Delta North Research Articles

Assessment of Patient Safety Culture Amongst Pharmacy Staff of Selected Healthcare Facilities in Delta North, Nigeria

The strategy for improving patient safety in hospitals heavily relies on safety culture. The study aimed to evaluate patient safety cultures amongst pharmacy staffs of selected health facilities in Delta North, Delya State, Nigeria. Data on patient safety amongst 70 pharmacy personnel in two major secondary and 5 general health facilities across Delta North senatorial district, Delta State, were collected using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) tool. Information on communication openness, the frequency of documenting different types of mistakes, as well as the overall patient safety culture rating, was collected. Composite scores were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Measurement data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and compared using a student t-test. The results were considered significant at p<0.05. The mean scores of all the various composite item responses were calculated and grouped into positive and negative responses with a mean score of ≥4 and <4, respectively. The safety cultures of physical space and environment, staff training and skills, and communication openness had a good composite score of 4.0 – 4.1. The safety culture of procedures for communicating prescriptions across shifts was poorly rated, with composite scores of 3.8. The safety culture of patient counselling had the highest composite score of 4.3. The safety composites for documenting various shades of mistakes had a mean score of 3.5. Overall, 68.1% of the healthcare facilities were rated excellent, although there were some loopholes (documenting mistakes and poor communication across shifts) in the safety composite scores requiring areas for improvement.

Knowledge Level of Caregivers on Immunization for Children (under-5 Years) in Nigeria

Background: Families, especially mothers are the major role players with regard to their children’s immunization. This study empirically Knowledge Level of Caregivers on Immunization for Children under-5 years in Delta North Senatorial District of Delta State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A well self-structured questionnaires drawn from caregivers of under-5 children who were disposed to immunization in the nine (9) local government areas in Delta North senatorial district was used. However, the questionnaires were distributed to 3843 caregivers across the Nine (9) local government areas under study but the researcher was able to successfully retrieve 3624, representing 94% of the sample size.. Two major hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) regression analysis with the aid of SPSS. Results: The data showed that 3030, representing about 85.0% of the respondents were mothers while the remaining 544 (15.0%) were male (fathers) with under-5 children in Delta North Senatorial District The findings shows that the knowledge level of caregivers, and enablers are respectively statistically significant in the immunization of under-5 children in Delta North senatorial district of Delta State, Nigeria. Conclusion: It is therefore concluded that for the immunization to becomes successfully performed caregivers must have basic or advanced education and training to avoid the an increased mortality rate of death to children below five (5) years old.

Academic Self-Efficacy and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Delta North Senatorial District

This study examined the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic performance of secondary school students in Delta North Senatorial District. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. This study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study comprised 16,473 Senior Secondary School Three (SSS 3) in government-owned secondary schools in Delta North Senatorial District. The sample of the study comprised 1,647 secondary school students in Delta North Senatorial District, which represents 10% of the total population. A multistage sampling procedure was used in the sampling. A questionnaire and students’ past result were used for data collection in this study. The face validity of the questionnaire was examined through experts’ judgment while factor analysis was used to estimate its content and construct validities. The reliability was tested by using Cronbach alpha for estimating the internal consistency of the instrument. It yielded a coefficient of 0.69 for Academic self-efficacy Rating Scale. The data obtained were analysed with Pearson’s product moment correlation and coefficient of determination for the research questions and Regression statistics was used to test for the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic performance of secondary school students; that there was a significant relationship between sex and academic performance of secondary school students; and that there is was significant relationship between school location and academic performance of secondary school students. The study recommended amongst others, that schools should implement programmes that enhance students' academic self-efficacy through mentorship, goal-setting workshops, and positive reinforcement strategies.

