Deliberate Mechanisms Research Articles

What do people really think of when they claim to believe in repressed memory? Methodological middle ground and applied issues

ABSTRACT What do people really think of when they say they believe in repressed traumatic memory? In two studies (N Study 1 = 3158; N Study 2 = 305) using an integrative method taking into account recent methodological discussions, we found that, in total, 2458 participants (71% of the two combined samples) reported that they believed in repressed memory. In Study 1, based on separate questions on the whole group, we found 71% of agreement with the concept of repression, 74% with the concept of unconscious repression, and 54% with the concept of deliberate memory suppression. Participants with no memory of childhood abuse endorsed unconscious and deliberate mechanisms less than those with such memories. In Study 2, the order in which the items were presented was not associated with the beliefs in the different statements. Overall, our results show that people see repression as an unconscious mechanism. We suggest the use of within-subject designs and/or follow-up questions to determine how people understand the concept of repression. Such adherence to this controversial concept can have adverse implications in the clinical and legal arenas.

How Members of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives Use and Deliberate Shared Frames

Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) have been praised as vehicles for tacking complex sustainability issues, but their success relies on the reconciliation of stakeholders’ divergent interests and perspectives. Yet, we lack a thorough understanding of the micro- level mechanisms by which stakeholders can bridge these differences. To explore such micro-mechanisms, we examine what frames - i.e. mental schemata for making sense of the issues and solutions at stake - members of MSIs use during their discussions on sustainability questions and how these frames are deliberated through social interactions. We draw on workshop observations, interviews, and a survey of an MSI concerned with the protection of peatlands, an ecosystem that contributes to carbon retention on a global scale. We analyse how shared frames dominated in this collaboration and were instrumental in bridging divergent views, and how frames became salient, were elaborated, and adjusted through the interactions. We contribute to research on MSIs by offering explanations for the dominance of shared frames and by proposing deliberation mechanisms that are characteristic to MSI settings where shared frames dominate.

Deliberating trade-offs with the future.

Many fundamental choices in life are intertemporal: they involve trade-offs between sooner and later outcomes. In recent years there has been a surge of interest into how people make intertemporal decisions, given that such decisions are ubiquitous in everyday life and central in domains from substance use to climate change action. While it is clear that people make decisions according to rules, intuitions and habits, they also commonly deliberate over their options, thinking through potential outcomes and reflecting on their own preferences. In this Perspective, we bring to bear recent research into the higher-order capacities that underpin deliberation-particularly those that enable people to think about the future (prospection) and their own thinking (metacognition)-to shed light on intertemporal decision-making. We show how a greater appreciation for these mechanisms of deliberation promises to advance our understanding of intertemporal decision-making and unify a wide range of otherwise disparate choice phenomena.

THE HYPOTHESIS OF “THE ESCAPE FROM THE MALTHUSIAN TRAP” THROUGH THE “FASTER TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH”: THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS

The key thesis of cliodynamics is a conclusion that starting from the certain moment of human history the technologies began to grow faster than the growth of population of the planet. The followers of the hypothesis suppose that this allowed the humans “to escape” from “the Malthusian trap”, i.e. the regularly overpopulation crises that led traditional societies to collapses. However, the critical analysis draws a more complicated picture. First, we can suppose that many (at least, many) of traditional societies achieved the limits of their social and political durability earlier than the resource limits. Secondly, from the very beginning of human history there were known some deliberate mechanisms of lowering of population growth, such as infanticide and regulated cannibalism. Thirdly, by no means denying that the technological growth increases the medium bearing capacity, we can suppose that the free space reserves was a very important factor of the Earth population achieved at the mid of XX century. That is why the thesis of “the technological growth faster than the population growth” looks controversially. Finally, even the modern societies “escaped” from the “Malthusian trap” through the decreasing of population growth, using the mechanism of fertility decline.

GOVERNANÇA, DELIBERAÇÃO DEMOCRÁTICA E LOBBY NA POLÍTICA PÚBLICA DE APRENDIZAGEM PROFISSIONAL

This article analyzes the factors that led to the issuance of Ordinance no 1.288/2015 by the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and its unfolding. An illegal act that proposed to circumvent the accomplishment of quotas of apprentices, points out the visions of the actors involved in the public policy, as well as their paths. Through a bibliographical and documentary research that support the exploratory-descriptive research, intend to analyze the governance relationship of Apprenticeship for better institutional development, the mechanisms of democratic deliberation implemented by the government and the advocacy movements, with special attention to the lobby initiative. It concludes exposing the mechanisms of deliberation are conducive to the institutional development of public policies.

