Delta Winglet Pair Research Articles

The effect of transverse spacing of a winglet pair on flat plate heat convection

The prevailing atmospheric wind can be manipulated to enhance the convective cooling of a solar photovoltaic panel and thus its energy conversion efficiency. The transverse spacing of a delta winglet pair was examined for its role in convective heat transfer enhancement. A pair of winglets with an inclination angle of 90° and a chord/height ratio of 2 was positioned at an attack angle of 30° with respect to incoming wind at a Reynolds number, based on the winglet height, of 6300. The transverse distance was varied from 0 to 3 winglet heights in 1 winglet height increments. The Nusselt number normalized by the reference no-winglet Nusselt number was determined from the surface temperature measured by a thermal camera. The two-height-spaced winglet pair was found to lead to the largest heat convection improvement. This significant heat transfer enhancement was explained in terms of vortical flow characteristics detailed at 10 winglet heights downstream of the winglet pair, where the most potent downwash was induced when the transverse spacing was 2 winglet heights.

Enhancement in Film Cooling Effectiveness Using Delta Winglet Pair

Abstract A simulation study has been carried out to investigate the influence of delta winglet pair (DWP) for improving the film cooling effectiveness of a gas turbine blade. Incompressible continuity, momentum, energy, and two equations k − ω SST model have been used for investigating the nature of flow field, temperature field, and turbulent statistics. The Reynolds number based on the jet velocity and the diameter of the film cooling hole is set at a constant value equal to 4232. The jet to the crossflow blowing ratio has been varied as 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The corresponding Reynolds numbers based on the crossflow inlet velocity and film hole diameter are equal to 6462, 4229, and 3231, respectively. It is observed that common-flow-down (CFD) DWP configuration augments the film cooling effectiveness due to generation of secondary longitudinal vortices, which annihilates the counter-rotating vortex structures present in the baseline flow. The generation of hairpin vortices and the growth of shear layer vortices are modified due to the implementation of DWP. The overall turbulence intensity and vorticity get reduced due to the presence of DWP. A maximum of 97.46% and a minimum of 61.50% enhancement in film cooling effectiveness have been observed at blowing ratio of M = 1.5 and M = 0.5, respectively. The wake region of the film cooling jet is modified due to DWP leading to formation of stagnation region and lower mixing resulting in higher film cooling effectiveness. The strength of horseshoe vortices is reduced due to the presence of DWP, resulting in lower mixing between the jet with the cross flows and stable film formation. Lower thermal boundary layer thickness is observed in DWP configuration compared to that of the baseline case confirming lower mixing due to the implementation of DWP. Overall, the present study explains the effectiveness of DWP configuration for enhancement of film cooling effectiveness of a DWP.

An experimental comparison of delta winglet and novel type vortex generators for heat transfer enhancement in a rectangular channel and flow visualization with stereoscopic PIV

Vortex generators (VGs) make a very important contribution to enhancement of heat transfer in many applications. In this study, the comparison of a novel type of vortex generator (NTVG) producing longitudinal vortex (LV) with delta winglet pair (DWP) in terms of improving heat transfer was investigated experimentally. VGs were placed on the bottom surface of the rectangular channel. In order to make a correct comparison, projected areas of each vortex generator were kept equal. The position of the DWP, which ensured that the thermal enhancement factor (TEF) was maximal, was determined from the literature and placed (CFU, common flow up) accordingly on the bottom surface of the channel. As a result of the experiments, the highest TEF for DWP was obtained at about 1.15 and the results were found to be compatible with the literature. The highest TEF value for the NTVG was obtained of about 1.34. Consequently, enhancement in the heat transfer by NTVG was obtained higher than that of DWP. The transverse pitch ratio, Pt (=P/W) where the highest thermal enhancement was provided, was determined for the NTVG. When the transverse pitch ratio Pt was 0.4, the highest TEF value was obtained. LVs generated by the NTVG were visualized by using the PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) system. The single NTVG has capacity to be able to produce two longitudinal vortices. It was seen that CFD (common flow down) and CFU, flow arrangements were generated at the back of VG and between VGs, respectively. According to the experimental results obtained, we can suggest that using NTVG instead of DWP is more effective in improving heat transfer.