Gastrointestinal helminthiasis among Nigerian farmers in Delta North communities

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infections among farmers of different age groups and the risk factors influencing disease transmission in different geographic settings with intermittent treatment in Delta North Agricultural Zone in Nigeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among all age groups in some farming communities in freshwater swamp forest and lowland rainforest of Delta North Agricultural Zone. Kato Katz method was used to detect gastrointestinal helminth infections in stool samples. Study participants totalled 20 698 including 11215 (54.2%) males and 9483 (45.8%) females. Additionally, diagnostic tests performance for Schistosoma mansoni using Kato Katz and PCR were compared. Results: This study identified six parasites namely, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis and Strongyloides stercoralis, with a total prevalence of 21.6%. The freshwater swamp forest had a slightly higher prevalence (21.8%) with six parasite species than that of the lowland rainforest (21.0%) with five species, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Factors that influenced disease transmission include sex, age, behaviour, type of infection, culture and environment, with vulnerabilities higher among children and females (P < 0.05). Additional investigation comparing Kato Katz method and PCR using Schistosoma mansoni 121 bp primer on 120 samples showed prevalence of 0.0% for Kato Katz and 4.2% for PCR. Conclusions: This study revealed persistent gastrointestinal helminth infections in areas where there is intermittent mass antihelminthic administration. This underscores the need for integrated control of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in farming communities.

USAGE OF CONCEALED FASHIONABLE FASTENINGS GARMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE BREASTFEEDING AMONG CAREER LACTATING MOTHERS.

The need to produce convenience garments for effective breastfeeding necessitated this study, the study investigated the usage of concealed fashionable fastening garments for effective breastfeeding among career lactating mothers. The specific purpose of this study is to produce suitable garments for career lactating mothers using concealed fashionable fastenings to promote effective breastfeeding. The study adopted descriptive survey research and research and development. (R&D). The population of the study consists of one thousand two hundred and forty-two (1,242) lactating mothers who registered in Secondary Health Care (Central hospitals) in Delta North Senatorial District, Delta State. The sample of this study was one hundred and fifty (150) lactating mothers drawn from the population through stratified and multistage sampling technique The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire and the sewn lactating garments were given to lactating mothers for test. Descriptive statistics of Mean and Standard deviation were used, and the findings of this study revealed that produced garments for career lactating mothers using concealed fashionable fastenings were highly suitable for promoting effective breastfeeding. it can be concluded that concealed fashionable fastening garments are necessary for effective breastfeeding and career lactating feel comfortable when carrying out breastfeeding activities, the garments were successfully produced for the intended purpose and were highly comfortable, suitable, and aesthetically pleasing. Concealed fashionable fastening garment was recommended for career lactating mothers for comfort, suitability, and acceptability towards effective breastfeeding.

Effects of differentiated instruction, blended learning and lecture methods on students’ cognitive styles and learning outcome in physics

The effects of differentiated instruction, blended learning, and lecture methods on students' learning outcomes and cognitive style have been researched in past research. However, there remains a gap when it comes to its application in physics. The study investigated the effects of differentiated instruction, blended learning, and lecture methods on students’ cognitive styles and learning outcomes in physics. The research adopted a quasi-experimental control group, pretest, and posttest planned variation design. Four research questions and six hypotheses were formulated and tested. A total of one hundred and forty-three (143) from three local government schools in Delta north senatorial participated. The study employed a Physics achievement test (PAT) and cognitive style inventory scale as instruments. The result indicated a significant effect and difference between the three methods. It was recommended among others that faculties of education should include differentiated instruction and blended learning as a method of teaching Physics to enhance learning outcomes in Physics classrooms. Keywords: Blended learning; cognitive style; differentiated instruction; lecture method; physics.

Parents' Educational Qualifications and Marital Status as a Correlation of Social Adjustment of Secondary School Students in Delta North Senatorial District

Parents' Educational Qualifications and Marital Status as a Correlation of Social Adjustment of Secondary School Students in Delta North Senatorial District

