Delinquency Prevention Research Articles

Enabling Noninvasive Physical Assault Monitoring in Smart School with Commercial Wi-Fi Devices

Monitoring physical assault is critical for the prevention of juvenile delinquency and promotion of school harmony. A large portion of assault events, particularly school violence among teenagers, usually happen at indoor secluded places. Pioneering approaches employ always-on-body sensors or cameras in the limited surveillance area, which are privacy-invasive and cannot provide ubiquitous assault monitoring. In this paper, we present Wi-Dog, a noninvasive physical assault monitoring scheme that enables privacy-preserving monitoring in ubiquitous circumstances. Wi-Dog is based on widely deployed commodity Wi-Fi infrastructures. The key intuition is that Wi-Fi signals are easily distorted by human motions, and motion-induced signals could convey informative characteristics, such as intensity, regularity, and continuity. Specifically, to explicitly reveal the substantive properties of physical assault, we innovatively propose a set of signal processing methods for informative components extraction by selecting sensitive antenna pairs and subcarriers. Then a novel signal-complexity-based segmentation method is developed as a location-independent indicator to monitor targeted movement transitions. Finally, holistic analysis is employed based on domain knowledge, and we distinguish the violence process from both local and global perspective using time-frequency features. We implement Wi-Dog on commercial Wi-Fi devices and evaluate it in real indoor environments. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of Wi-Dog which consistently outperforms the advanced abnormal detection methods with a higher true detection rate of 94% and a lower false alarm rate of 8%.

On the Problems and Directions for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency

Despite many years of experience in the crime prevention in the juvenile environment, today the problem of committing offences and crimes among juveniles has not been solved and is still one of the most relevant which makes it necessary to improve preventive measures for reducing the potential number of offenders among juveniles. The purpose of this article is to identify the most effective and efficient measures to prevent juvenile delinquency based on cross-country comparison and retrospective analysis. The leading approach in this research is a comparative and legal approach to the study of the problem which allows to identify the most effective measures. The main aspects of the positive experience of regulating the issue of research in retrospect, as well as the mistakes that have taken place, which should not be made in the future, are identified. The degree of regulation of the issue at the international level is characterized. A comparative analysis of the system of agencies and institutions for the crime prevention among juveniles in Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, as well as the regulation of the issue in Russia and foreign countries, is conducted. Recommendations are given regarding the directions of juvenile delinquency prevention, as well as statistical data on the countries in the dynamics. The development of recommendations and the solution of this problem should be carried out not only at the theoretical but also at the practical level and this will allow to create in the future favorable conditions for the development of the younger generation, the formation of favorable behavior and active participation in art, cultural, sports and social activities.

The Need for Long-term Follow-ups of Delinquency Prevention Experiments

The Need for Long-term Follow-ups of Delinquency Prevention Experiments

Making history for justice reform: Can the country end girls’ incarceration?

Nationally, juvenile justice reforms have largely rolled back the surge in youth incarceration that resulted from the “tough on crime” era of the late 1990s and early 2000s: the numbers of young people arrested, detained, and placed in the justice system has fallen by half to the lowest numbers the country has seen since the 1980s. This paper analyzes gender-specific trends in juvenile justice involvement to assess whether declines in juvenile justice-involved youth population have made it possible to eliminate the practice of detaining or placing girls in juvenile justice facilities in many jurisdictions around the country. Descriptive data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics “Arrest Data Analysis Tool” as well as the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s “Easy Access to Juvenile Court Statistics” and “Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement” are compiled to provide an overview of gender demographics and charge severity at arrest and placement over time. Findings indicate that in many states girls numbers are sufficiently small and the severity of their offenses sufficiently low-level that targeted policy changes, diversion efforts, and investment community-based prevention and intervention programing could eliminate confinement altogether.

Communal schools and teacher victimization.