Heat Transfer Enhancement of Plate-Fin Heat Sinks with Different Types of Winglet Vortex Generators

Because the delta winglet in common-flow-down configuration has been recognized as an excellent type of vortex generators (VGs), this study aims to experimentally and numerically investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of four different forms of winglet VGs featuring sweptback delta winglets in the channel flow in the range 200 < Re < 1000. Both Nusselt number and friction factor of plate-fin heat sinks having different forms of winglets, including delta winglet pair (DWP), rectangular winglet pair (RWP), swept delta winglet pair (SDWP), and swept trapezoid winglet pair (STWP), were measured in a standard wind tunnel without bypass in this study. Four rows of winglets with in-line arrangement were punched on each 10-mm-long, 0.2-mm-thick copper plate, and a total of 16 pieces of copper plates with spacing of 2 mm were fastened together to achieve the heat sink. The projected area, longitudinal and winglet tip spacing, height and angle of attack of those winglets were fixed. Besides that, three-dimensional numerical simulation was also performed in order to investigate the temperature and fluid flow over the plate-fin. The results showed that the longitudinal, common-flow-down vortices generated by the VGs augmented the heat transfer and pressure drop of the heat sink. At airflow velocity of 5 m/s, the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of plain plate-fin heat sink were 50.8 W/m2·K and 18 Pa, respectively, while the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop of heat sink having SDWP were 70.4 W/m2·K and 36 Pa, respectively. It was found that SDWP produced the highest thermal enhancement factor (TEF) of 1.28 at Re = 1000, followed by both RWP and STWP of similar TEF in the range 200 < Re < 1000. The TEF of DWP was the lowest and it was rapidly increased with the increase of airflow velocity.

Numerical investigation of laminar flow and heat transfer in a channel using combined nanofluids and novel longitudinal vortex generators

Enhancement of heat transfer in plate-fin heat exchangers can be obtained using vortex generators (VG). The three-dimensional laminar flow of water/Al2O3 nanofluid with different nanoparticle volume fractions in a channel with longitudinal vortex generators is numerically simulated. Two novel forms of modified delta winglet VG pairs (MDWP1, MDWP2) are introduced by adding and subtracting a part of the quadrant profile to the delta winglet VG profile. Simulation is carried out for the classic delta winglet pair (DWP) and MDWPs. Performance of heat transfer and pressure drop is compared as well as the overall performance analysis of channel is conducted for all three forms of VGs and two flow arrangement types, common flow up (CFU) and common flow down (CFD). Analytical expressions from the literature are used to check the validity of the model. Governing equations of laminar fluid flow and heat transfer are solved based on the finite-element method. The range of Reynolds number is from 100 to 500. Results show that in the range of the present study, using nanofluid increases about 20% of the heat transfer coefficient and 18% of pressure drop compared to pure water. As results confirm in all of the cases, the heat transfer coefficient increases using VG. The MDWP2 leads to the highest pressure drop and heat transfer between the three VGs types. It can produce up to 9% higher heat transfer coefficient in Re = 100 and 20% of higher pressure drop for CFD flow arrangement. The overall performance of the CFD arrangement is higher than CFU for the studied cases relatively. And the values of performance in a channel with DWP are greater than MDWP1 and MDWP2, which is due to the lower pressure drop of DWP.

Parametric sensitivity analysis and optimisation of a solar air heater with multiple rows of longitudinal vortex generators

This current research is focused on sensitivity analysis and surrogate-based optimization of solar air heater channel-types with three rows delta winglet pairs arranged in both Common-Flow-Down and Common-Flow-Up orientations at Reynolds numbers of 5,000 and 10,000. The performance of the channel is investigated by considering the variation of nine input parameters related to chord, height and angle of attack of each row of delta winglet pairs, in which the rows of the vortex generators are independent from each other. Sensitivity analysis is carried out by means of Morris, FAST and PAWN indices. From sensitivity analysis, it is highlighted that the friction factor is much more sensitive to the design variables than Nusselt number. The optimization procedure consists on the combination of the Anisotropic Kriging model and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). The optimized solutions indicated the highest performances of the channel are achieved when the vortex generators are not periodically distributed along the channel. With regard to net power ratio, Common-Flow-Up array performs better than Common-Flow-Down arrays, and further enhancement of this parameter is noted when the Reynolds number is increased. The main vortices generated by delta winglet pairs at Re = 10,000 propagate downstream closer to the absorber plate, and the corner vortices are weak and rapidly dissipated along the main flow direction, for both Common-Flow-Up and Common-Flow-Down arrangements.