REMOTE SENSING AND IN-SITU-BASED ASSESSMENT OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN NIGERIA

In data-sparse locations, the necessity for the integration of remote sensing and in-situ-based approaches in assessing greenhouse gases cannot be overstressed. Akin other countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Nigeria is yet to leverage on and fully maximize the potentialities offered by satellite remote sensing in monitoring and assessment of biophysical and ecological change indicators including greenhouse gases. This study was undertaken with the prime motivation of ascertaining the variations of greenhouse gases concentrations in Delta State, Nigeria as well as the correlation between in-situ measurement and satellite remote sensing observation. Datasets comprising carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and were sourced from the archive of the European Space Agency and field sampling using Aeroqual S500 ambient air analyser. Descriptive statistics, independent Samples t-Test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD test of multiple comparisons and simple linear regression (SLR) were the major inferential statistical frameworks used in the study. The results showed that greenhouse gases exhibited statistical significant spatial variability with the non-fictional variation of CO from In-situ measurement domiciled between Delta South Senatorial District (SD) and Delta North SD with Mean Difference of – 0.05 (p-value of 0.027 < 0.05). Validity, extent of accuracy and reliability of remotely-sensed greenhouse gases with in-situ observations was also established with CO, SO2 and NO2 in Delta South SD being statistically significant at 95% confidence level. The paper recommends the adoption of space-borne satellite remote sensing resources and GIS in periodic monitoring, mapping and assessments of environmental change indicators.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTHERS NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AND THEIR CHILDREN’S FOOD HABITS IN DELTA NORTH SENATORIAL DISTRICT

The study is to examined the relationship between mothers’ nutritional knowledge and practices and theirrelationship with children’s food habits in Delta North Senatorial District. Four (4) research questionsguided this study. The study tested one null hypothesis. The study adopted a survey research design. Thepopulation was six hundred and twenty-one thousand, three hundred and six (621,306) mothers within thechildbearing age in Delta North Senatorial District. A sample of 300 mothers were selected for the studyusing the multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument for data collection in this study was a structuredquestionnaire.

SELF–ESTEEM, PEER PRESSURE, EXAMINATION ANXIETY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SENIOR SECONDARY STUDENTS IN DELTA NORTH SENATORIAL DISTRICT, NIGERIA

This study examined self-esteem, peer pressure, examination anxiety and the academic performance of senior secondary students in Delta North Senatorial District of Delta State. Six research questions and six hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study comprised all public Senior Secondary School Three (SSS 3) students in Delta North Senatorial District. The sample of the study comprised 1,647 senior secondary school students in Delta North Senatorial District. A multistage sampling procedure was used. A questionnaire and students’ English Language questions were used for data collection in this study. The face validity of the questionnaire was examined through experts’ judgment while factor analysis was used to estimate its content and construct validities. The reliability was tested by using Cronbach’s alpha for estimating the internal consistency of the instrument. This yielded a reliability index of 0.61 for Self-Esteem Rating Scale; 0.70 for Peer Pressure Rating Scale; and 0.71 for Examination Anxiety Rating Scale. The data obtained were analysed with Pearson’s coefficient of determination and regression statistics at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between self-esteem and academic performance; between peer pressure and academic performance; between examination anxiety and academic performance; and among self-esteem, peer pressure, examination anxiety and the academic performance of senior secondary school students. The study, however, found that there is no significant moderating impact of sex and school location on the relationship between self-esteem, peer pressure, examination anxiety and the academic performance of senior secondary school students. The study recommended that Guidance counsellors should implement the psychoeducational program in schools to provide a chance for students to express themselves and develop their self-esteem and self-confidence.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0251/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Teachers Perception of Students with Dysgraphia and Academic Performance in Nigeria

The study aims to investigate teachers’ perception of students with dysgraphia and academic performance in secondary schools in Delta State. This study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population of this study include all the teachers in 245 secondary schools in three local government area of Delta state with a population of 4,750 teachers. The three local government areas are from the three senatorial districts of Delta state which are Osadenis High School, Asaba, (Delta North), Abraka Grammar School, Abraka (Delta Central) and St. Michaels College, Oleh (Delta South). The simple random sampling technique was used to select 25 secondary schools from where 350 (152 male and 198 female) secondary school teachers were also selected. Out of the 25 secondary schools, 17 are from the rural while 8 are the urban settings. 234 teachers are from the rural and 116 from urban settings. The instrument for this study was a researcher developed four-point Likert type scale instrument. The test-retest method was used to ascertain the reliability of the instrument and it has a Cronbach Alpha reliability index of 0.875. The One-Way Anova statistics method was used to test all research hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Results revealed that dysgraphia has significant influence on the academic performance of students with the learning disorder (dysgraphia). In addition, it was found that there is significant difference in the academic performance of students with dysgraphia based on sex. Based on these findings, it was recommended that Teachers should refer students to counsellors for therapeutic attention; teachers should adopt teaching approaches that will encourage hand writing development; Such students should be allowed to use assistive technology in writing among others.