A Perpetual Learning Algorithm That Incrementally Improves Performance With Deliberation

During recent years, several different proposals for continuous learning (lifelong learning, never-ending learning, perpetual learning) have attracted much attention from researchers in the field of machine learning. In this paper, a perpetual learning algorithm, which is augmented with a deliberation mechanism that is geared toward incrementally improving performance on all tasks learned thus far, is described. The algorithm maintains a prototype library where each prototype in the library is a model parameters vector for a representative task learned, and produces the model for a new task as a linear combination of the prototypes. The deliberation process ensues based on two criteria (difference in loss and cosine similarity between single task model and encoded model) for the newly learned task model. If the prototypes in the library represent a new task well, then the library only needs to be tuned. Otherwise, if the prototypes in the library cannot represent a new task well, then the algorithm further determines if replacing a prototype in the library makes the library better suited for all learned tasks. If so, the prototype library will be reconstructed. Compared with other existing methods, the proposed method has several salient features. Firstly, by selecting the best prototypes to form the library to represent all learned tasks, the algorithm provided in the paper has better classification and regression performance than, say, Efficient Lifelong Learning Algorithm (ELLA) in circumstances in which only the training set for the current task can be buffered. Secondly, without the need to buffer training sets for multiple tasks, the proposed algorithm shows competitive performance when compared with curriculum learning.

Single Image Super Resolution by Directionally Structured Coupled Lexicon Learning

In this paper, a alternative algorithmic software is deliberate supported coupled wordbook gaining knowledge of with mapping perform for the problem of single-photograph extremely good solution. Dictionaries rectangular degree designed-group of the carry out for clustered facts. The coaching information is based into 9 clusters supported correlation between the info patches and already evolved directional templates. The unchanging ness of the distributed representations is thought for the mission of wonderful-resolution. For each cluster, a integrate of high-decision and low-decision dictionaries rectangular measure designed in conjunction with their mapping-capabilities. This is a coupled word e book learning with a mapping performs enables in strengthening, the unchangingness of disbursed example coefficients for diverse resolution stages. throughout the reconstruction section, for a given low-decision patch a collection of directional clustered dictionaries square measure used, and also the cluster is chosen which elements the smallest amount allotted instance errors. The planned algorithmic application is as compared with in advance paintings in addition to the presently pinnacle-ranked incredible-decision algorithmic program. by the deliberate mechanism, the healing of directional fine options becomes extremely good.

ESMLB: Efficient Switch Migration-Based Load Balancing for Multicontroller SDN in IoT

In software-defined networks (SDNs), the deployment of multiple controllers improves the reliability and scalability of the distributed control plane. Recently, edge computing (EC) has become a backbone to networks where computational infrastructures and services are getting closer to the end user. The unique characteristics of SDN can serve as a key enabler to lower the complexity barriers involved in EC, and provide better quality-of-services (QoS) to users. As the demand for IoT keeps growing, gradually a huge number of smart devices will be connected to EC and generate tremendous IoT traffic. Due to a huge volume of control messages, the controller may not have sufficient capacity to respond to them. To handle such a scenario and to achieve better load balancing, dynamic switch migrating is one effective approach. However, a deliberate mechanism is required to accomplish such a task on the control plane, and the migration process results in high network delay. Taking it into consideration, this article has introduced an efficient switch migration-based load balancing (ESMLB) framework, which aims to assign switches to an underutilized controller effectively. Among many alternatives for selecting a target controller, a multicriteria decision-making method, i.e., the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS), has been used in our framework. This framework enables flexible decision-making processes for selecting controllers having different resource attributes. The emulation results indicate the efficacy of the ESMLB.

Long deliberation times promote cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma game

Some individuals could be quite cautious when making decisions and do not update their strategy frequently in the prisoner’s dilemma game. That is, instead of updating their strategy immediately after the game, they make decisions only after a certain period of deliberation. Moreover, individuals’ strategy update is based on the cumulative payoffs they got from their prior update. Since individuals in a group could be homogeneous or heterogeneous, their strategy can depend on two aspects: the initial time of the update and the length of its delay time. In this paper, three different cases that may lead to the delay of strategy update are taken into consideration. We find that introducing a deliberation mechanism can promote cooperation, that this effect could be greater when the delay time is extended, and that heterogeneity among individuals also has a positive effect on cooperation.

Under the Lights: The Legitimacy, Survival, and Institutionalization of Rural Amateur Baseball

A unique phenomenon, known locally as “town ball,” occurs every summer in Minnesota. Most individuals who support town ball teams are from rural communities. Despite small populations, teams often receive stalwart support (e.g., decorated facilities, uniforms, lights, boisterous crowds) from their communities. In this investigation, we examined the institutional norms of the environment, the legitimacy of the teams, and the institutional work conducted by the communities and teams. With the use of observations and semi-structured interviews, it was determined that teams and communities were deemed legitimate by stakeholders and maintained the institutions of town ball with the use of deliberate mechanisms and various belief systems.