Comparison and analysis of the arrangement of delta winglet pair vortex generators in a half coiled jacket for heat transfer enhancement

In this paper, multiple delta winglet pairs (DWP) vortex generators were periodically mounted on the heated wall of the half coiled jacket to reinforce heat transfer capability. The jacket is approximated as a helical duct with semicircular cross section. The height of DWP is half the jacket pipe and the circumferential spacing angle between the adjacent DWPs is fixed as θ1 = 90°. Numerical investigations were performed to compare fluid flow and heat transfer performance in jackets (Re = 4000–18,000) under four types of DWP arrangement. Results according to the present study show that the common-flow-up (CFU) configuration of DWP has more advantages in heat transfer enhancement than the common-flow-down (CFD) one. The DWP with CFU-V arrangement provides best overall heat transfer performance when the attack angle β of DWP is between 25° and 30°. This is due to stronger vortices produced by it, slower dissipation of the coupled vortices and subsequently emerged additional vortices. Its comprehensive evaluation factors JF range is from 1.005 to 1.082. The comprehensive heat transfer enhancement effect of CFU-V DWP decreases with the reducing of the jacket curvature ε.

Thermal Enhancement of Triangular Ducts Using Compound of Vortex Generators and Nanofluids

ABSTRACTLaminar flow and heat transfer of three different types of nanofluids; Al2O3, CuO, and SiO2 suspended in ethylene glycol, in a triangular duct using delta-winglet pair of vortex generator are numerically simulated in three dimensions. The governing equations of mass, momentum and energy are solved using the finite volume method. The effects of types, concentrations, and diameter of solid nanoparticles and Reynolds number on thermal and hydraulic performance of triangular duct are examined. The range of Reynolds number, volume fraction and nanoparticles diameters is 100–1200, 1–4%, and 25–85 nm, respectively. The results indicate that the average Nusselt number increases with the particles volume fraction and Reynolds number associated with an increase in the pressure drop. The heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop penalty reduce with increasing the particles diameters. However, a reduction in the pumping power required is observed to force the nanofluids when the volume fraction increases, assuming the heat transfer coefficient remains constant.

A comparison of thermal-hydraulic performance of various fin patterns using 3D CFD simulations

The objective of the present numerical study is to investigate the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of various circular (plain circular fin, crimped spiral fin, serrated fin) and plate fins [plain plate fin, wavy fin and fin with punched delta winglet pair (DWP)]. The geometrical parameters are, tube outer diameter (OD)=7mm, fin spacing (S)=3–7mm, fin height (hf)=5mm, number of tube rows (Nr)=2, transverse tube pitch (Pt)=23mm and longitudinal tube pitch (Pl)=18mm. The Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter has been considered in the range of 2500⩽Reh⩽4000. The circular fins outdo the plate fin in terms of the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer per unit pumping power for the circular fins has been found to be 140–170% higher as compared to the plate fins for a fixed Reynolds number. Local Nusselt number around the periphery of the tubes showed that fin patterns affect the wake region formation and flow separation on the tube surface. It has been observed that heat transfer coefficient decreases with an increase in the fin spacing due to increase in bypass flow rate through the heat exchanger at a constant Reynolds number. The heat transfer per unit pumping power showed an increase of more than 100% with an increase in the fin spacing from 3 to 6mm. The flow patterns have been studied in detail for serrated fin, crimped fin and fin with DWP. The vortices generated by the fins merge with the horseshoe vortices and enhances the heat transfer in the domain. The fin efficiency has been found to be in the range of 77–83% for the circular fins and 55–66% for the plate fins for a range of 2500⩽Reh⩽4000. Only one circular fin design i.e., crimped fin provides higher volume goodness factor as compared to the plate fins. In general it has been observed that more compact heat exchanger can be designed using plate fins but at a higher pumping power cost.