Attitudinal Disposition of Teachers towards counsellors: Roles in Secondary Schools in Delta North Senatorial District of Delta State

Attitudinal Disposition of Teachers towards counsellors: Roles in Secondary Schools in Delta North Senatorial District of Delta State

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites among Sickle Cell Patients in Delta State, Nigeria

Sickle cell anemia crisis and death in the under-developed nations constitute one of the most challenging global public health problems. It is estimated that each year out of the three hundred thousand babies born worldwide with severe forms of hemoglobin disorders, sickle cell disease constitute more than half of this figure. Sickle cell disorder is an abnormal hemoglobin condition caused by the inheritance of abnormal hemoglobin (Hbs) genes from both parents. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among sickle cell subjects in Delta State. Stool samples were collected from a total of 320 subjects, 160 each from Delta South (Warri) and Delta North (Agbor). Questionnaires and informed consent forms were given to the subjects that are of age and to the parents of the minors before sample collection. The stool samples were examined both macroscopically and microscopically for gastrointestinal parasites .InWarri, 40% (64/160) of SCA subjects infected with either gastrointestinal heamoparisites were male, while 48.1% were females. In Agbor, 47.5% were males, while 43.8% were females. This was statistically significant (p< 0.05). The greatest frequency of infection was observed in SCA subjects within the age bracket of 1-10. (42.5%) in warri and 56.2%atAgbor. In Warri A.lumbricoides, hookworm, T.trichuria, E coliand malaria parasites were observed, 18.1%, 5.6%, 2.5%, 1.3% and 60.6% respectively among sickle cell subjects infected with either gastrointestinal haemoparasites. No microfilaria was isolated among subjects in warri, but was isolated at Agbor (0.6%).Also at Agbor, A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T.trichuria, E. coli,and malaria parasites had prevalence of16.8%, 2.5%, 1.3%, 1.9% and 68.1%respectively. In Warri, SCA subjects without parasitic infection have a mean PCV of 23.27% as against those with parasitic infection having a mean PCV of 12.88%. At Agbor, those without infection have a mean PCV of 22.84% as against 19.72% among those with parasitic infection. Among SCA subjects with either gastrointestinal or haemoparasites in warri, 24.4%, 50.0% 13.7% resides in rural, urban and riverine Communities respectively. At Agbor 60%, 31.3% resides in rural & urban communities respectively. The prevalence of infection among those who deworm always, occasionally only and those who never deworm were 32.5%, 53.1% and 2.5% respectively in Warri and, 10%, 60% & 21.3% respectively in Agbor. All sampled SCA subjects received blood transfusion always or occasionally as 70.6% and 17.8% respectively in Warri, as 85.0% and 6.3% respectively in Agbor. Prevalence of infection among subjects who use water closet and latrine were 18.7% and 6.9% respectively. Subjects who never wash their hands before and after eating have prevalence of 7.2% while those who wash their hands before and after eating always were 18.4%. The prevalence of malaria parasites 60.6% and 66.8%, Warri and Agbor respectively. Overall, the prevalence of parasitic infections among SCA subjects in Warri was 88.1%. Of this 48.1% were females.SCA subjects between the ages of 1-10 were mostly infected. A. lumbricoides (18.1%) was the gastrointestinal parasite mostly isolated. This study concludes that prevalence of gastrointestinal and haemoparasite among sickle cell subjects is very high in Delta State. Therefore, the need for all sickle cell anemic subjects to strictly use insecticide treated nets is highly advocated.