Despite data showing that teacher victimization is at least as great a problem as student victimization, far less research exists regarding teacher victimization than student victimization and overall school crime, particularly with regard to the application of criminological theory to explain the victimization of teachers. We address this gap by examining the hierarchical relationship between communal school organization and teacher victimization in a nationally representative sample of 37,497 teachers from 7,488 public schools in the United States. Results showed that teacher experienced less victimization in schools that were more communally organized. We discuss these findings and present implications for school-based delinquency prevention.

Developing an integrated biosocial theory to understand juvenile delinquency: from the social, cognitive, affective, and moral (SCAM) perspectives

Biosocial theory has made considerable progress in explaining juvenile delinquency and making explicit references for juvenile justice policy during the past decades. However, because biosocial theory aims to identify multiple risk factors, it makes juvenile justice practice and develop delinquency prevention programs difficult. This paper proposes an integrated biosocial theory from the social, cognitive, affective, and moral (SCAM) perspectives to understand juvenile delinquency and facilitate the development and improvement of prevention and intervention programs. The article briefly summarizes the background and the key concepts of the chosen criminological theories and the logic of theoretical integration. Then it articulates the four aspects of the integrated biosocial theory and how it can contribute to criminology in details. Lastly, the paper identifies its potential limitations and provides practical implications.

PENANGGULANGAN DELINQUENCY (KENAKALAN ANAK DAN REMAJA), DAMPAK DAN PENANGANANNYA

The titel of this research is Delinquency Prevention (Delinquency of Children And Youth), Impact And Cured was held in SMK Negeri 7 and Muara Tami Junior High School Muara Tami District. The purposed of this research is to provide students with understanding of the forms of Delinquency, the factors causing Delinquency (Delinquency of children and teenagers) and how to handle it based on the laws and regulations in Indonesia. The method used is by counseling in the form of material exposure, discussion and question and answer. The result of this dedication is, the material given in the counseling about the Deliquency of Children is well received by the students and they are gives good responses and responses with various weighted questions asked during the counseling. Through this dedication is expected to be a preventive effort for the students do not deeds belonging to Delinquency so as to prevent children or students from the legal problems that can arise from the delinquency of children and adolescents.Keywords: Countermeasures, Delinquency, Child, Adolescent, and Cured.

Crime and the Life-Course, Prevention, Experiments, and Truth Seeking: Joan McCord's Pioneering Contributions to Criminology

A life-span developmental approach describes Joan McCord's career and highlights her pioneering contributions to criminology and, more broadly, to understanding human development. The main focus of this article is on her exceptional scientific contributions through the assessment of the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study experimental preventive intervention. We highlight her efforts to understand how a delinquency prevention intervention caused iatrogenic effects and the lessons she drew for evaluation research. Important contributions to key issues in developmental criminology are summarized, such as the different roles of mothers, fathers, and neighborhoods in the development of delinquency as well as the importance of differentiating discipline from punishment. We describe how Dr. McCord relied on philosophy, how she tackled oppositions between theory-driven and data-driven research in criminology, and how she helped young investigators learn how to learn, and we end by highlighting her contributions to the organization and development of criminology in the United States and around the world.

Опыт моделирования вероятности кредитного дефолта клиентов микрофинансовых организаций (на примере одной МФО)

Microfinance organizations have become widespread in the crisis years, issuing microloans (up to 100000 rubles) at high interest rates almost without documents. Today, the Central Bank of Russia actively regulates this market, more and more tightening requirements, limiting rates and pennies on loans. This necessitates the formation of a new strategy for assessing the risk of non-repayment of a loan or loan, based on the prevention of delinquency on the part of customers. To do this, first, it is necessary to obtain more informative data about customers, without complicating the relationship with them. Secondly, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the possibilities of certain methods of classification in solving various problems of evaluating potential customers. The authors of this study analyze the importance for the clients classification quality of those indicators that are traditionally collected by MFIs, as well as the importance of some new indicators based on data from social networks. In this case, the importance of indicators is interpreted in the context of specific classification algorithms (methods).To model credit default (delay of more than 30 days), the authors use several algorithms for constructing classification trees - CART and C 4.5 algorithms, logistic regression and Random Forest algorithm. Modeling is carried out based on a sample of customer profiles of real MFI. Ambiguous results were obtained. Depending on the formulation of the problem of classification of customers have advantage different algorithms descriptive analysis (CART, C4.5, Logit). At the same time, as you might expect, the non-interpreted predictive algorithm “Random Forest” provides the best quality of forecasts. According to the results of the analysis, it was revealed that the credit history of the borrower, as well as his age, is of great importance for the classification of MFI clients. Gender had no impact on the classification results. In addition, data from social networks turned out to be unimportant.