Thermal behaviors in a round tube equipped with quadruple perforated-delta-winglet pairs

The article deals with an experimental investigation of enhancing convective heat transfer in a heated circular tube with pairs of perforated-delta-winglets placed repeatedly on a perforated-cross-tape (PW-XT). The perforated-delta-winglets are placed in inline array and a triangular-hole is punched on each winglet to reduce the friction loss. The aim at using the PW-XT insert is to produce streamwise-vortex flows in the tube to reduce the thickness of thermal boundary layer and to increase fluid mixing of the flow. The involved winglet parameters are composed of relative winglet height or blockage ratio, (BR=b/D=0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25) and relative winglet pitch or pitch ratio, (PR=P/D=0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0) and those are performed at a single delta-winglet inclination/attack angle, α=30° and a winglet porosity ratio, Ap/Aw=0.359 for Reynolds number from 4180 to 26,000. The present results of heat transfer and pressure loss displayed in terms of respective Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) show that Nu increases with increasing BR but with decreasing PR. Nu for the PW-XT insert is in a range of 1.96–5.06 times while f increases around 2.06–35.68 times above the plain tube alone. To estimate the real merits of the PW-XT, the thermal enhancement factor (TEF) is evaluated and found to be a maximum around 1.902 at BR=0.15, PR=1.0. In comparison, the PW-XT gives considerably higher TEF than the typical four delta-winglet pairs placed on the cross-tape (TW-XT) having the highest TEF around 1.72.

Turbulent heat transfer and nanofluid flow in a triangular duct with vortex generators

Triangular conduits provide low pressure drop and low heat transfer coefficient compared to circular and other shapes of non-circular passages. The advantage of their low pressure drop motivated this research to increase the heat transfer rate by using two passive methods; vortex generators and nanofluids. Turbulent flow-forced convective heat transfer of Al2O3/water and CuO/water nanofluids in an equilateral triangular passage with a delta-winglet pair of vortex generator is numerically studied in three-dimensions. A two-phase mixture model is utilized to simulate the fluid flow considering variable properties for nanofluids whereas those of solid nanoparticles are constant. The study is carried out to examine the effect of the different types of nanofluids, different volume fractions with a wide range of Reynolds numbers on the heat transfer and pressure drop penalty. A comparison between the nanofluid and the base fluid heat transfer is performed in this research. The Al2O3/water nanofluid shows great enhancement in heat transfer with the maximum overall performance of 45.7% at 3vol.% and Re=16,000 compared to the base fluid. High heat transfer and low pressure drop are observed by using nanofluid and VG simultaneously.

Heat Transfer Enhancement in Solar Air Heater Duct Fitted With Punched Hole Delta Winglets

This paper investigates the thermal performance of solar air heater fitted with delta winglet type vortex generators with holes punched on it by experimental and numerical analysis. Delta winglet type vortex generators having holes punched onto it are fitted in a duct of size 400*300*30mm.it is placed in duct in 3 different configurations, as an array having 5 pair in one row. Delta winglet pair has an attack angle of 30degree, with height of winglet equal to half of duct height. The study is done for Reynolds's no in the range of 9000 to 25000. Thermal performance is evaluated by analyzing both friction factor and Nussult's number using Webb's correlation for surface roughness. Numerical simulation is done using Ansys fluent. Experimental and numerical results are then compared. Results shows that heat transfer enhancement of about 20-150% can be achieved by using punched hole delta winglet.

Numerical simulation on performances of plane and curved winglet type vortex generator pairs with punched holes

Thermal and flow characteristics of plane and curved vortex generators (VGs) with and without punched holes on their surfaces are investigated and the corresponding mechanism of heat transfer is analyzed. 3-D numerical simulations are carried out in a channel flow fitted with a pair of VGs to the bottom wall with Re varying from 700 to 26,500. The heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss are examined using the dimensionless parameters Num/Num0, f/f0 and R=(Num/Num0)/(f/f0). The results show that VGs with punched holes present higher heat transfer enhancement and lower flow resistance than those without holes and the value of R is increased by 9.8–15% under the present conditions. Further parametric study suggests that the ratio of hole area to the VG area should be optimized to achieve better heat transfer enhancement. And punching holes at a lower position and close to the leading edge gives better thermal–hydraulic performance. The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement is explored with the help of field synergy principle (FSP) and secondary flow theory. Take the delta winglet pair (DWP) for example, the area – average synergy angle θs between velocity vector and temperature gradient of the cross section along flow direction first increases sharply to a peak of 85.7° before the VGs, After that, it declines dramatically to 81.8° and then climbs back and stabilizes around 89°. Correspondingly, the Num/Num0 shows the opposite trend to θs. It is confirmed that the maximum value of heat transfer augmentation is achieved at the minimum synergy angle, which indicates that the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement can be well explained by FSP.