Parental Support and Juvenile Involvement in Internet Fraud

The researcher investigated parental support and juvenile involvement in internet fraud in the Delta North Senatorial District of Delta State. Two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 levels of significance. The Relative Deprivation Theory was used to explain why parents might support internet fraud. Hence, the theory is very cogent, as it explains the fact that a parent who feels relatively deprived might vent their frustration by encouraging their offspring to seek an alternative route (internet fraud) to achieve material wealth. The study used a descriptive survey research design. All SS 1–2 students who registered in public secondary schools in the Delta North Senatorial District of Delta State make up the target population. The sample consisted of 480 students, 160 from each of the three constituencies (Aniocha/Oshimili, Ika, and Ndokwa/Ukuwani), who were specifically chosen from the three constituencies using stratified random selection techniques. A questionnaire on parental support and Juvenile involvement in internet fraud was used for data collection. At a 0.05 level of significance, the T-test statistic was utilized to evaluate the stated hypotheses. Findings from the study reveal that there is a significant difference in parental materialism support and juvenile involvement in internet fraud. Recommendations were made that parents should not place much emphasis on materialism but rather encourage and foster positive and socially acceptable behavior, such as honesty, contentment, discipline, and so on, rather than sending their juveniles to HK (the hustle kingdom) to make money through internet fraud.

ORGANISATIONAL PRESSURE AND QUALITY OF WORK LIFE OF STAFF OF UNIVERSITIES IN DELTA NORTH SENATORIAL DISTRICT, NIGERIA

This study examined the relationship between organisational pressure and quality of work life among the staff of universities in Delta North Senatorial District. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the correlational research design. The population comprised 1,445 staff in universities in Delta North Senatorial District. The sample of the study comprised 429 staff. The staff was selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The instrument that was used to collect data for this study is a questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the instrument were established and adjudged to be adequate. The research questions were answered with the aid of regression and Fisher-z statistics were used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between organisational pressure and quality of work life of staff in universities; but that there is no significant moderating impact of sex on the relationship that exists between organisational pressure and quality of work life of staff in universities; and that there is a significant relationship among organisational pressure, self-efficacy, and quality of work life of staff in universities in Delta North Senatorial District. The study recommended that management of universities in Delta North Senatorial District should take note of the impact of organisational pressure on quality of work life of staff and ensure that such pressures are reduced to their barest minimum in order to give the staff a sense of job satisfaction and overall quality of work life.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0208/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

SELF-ESTEEM AND CAREER DECISION-MAKING DIFFICULTIES AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: THE MODERATING IMPACT OF AGE AND GENDER

This study investigated the moderating impact of age and gender on the relationship between self-esteem and career decision-making difficulties among secondary school students. Three research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a correlational research design. The population included 16,473 Senior Secondary two (SS 2) students from public secondary schools in Delta North Senatorial District. The sample size comprised 378 senior secondary school students. The students were sampled using a multistage sampling procedure. A questionnaire was used to gather data in this study. Expert judgment was used to determine the instrument's face validity, while factor analysis using the Principal Component Analysis method was used to determine the content and construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha reliability index was used to determine the internal consistency of the items in the instrument. Self-Esteem Rating Scale = 0.71, and Career Decision-Making Difficulties Rating Scale = 0.82 are the reliability coefficients found. The hypotheses were tested and answered using regression statistics of F-ratio at 0.05 level of significance, while the research questions were answered using Pearson’s coefficient of determination. The findings of the study revealed that there is no significant relationship between self-esteem and career decision-making difficulties among secondary school students; that there is no significant moderating impact of age and gender in the relationship between self-esteem and career decision-making difficulties among secondary school students. The study recommended that more studies should be carried out to explore the reason why no significant relationship was found between self-esteem and career decision-making difficulties among secondary school students in Delta North Senatorial District.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0600/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

A Study of Language Use Impact in Radio Broadcasting: A Linguistic and Big Data Integration Approach

Broadcasting more culturally educating and language-reviving contents are ways radio stations can help revitalize indigenous languages in Delta North in Nigeria. The challenges faced in communicating through indigenous dialects on radio stations are majorly caused by the lack of indigenous language professionals and linguists in the broadcast stations. The absence of these professionals is a major constraint to the development of the community. The broadcast media can help manage multilingualism through the introduction of new words which would give little or no room for lexicon dearth but would expand the language lexicon. Using these dialects during broadcast gives relevance to all dialects, reduces language dearth, and keeps people connected to their culture. Programmes anchored in indigenous dialects enhance the vocabulary, comprehension, and language vitality of the language. The study examined the impact of local language used in radio broadcasting using a descriptive big data survey research design. The study’s population comprises of all the inhabitants of Delta North from which a sample of 10 broadcast staff and 120 radio listeners in Delta North Senatorial District in Nigeria was drawn using a stratified random sampling technique. The instrument of data collection was a structured questionnaire with closed questions and a self-structured interview. The sample employed frequency distribution tables, percentages, and charts in the presentation and analysis of data. The results revealed that majority of the respondents in Delta North listened to radio broadcast indicating that the use of indigenous dialects/language can have massive impact on the people. The study also found that majority of the respondents use indigenous languages in their day-to-day activities, with English being used majorly only in schools. The study recommends, among others, that the National Broadcasting Commission review their policy on the allocated time of broadcast in indigenous languages and that more indigenous language experts and linguists should be incorporated into the broadcast system.