Профілактика правопорушень у сфері інтелектуальної власності.

At the article it is payed attention to the increasing of delinquency quantity at the intellectual property sphere and stressed into the necessity of amplification of prevention such delinquency.It is analyzed approaches according to the content of delinquency prevention at the economic, administrative and criminal law. It is proved that the state should treat effective means and ways of influence on delinquent for defense of rights of intellectual property, improve the law mechanism of defense of rights and interests in the intellectual law sphere. It is determined that the regulations about preventive measures according to the delinquencies are absent at the national special legislation at the intellectual property sphere. It is determined that the aim of prevention consists in notification and removing of reasons and conditions of delinquency, which form the content of prevention, detection of persons, which are inclined to commit a delinquency, and application of measures for their correction. It is investigated the reasons and conditions of delinquency, their classification and difference. It is bounded the concepts «prevention» and «notification» of delinquency, and also it is proved that prevention is an independent mean of law enforcement. It is concretized that prevention of delinquency at the intellectual property sphere can be determined as state realization of economical, political, ideological, educational, law and other measures according to the detection and removing the reasons of delict of the intellectual property and also the detection of persons, who inclined to commit such delinquency. It is suggested the main organizational, law and educational measures according to the detection and removing reasons of delict at the intellectual property sphere. It is determined the main problems, which need solution according to the delinquency prevention at the intellectual property sphere.

Changes in delinquency according to socioeconomic status among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015.

Background: Scientific literature suggests that the prevalence of delinquency amongst adolescents has decreased internationally in past decades. However, whether this change is consistent across all socioeconomic groups has not yet been studied.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine changes in delinquency amongst Finnish adolescents according to socioeconomic status between 2000 and 2015.Method: A population-based school survey was conducted biennially amongst 14-16-year-old Finns between 2000 and 2015 (n = 761,278). Distributions for delinquency and socioeconomic adversities (low parental education, not living with both parents and parental unemployment in the past year) were calculated using crosstabs. Associations between delinquency, time, and socioeconomic adversities were studied using binomial logistic regression results shown by odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals.Results: Delinquency was positively associated with all three socioeconomic adversities studied and cumulative socioeconomic adversity. Although the prevalence of delinquency varied only slightly between 2000 and 2015 in the overall population, it increased significantly amongst adolescents with most socioeconomic adversities.Conclusions: The findings indicate that socioeconomic differences in delinquency have increased amongst Finnish adolescents in past decades. Delinquency prevention and intervention programs should take socioeconomic adversities into account.

Interaction of the science of prosecutorial activity and other legal Sciences in the field of prevention of juvenile delinquency

Interaction of the science of prosecutorial activity and other legal Sciences in the field of prevention of juvenile delinquency

Genesis and evolution of juvenile delinquency prevention in foreign countries

Genesis and evolution of juvenile delinquency prevention in foreign countries

Subjects of criminal proceedings and juvenile justice, which carry out prevention of crime of minors in FRG