Novel design of delta winglet pair vortex generator for heat transfer enhancement

Heat transfer is a naturally occurring phenomenon that can be greatly enhanced with the aid of vortex generators (VG). Three-dimensional numerical simulations of longitudinal vortex generators are performed to analyze heat transfer enhancement in parallel plate-fin heat exchanger. The shear-stress transport (SST) κ-ω model is adopted to model the flow turbulence. Empirical correlations from the open literature are used to validate empty channel simulations. First, numerical simulations are conducted for the classical delta winglet pair (DWP) which is introduced as the reference case in this study. Then, an innovative VG configuration, named inclined projected winglet pair (IPWP), is examined and it shows superior performance relative to the DWP. The IPWP exhibits similar heat transfer rates than that of the DWP but with lower pressure drop penalty due to its special aerodynamic design. The local performance is analyzed based on the streamwise distribution of Nusselt number and friction coefficient criteria in addition to vorticity. This study highlights the different mechanisms involved in the convective heat transfer intensification by generating more vortices using more aerodynamic VG shape while decreasing the pressure drop penalty.

Numerical simulation on flow and heat transfer of fin-and-tube heat exchanger with longitudinal vortex generators

Fin-and-tube heat exchangers with plain fins are widely used in direct air-cooled condenser system in the power plant, because of its relatively simple property compared to some other fins with variable cross-sectional area channel. In the present study, heat transfer performance and pressure drop for fin-and-tube heat exchanger with longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs) on the fin surface were numerically investigated. Rectangular and delta winglet pairs were punched/mounted on the fin surfaces to enhance the heat transfer of the air-side of the fin-and-tube heat exchangers. The results showed that the Nusselt numbers increased up to 20% for LVGs on plain fins comparing with plain fins channel without LVGs. The heat transfer enhancement by rectangular winglets was more significant than that of the delta winglets. The rectangular winglet with angle of attack of 25°showed the best overall performance than any other angles of attack in rectangular winglets configurations. Additionally, the delta winglet with angle of attack of 45° showed the best overall performance than the other angles of attack in delta winglets configurations.

Effect of spanwise pressure gradient on flow and heat transfer characteristics of longitudinal vortices embedded in a turbulent boundary layer

This study numerically investigated the influence of spanwise pressure gradient on heat transfer of a 3D turbulent boundary layer with longitudinal vortices. A 30° bend in the passage provided the spanwise pressure gradient. The longitudinal pair vortices were generated using a pair of delta winglets. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes and energy equations based on the conventional Reynolds stress model were used. The predictions agreed well with the experimental data for the straight plate. The turbulent boundary layer was significantly perturbed with the longitudinal vortices. The spanwise pressure gradient contributed to faster degradation of the longitudinal vortices and widened the perturbed flow region. The local Stanton number distributions were asymmetric because of the difference in the evolution of the longitudinal vortices in the curved region. Moreover, comparison showed that the local Stanton number in the downstream of the straight channel increased near the surface because of the secondary re-circulating vortex. The thickness of the thermal boundary layers increased in the streamwise direction because of the significant flow mixing and heat transfer.