Determinants of agricultural insurance patronage among crop farmers in Delta north agricultural zone, Delta State, Nigeria

Objective: The objective of this paper was to identify the determinants of patronage of agricultural insurance in Delta north agricultural zone, Delta State Nigeria. Material and Methods: A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents. Data were obtained through questionnaire administration. Descriptive statistics, logit model, and t-test were employed in the study. Results: The findings showed that the mean age was 48 years with 59.2% of female farmers. About 60% of them had secondary education with a mean farm size of 2.10 ha. The mean farming experience was 11 years with 75% of the farmers not belonging to a cooperative society with a mean income of N80, 278.33. The major risks were pests, high temperature, variation in yield, flood and the least were a fire outbreak. Only 39.2% of the farmers are aware of agricultural insurance. The logit model showed that the age of farmers, educational level, premium rate, farm size, accessibility to credit, gender, awareness, and land tenure influenced farmers' decision to patronize agricultural insurance. Conclusion: This study examines insurance patronage by highlighting the interaction between the socioeconomic factors of farmers and the decision to patronize insurance. As far as this study is concerned, the identified factors will significantly improve patronage and increase productivity.

Principals Leadership Styles as Determinants of Teachers’ Job Performance in Public Secondary School in Delta North Senatorial District, Delta State.

The leadership style of principals was investigated as a driver of teacher job performance in public secondary schools in Delta North senatorial district of Delta State. The study's participants were 12,200 teachers from Delta North senatorial district's 166 public secondary schools. A sample of 240 teachers was chosen from this cohort using simple random selection. The study used two tools to gather data: The Leadership Style Questionnaires (LSQ) and the Teacher Job Performance Questionnaire (TJPQ). The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses. At the 0.05 level of significance, the data was analyzed using frequency and percentage for the research questions and the chi-square contingency table for the hypotheses. The democratic system was discovered to be effective and the most popular leadership style adopted by principals of public secondary schools in the district was style. In terms of teacher perceptions of work performance, there was no significant difference between male and female teachers. It was suggested that principals at these schools maintain a democratic leadership style. Autocratic and laissez-faire leadership styles should be avoided at all costs.

Harvest of Bishops in Nigeria Anglicanism: Diocese of Niger Delta North Experience, 1996-2021

Church growth can be internal, extension, and cross-cultural. Three critical areas to measure the viability of an ecclesiastical area are manpower, finance, and infrastructure. The Anglican diocese of Niger Delta North (DNDN) was inaugurated May 16, 1996 as the 53rd diocese in Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) with focus on missions and evangelism. To what extent has DNDN demonstrated viability especially in manpower development within twenty five years (1996-2021) of her mission work? The historical and descriptive methods were applied to unravel the task of this research. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The study revealed that Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) has harvested for the expansion of the work of God, thirteen bishops from DNDN within twenty-five years of her mission enterprise. Three were to shepherd the diocese, five lead extension dioceses which were birthed by DNDN, and another five for cross-cultural dioceses. Among these, two have been elevated to the apex ecclesiastical leadership position of an Archbishop. Thus, DNDN is a good ground for harvesting leaders for missions and evangelism in Nigeria and beyond. Downsizing DNDN rather than weaken her viability as some had feared, has increased her fruitfulness, growth and relevance to the community. These developments can be sustained and expanded through systematic teachings and intentional discipleship. Partnership with the extension and cross-cultural bishops and their dioceses are needed in church planting, human and material development. Further study on the inter-relationship between these dioceses will enrich Nigerian ecclesiastical history.