The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects of the functioning of the juvenile justice bodies of the Federal Republic of Germany, which carry out the prevention of juvenile delinquency. In particular, the police, probation services, educational institutions, judiciary, employment services and other organs of juvenile justice of the Federal Republic of Germany. The author has studied and analyzed modern scientific literature, original results of scientific research and the legal framework of a foreign language country in the original language. The basic principles of work and peculiarities of functioning of each separate subject of juvenile delinquency prevention in the Federal Republic of Germany are analyzed, as well as the expediency and possibility of harmonizing the work of juvenile justice bodies in Ukraine and the Federal Republic of Germany. The necessity of close cooperation and more thorough coordination of work between state authorities, local self-government and youth organizations, volunteer movements, private sector entities, and other non-state associations were substantiated. Studying the experience of working with minors in the relevant structures of Germany is especially important for our country towards the introduction of European standards in the field of juvenile justice, which is a priority within the framework of interaction between Ukraine and the EU, especially taking into account in the implementation of modern trends of criminal-law and criminological policy on the reform of the juvenile justice bodies of Ukraine. The importance of work of the juvenile justice bodies of the Federal Republic of Germany is emphasized in the fundamental idea of accomplishment, which is embodied in the special juvenile criminal legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany, and in its use by the relevant authorities in practice.

Criminal Offending and Mortality over the Full Life-Course: A 70-Year Follow-up of the Cambridge–Somerville Youth Study

To investigate the relationship between criminal offending and mortality over the full life-course of treatment group participants in the Cambridge–Somerville Youth Study (CSYS). The CSYS is a delinquency prevention experiment and prospective longitudinal survey of the development of offending. Begun in 1939, the study involves 506 at-risk boys, ages 5–13 years (mean birth year = 1928), from Cambridge and Somerville, Massachusetts. Following the analytic strategy of Joan McCord, participants are drawn from the study’s longitudinal arm (N = 253). Data include court convictions of criminal offenses collected during middle age (mean = 47) and death records collected during old age (up to age 89). Death records were collected for 216 participants or 85.4% of the sample. Life-course persistent offenders experience earlier mortality compared to non-offenders (by about 7 years) and adolescent-limited offenders (by about 8 years). While life-course persistent offenders are not more likely to die early (< 40 years) compared to other trajectory groups, they are more likely to experience premature mortality from late middle age into old age. Life-course persistent offenders are also more likely to experience unnatural deaths, with alcoholism confounding the relationship. That group differences in mortality risk did not emerge until age 55 (while offending is in decline) suggests that the relationship between offending and mortality is not direct and may be spurious. Knowledge about the relationship between criminal offending and mortality can be greatly improved by following participants into old age.

Polemics on the Etiology of Juvenile Delinquency: A Review of Some Multiple-Perspective Attacks on Travis Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory

Influenced by Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan (1957 [1651]) and Emile Durkheim’s Le Suicide (1966 [1897]), criminologist Travis Hirschi wrote Causes of Delinquency (1969) in which he hypothesized that the more a juvenile is bonded to conventional society, the less likely he will become delinquent. Hirschi described four elements of the “social bond” (attachment, commitment, involvement and belief) and detailed the methodology he used to develop what is commonly referred to as “social bonding theory.” Although this enduring classic work has been seriously tested and highly praised for almost five decades for its classic contribution to the study and prevention of delinquency (and crime), it has also been sharply criticized from many theoretical and methodological perspectives. This paper provides an identification and review of several of those attacks.

Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: the Experience of the USA and New Zealand

The paper presents a comparative legal analysis of the legislative regulation aimed at preventing minors from committing crimes and offenses in the USA and New Zealand. The authors describe the structures of state agencies responsible for preventing minors from committing crimes and offenses. The presented analysis of international legal norms and standards shows that juvenile crime prevention is an important part of juvenile justice in other countries; it is aimed at the rehabilitation of minors in the society, creation of favorable conditions and the influence, if necessary, on the minors family. The authors note that juvenile justice models and prevention programs differ from country to country because every country has its own specific economic, social and political conditions. The countries that use the punitive model base their juvenile crime prevention on the concept of ensuring control over crime, on an accusatory attitude towards minors. The restorative model is aimed at ensuring the social rehabilitation of a juvenile delinquent, at correcting his/her unlawful conduct, at preventing repeat offenses. The authors examine the experience of prevention programs and initiatives that could be used by Russian agencies dealing with juvenile crime prevention. They present statistical data on juvenile crime in the USA and New Zealand in 2009-2016. The authors conclude that it is possible to use American and New Zealand experience in juvenile crime prevention for the improvement of the national strategy of preventing juvenile crimes and offenses and counteracting them.

