual level played an important role in modifying the impact on the organization’s operations and employees.

Workforce Trends Among Canadian Medical Oncologists and Medical Oncology Trainees over Two Decades

Background: Understanding oncology health human resources across Canada is critical to the delivery of quality cancer care. Little has been published about the medical oncology (MO) workforce and trainees; this study sought to characterize trends in the MO workforce and explore the relationship between medical oncologists and cancer incidence as a surrogate demand marker. Materials and Methods: Publicly available databases from the Canadian Medical Association, the Canadian Institute of Health Information, and the Canadian Post MD Education Registry were utilized to estimate the number, demographics, and regional distribution of practicing MOs and MO trainees between 1994 and 2020. Cancer incidence by province was obtained from Statistics Canada. To estimate changes in demand for, and supply of, medical oncology services over time, annual cancer incidence to MO provider ratios were calculated. Results: Between 1994 and 2020, annual cancer incidence nationally rose from 120,255 to 225,800 cases, while the number of MOs increased by 298%. Incident cancer case to medical oncologist (MO) ratio dropped from 749:1 to 352:1 in the same time. However, the MO workforce is aging; in 2020, 40% of providers were ≥50 years old versus 24% in 1994. Trends in Canadian MO trainees mirror MO trends. Ontario has the largest proportion of the country’s MOs (34% in 2020) and MO trainees (49%). Conclusions: Although the Canadian MO workforce has grown, more MO providers are nearing retirement age, which may influence future workforce trends. Ongoing monitoring of human resources in oncology is essential to ensure future demands for services are met.

NURTURING TOLERANCE IN PRESCHOOLERS BY TRANSCARPATHIA CHILDREN'S LITERATURE (LATE 20th – EARLY 21st CENTURIES)

The changes in Ukraine place higher demands on the human community, and on new forms of coexistence in today's society. There is a need to nurture tolerant relationships that contribute to the free development of each member of society, the formation of soft skills, thanks to which communication between people becomes balanced and open. Already from preschool age, it is important to teach a child to live in peace and tolerance for different people, beliefs, and viewpoints, the ability to defend their rights and freedoms without violating the rights and freedoms of others, readiness for constructive interaction and mutual understanding with people, regardless of their views and behavior as the basis of civilized relations. The purpose of this publication was to conduct a study of possible methods and means of nurturing tolerance in preschoolers using the literary works of Transcarpathian writers in the studied period. The following theoretical research methods have been used: analysis, comparison, systematization and generalization of data based on the study of psychological and pedagogical, scientific literature and fiction. Having analyzed the literature, we came to the conclusion that a person's life among other people is a contradictory and dynamic process that requires each individual to learn the realities of social and individual existence, the norms and rules of spiritual and material coexistence in accordance with their own capabilities, beliefs and level of culture. Folklore and writings of Transcarpathian writers and poets contribute to the formation of these norms and rules. By listening to fairy tales, stories and poems, the child gets to know the world around them, the people who care about them, etc. Therefore, the child learns to understand the inner world of the heroes, and through them - the inner world of other people, learns to sympathize with them, to believe in the forces of good, to gain self-confidence. The use of the thematic richness of fairy tales, poems, short stories, and small folklore genres significantly affects the formation of tolerance in preschoolers, affects their behavior and actions. Listening to a literary work gives the child the opportunity to imagine themselves in the place of the characters, to expand the spectrum of their own thoughts and feelings, contributes to a better understanding of themselves and others, and allows them to change their viewpoint in relation to the emotional states of their peers. Children's literature in Transcarpathia was and is one of the key links of spiritual life. Oleksandr Havrosh, Yuliia Drahun, Stepan Zhupanyn, Halyna Malyk, Lidiia Povkh, Volodymyr Fedynyshynets, Yurii Shyp, Vasyl Shkiria and others have been fruitfully working here. Analyzing the writings of poets and writers for children and about children, we can say that the literature of Transcarpathia in late 20th - early the 21st centuries is full of ideas for educating the younger generation in the spirit of tolerance, high moral qualities, and friendly relations based on mutual assistance, trust, friendly and open communication.

Legal Uncertainty in Criminal Justice: A Study of the Practice of Changing Charges in Replicas Based on the Criminal Procedure Code

Dynamic legal demands often lead to changes in the criminal justice process, including changes in demands in replies. As the legal basis for criminal procedure in Indonesia, the Criminal Procedure Code gives the public prosecutor (JPU) the authority to change the indictment before the trial begins. Still, it does not explicitly regulate changes in demands in replies. This study aims to analyze demand changes in replies using a qualitative approach and literature study. The data used are in the form of laws and regulations, such as the Criminal Procedure Code, the Prosecutor's Office Law, and court decisions, as well as related legal literature. The study results indicate that changes in demands in replies are a practice that occurs in the dynamics of trials, although they do not have a strong legal basis. This has implications for legal certainty and the principle of legality in criminal procedure law. Changing demands require special attention from stakeholders to formulate more explicit rules to ensure justice and legal certainty for all parties involved in the criminal justice process.