Money, power, glory: the linkages between EU conditionality and state capture in the Western Balkans

ABSTRACT The Western Balkan countries are stuck in a hybrid status quo on their way to democracy. Traditional arguments related to cost–benefit calculations, national identity or conflicting objectives fail to explain the observed decoupling between gradual improvements in formal compliance with membership criteria and stagnating, if not declining, democratic performance. We explain the limited impact of the EU’s political conditionality in the Western Balkans with rampant state capture and proceed to unpack how EU conditionality has effectively contributed to the consolidation of such detrimental governance patterns. First, EU pressure for simultaneous economic and political reforms opened opportunities for business actors to build powerful clientelist networks that reach into politics. Second, top-down conditionality has weakened political competition and mechanisms of internal accountability and deliberation. Finally, formal progress towards membership and high-level interactions with EU and member state officials legitimize corrupt elites. A congruence analysis of the Serbian case provides empirical evidence for the hypothesised linkages between EU conditionality and state capture.

Mechanisms of deliberation during preferential choice: Perspectives from computational modeling and individual differences.

Computational models of decision making typically assume as people deliberate between options they mentally simulate outcomes from each one and integrate valuations of these outcomes to form a preference. In two studies, we investigated this deliberation process using a task where participants make a series of decisions between a certain and an uncertain option, which were shown as dynamic visual samples that represented possible payoffs. We developed and validated a method of reverse correlational analysis for the task that measures how this time-varying signal was used to make a choice. The first study used this method to examine how information processing during deliberation differed from a perceptual analog of the task. We found participants were less sensitive to each sample of information during preferential choice. In a second study, we investigated how these different measures of deliberation were related to impulsivity and drug and alcohol use. We found that while properties of the deliberation process were not related to impulsivity, some aspects of the process may be related to substance use. In particular, alcohol abuse was related to diminished sensitivity to the payoff information and drug use was related to how the initial starting point of evidence accumulation. We synthesized our results with a rank-dependent sequential sampling model which suggests that participants allocated more attentional weight to larger potential payoffs during preferential choice.

Deliberation and governance in Chinese middle-class neighborhoods

AbstractThis paper examines the mechanisms of deliberation and conflict resolution in Chinese urban middle-class residential communities. Along with the rise of private home ownership and urban middle-class residential estates, disputes and conflicts have risen between the residents, resident self-elected organization (homeowner associations), real estate developer and property management companies, and the local government. Through the lens of deliberation in middle-class neighborhoods, this paper analyzes (1) how and to what extent deliberation is introduced and employed as an instrumental tool by the local government to achieve their goal of maintaining social stability. (2) In what ways and to what extent deliberation has served as part of governance strategies. And (3) whether and how the state and non-state actors interact with each other during this process to produce more democratic governance under the Party-state's authoritarian rule. This paper adopts a systemic approach to examine authoritarian deliberation as a neighborhood governance strategy. The findings suggest that (1) deliberation has become an instrumental tool for conflict resolution introduced by the local government to middle-class neighborhoods. Residents’ Committees, on behalf of the state, has become key coordinator and mediator during the deliberation process. (2) The systemic approach of authoritarian deliberation includes a mix of deliberative elements and other features of political culture, traditions, strategies, and institutions. The dynamic interactions between deliberation and authoritarianism, between deliberative and non-deliberative features, and between formal deliberative meetings and informal deliberative talks all contribute to a functional deliberative system.

North‐South Negotiations about Financing for Development: State, Society and Market in the Global Age

AbstractIn contemporary global politics different actors seek to create contrasting world orders through the existing mechanisms of global deliberation and policy making. This article draws on the anthropology of policy to elucidate some of the different potential world orders that are being discussed today. Developing the concept of ‘policy vision’, the article seeks to bring into focus the different policy visions currently being proposed by the countries of the North and those of the South in global policy negotiations at the United Nations. To do this it critically scrutinizes the divergent North‐South positions in the negotiations leading up to the 2015 UN Financing for Development conference in Addis Ababa and draws out their divergent visions of alternative world orders. The conclusion sets these alternative world orders within Dani Rodrik's ‘political trilemma of the global economy’ and considers their implications for the future of state, society and market in the global age.

Health zones in Oregon: Exploring an ethical deliberation process in county public health

Summary Clackamas County, an administrative division in the State of Oregon on the west coast of the United States, has provided training in ethics and a decision-making framework to members of its public health advisory committee in an attempt to develop an ethical deliberation mechanism in public health. The goal of this mechanism is to ensure that a process exists for the Public Health Division to review value-laden issues relating to policies impacting the community. By providing guidance to county public health leadership upon request through an open and transparent review process, the intended outcome is a culture of ethical awareness and high ethical standards. The first deliberation of this body addressed the ethical concerns relating to the implementation of mapped “public health zones”: a project intended to more effectively communicate public health data of communities within the county in smaller geographic units and using geographic information system (GIS) technology.