The Relative Roles of Peer and Parent Predictors in Minor Adolescent Delinquency: Exploring Gender and Adolescent Phase Differences.

Social learning theories assume that delinquent peer norms and/or peer pressure are the components of delinquent peer socialization that lead to subsequent adolescent delinquency. However, these specific peer influences are rarely investigated. Moreover, social learning theories such as coercion theory posit that parenting behaviors also play an important role in the development or prevention of delinquency. However, surprisingly, little research has investigated whether parent behaviors could moderate the link between the above-described peer influences and adolescent delinquency. Hence, using structural equation modeling, the current 1-year longitudinal study investigated these questions among ethnically-diverse Dutch adolescents (N = 602; Mage = 13.50; 46.42% female at baseline), who were mostly between12 and 15 years old. Additionally, using multi-group models, and a stringent p-value of p < 0.01, we explored whether gender and adolescent phase (i.e., early versus middle adolescence) further moderated these links. The majority of the analyses, resulted in non-significant findings. Specifically, in our non-multi group model, we found no significant peer, and family effects for the entire sample. However, for our multi-group models, we found that higher levels of negative mother-adolescent relationship quality exacerbated the link between peer pressure and subsequent early adolescent boys' delinquency 1 year later, while low levels of mother-adolescent negative relationship quality reversed the association. That is, low levels of mother-adolescent negative relationship quality attenuated the link from higher levels of peer pressure to higher levels of delinquency, but only in early adolescent boys. These findings existed above and beyond significant links from prior adolescent delinquency (T1) to future adolescent delinquency (T2). To conclude, although this was not the case for most adolescents, for early adolescent boys fewer negative interactions between mother and adolescents at an earlier time point (in advance) could potentially curtail the negative effects that delinquent peer pressure has on delinquency in the future. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

중앙행정기관의 청년지원 프로그램에 대한 청소년비행 예방이론적 관점에서의 분석- 청소년 대상 정책을 중심으로 -

중앙행정기관의 청년지원 프로그램에 대한 청소년비행 예방이론적 관점에서의 분석- 청소년 대상 정책을 중심으로 -

Unique Dispositional Precursors to Early-Onset Conduct Problems and Criminal Offending in Adulthood

The aims of this study were to examine whether dispositional interpersonal callousness, negative emotionality, and hyperactivity/impulsivity uniquely influence the development of childhood-onset conduct problems and persistent criminal behavior in males, and to determine whether specific facets of negative emotionality (dysregulated anger versus anxiety) in childhood are differentially associated with the development of chronic antisocial behavior. Childhood dispositional features and conduct problems were assessed semiannually using parent- and teacher-report measures across 9 consecutive assessments in a school-based sample of 503 boys (∼7-11 years of age). Participants' criminal behavior was assessed using official records from adolescence into the early 30s. Interpersonal callousness, dysregulated anger, and hyperactivity/impulsivity were uniquely associated with the development of childhood-onset conduct problems. None of these features significantly predicted official records of juvenile offending after controlling for co- occurring conduct problems. However, interpersonal callousness was robustly and uniquely associated with a pattern of persistent and violent adult offending that continued into the early 30s. In contrast, anxiety problems were inversely associated with criminal offending in adolescence and adulthood after controlling for conduct problems and the other dispositional factors. Findings are consistent with theoretical models indicating that interpersonal callousness, dysregulated anger, and hyperactivity/impulsivity influence the development of childhood conduct problems. In contrast, anxiety problems in childhood tend to reduce the likelihood that boys will engage in later criminal offending. Results suggest that delinquency prevention programs should target children exhibiting features of interpersonal callousness, given that they are at high risk for engaging in chronic and violent offending in adulthood.