3D NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON FLOW CONFIGURATIONS AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR FIN-AND-OVAL-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH V-DOWNSTREAM DELTA WINGLET VORTEX GENERATORS

D numerical investigations for heat transfer characteristics and flow configurations in a fin-and-oval-tube heat exchanger with V-tip pointing downstream delta winglet pairs (DDWP) are examined. The DDWPs are placed on the fin surface with pointing downstream and the oval tube row number is set at three in a staggered arrangement. The flow attack angles (θ = 15 o , 30 o , 45 o and 60 o ) and the distance from V-tip to the oval tube center in transverse axis (a = 3.77, 4.77 and 5.77 mm) are investigated for Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter, Re = 500 - 2500. The numerical results are compared with the previous experimental results and the validations of the grid system on both heat transfer and friction factor are also reported. As the results, it is found that the use of the DDWP performs higher heat transfer rate and the friction factor than the smooth fin with no DDWP for all cases. The vortex flows and the impinging jet of the flows over the oval-tube walls lead to the increase in heat transfer rate, but also increase in pressure loss. The augmentations are maximum around 1.59 and 4.4 times higher than the smooth fin for heat transfer and friction factor, respectively. In addition, the optimum thermal enhancement factor, TEF, is around 1.09 at Re = 2500, a = 5.77 mm and θ = 15 o .

Heat transfer enhancement of wavy finned flat tube by punched longitudinal vortex generators

Punched longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs) were employed to enhance air-side heat transfer on the wavy fin surface of flat tube used in direct air-cooled condenser. The heat transfer enhancement of four types of the longitudinal vortex generators with different attack angles were compared by numerical simulations. It was found that the delta winglet pair with attack angle 25° could reach the greatest performance evaluation criteria (PEC) under the conditions of the inlet air flow velocity varied from 1m/s to 5m/s. The influences of locations on the wavy fin surface and the row number of the longitudinal vortex generators were also discussed. One delta winglet pairs at the middle of the wavy fin surface and the minimum row number, n=1, with the average PEC is 1.23, has the best heat transfer performance of all conditions, which can be recommended for practical applications. Experimental study in wind tunnel with flow field visualization by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), as well as the numerical simulations verified that the delta winglet pairs can generate obvious longitudinal vortex pairs at the down-sweep zone, which can enhance the heat transfer between the cooling air flow and heated wall surface with acceptable pressure loss.

Comparison of winglet-type vortex generators periodically deployed in a plate-fin heat exchanger – A synergy based analysis

The objective of the present investigation is to assess the performance of a plate-fin heat exchanger with an emphasis on acquiring fundamental understanding of the relation between local flow behavior and heat transfer augmentation mechanism. Numerical simulations are performed in a rectangular channel containing built-in longitudinal vortex generators on the bottom wall arranged periodically both in the streamwise and spanwise directions. Two types of vortex generators, namely, rectangular winglet pair (RWP) and delta-winglet pair (DWP) with two different flow arrangements, common-flow-up (CFU) and common-flow-down (CFD) have been explored to assess the influence of shape and flow arrangements on heat transfer enhancement. The basic mechanisms of flow structure and heat transfer characteristics have been examined with the help of secondary velocity vectors, streamlines, and temperature contours. Additionally, the mechanism of the local heat transfer augmentation has been explained using a novel concept called the field synergy principle. The performance of the vortex generators has been compared based on integral quantities such as Nusselt number, pressure loss, performance evaluation factor and domain averaged synergy angle. The computations reveal enhanced mixing of fluid between the wall layer and the core due to strong secondary flows produced by vortex generators. The performance analysis indicates that the RWP is more effective in terms of heat transfer enhancement as compared to DWP. The field synergy analysis has shown that the sites with higher Nusselt number are associated with smaller synergy angle or better coordination between the velocity vector and the temperature gradient.

Numerical Study of Thermal and Flow Characteristics of Plate-Fin Heat Sink with Longitudinal Vortex Generator Installed on the Ground

This study applied the commercial software ANSYS CFD (FLUENT), for simulating the transient flow field and investigating the influence of each parameter of longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs) on the thermal flux of a plate-fin heat sink. Vortex generator was set in front of plate-fin heat sink and under the channel, which was in common-flow-down (CFD) and common-flow-up (CFU) conditions, which have the result of vortex generator of delta winglet pair (DWP). In this study the parameters were varied, such as the minimum transverse distance between winglet pair, the attack angle of the vortex generator, fins number, the fin height, and the distance between the vortex generator and plate-fin. The coolant fluid flew into the fin-to-fin channel and pushed the vortex from different geometry toward the bottom. This phenomenon took off the heat from the plate to enhance the heat transfer. The numerical results indicated that the LVGs located close to the plate-fin heat sink are zero with the attack angle being 30°, presenting optimal overall conditions.