Regional Climate Response Collaboratives: Multi-Institutional Support for Climate Resilience

AbstractFederal investments by U.S. agencies to enhance climate resilience at regional scales grew over the past decade (2010s). To maximize efficiency and effectiveness in serving multiple sectors and scales, it has become critical to leverage existing agency-specific research, infrastructure, and capacity while avoiding redundancy. We discuss lessons learned from a multi-institutional “regional climate response collaborative” that comprises three different federally supported climate service entities in the Rocky Mountain west and northern plains region. These lessons include leveraging different strengths of each partner, creating deliberate mechanisms to increase cross-entity communication and joint ownership of projects, and placing a common priority on stakeholder-relevant research and outcomes. We share the conditions that fostered successful collaboration, which can be transferred elsewhere, and suggest mechanisms for overcoming potential barriers. Synergies are essential for producing actionable research that informs climate-related decisions for stakeholders and ultimately enhances climate resilience at regional scales.

Sistem peradilan adat dalam kesatuan-kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat desa pakraman di Bali

This article aims to reveal the existence of customary court system on the customary law society entities of desa pakraman in Bali, both related to its institutional aspect, the kind of law its judgement was based, its authority or competency, and its work mechanism on reality. The study begins with revealing the normative aspect of customary court system according to applied regulation (awig-awig), which then empirically confirmed to affirm and explain the customary court system that lives on reality. Study’s result shows that customary court is an empiric fact that trully practiced on customary law society entities of desa pakraman in Bali. The institution that executing function in desa pakraman (Kertha Desa) is customary chiefs (prajuru) together with other village institution elements in desa pakraman (paduluan, kepala dusun/kepala desa). They execute court procession based on customary law and have authority to judge all case submitted to them, both in form of dispute or violation of regulation. Customary court settle every case submitted through a deliberation mechanism in a meeting named Paruman Prajuru

The role of unlearning in metamorphosis and strategic resilience

PurposeThis paper aims to conceptualize what it means to be resilient in the face of our current reality of indisputable turbulence and uncertainty, suggest that continual metamorphosis is key to resilience, demonstrate the role of unlearning in that metamorphosis and suggest that problem formulation is a key deliberate mechanism of driving continual cycles of learning and unlearning.Design/methodology/approachThe paper entails a conceptual analysis.FindingsIt is found that both the unlearning and resilience literature streams are stuck in a paradigm whereby organizational behavior entails adaptation to the external environment and reaction to crisis. This paper suggests that, given a world of turbulence and uncertainty, a more useful paradigm is one where organizations take action before action is desperately needed, and that they proactively contribute to enacting their environment via their own continual metamorphosis.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should explore further the factors that can facilitate sensing the early warning signs, and facilitate the cyclical learning–unlearning process of metamorphosis.Practical implicationsThe primary practical implication is that to ensure strategic resilience, managers must be able to identify early warning signs and initiate metamorphosis. This means understanding the processes needed to support unlearning, namely, problem formulation.Originality/valueThe originality and value of the present paper lies in that it suggests a shift in paradigm from adaptation and reaction, to action and enactment. Further, it proposes a cyclical process of learning and unlearning that together define periods of metamorphosis, and suggests problem formulation, whereby the mission statement is assessed and revised, as a mechanism in that endeavor.

From the Street to Institutions through the App: Digitally Enabled Political Outcomes of the Spanish Indignados Movement

This article examines the relationship between social movements’ digital democratic innovations and political parties through a case study based on the involvement of 15M activists in the creation and development of new political parties in Spain. By analyzing the impact of certain technological activist groups on the implementation of the movement’s demands in terms of mechanisms of participation and deliberation in the new parties through the use of digital technologies, we aim to evaluate the activists’ contribution to the transformation of formal politics and the deepening of democracy. In this sense, we explore the role of so-called ‘tech activists’ as mediators of political participation, and the digital repertoire of action they use. Sources used include various documents and websites as well as interviews with key informants and notes from participant observation in meetings and assemblies.

Misgivings on Deliberative Democracy: Revisiting the Deliberative Framework

Abstract In the last few years, the Deliberative Framework has become the main model in the consolidation of democratic processes. Deliberative theorists argue that deliberation helps to promote the democratic level of our societies, and they have good reasons to support this view. This article, however, is critical with some of these claims, questioning the widespread assumption of an existing connection between deliberation and democracy. With this objective in mind, we will examine the following three questions: Who deliberates? Under what conditions does deliberation take place? What is the content of deliberation? Once the potential repressive components of deliberation are made clear, we try to reach some normative considerations regarding how to promote certain mechanisms of deliberation that are in fact more in line with deliberative emancipation ideas and, as such, better assertions for promoting democracy.