Deliberate Rumination Research Articles

Cognitive processing, resilience, and family functioning as contributors to posttraumatic growth in family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Objectives The present study examined the existence of posttraumatic growth (PTG) and its association with cognitive processing, resilience, and family functioning in family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Method Family caregivers (N = 114) were surveyed using measures of cognitive processing, resilience, family functioning, and PTG. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analyses. Results The average PTG score in the sample was 48.6 (SD = 18.7; range 14–105). Race, education level, severity of the patient’s AD, cognitive processing, resilience, and family functioning explained 25.8% of the variance in PTG (F [9, 95] = 5.025, p < 0.001). Race was significantly correlated with PTG; specifically, non-White caregivers reported higher PTG than White caregivers (p < 0.05). When controlling for race and education level, mild AD, intrusive rumination, and family satisfaction were significant predictors of PTG (p < 0.05). However, deliberate rumination, resilience, and family communication were not significant predictors PTG (p > 0.05). Conclusion These findings provide insight into factors that may influence the development of PTG in family caregivers of patients with AD. Results may inform intervention strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of caregiving and promote PTG in this caregiver population.

Association of Core Beliefs Shaken and Deliberate Rumination with Posttraumatic Growth Following Athletic Injuries

Association of Core Beliefs Shaken and Deliberate Rumination with Posttraumatic Growth Following Athletic Injuries

The role of rumination and metamemory beliefs in posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress

The risk of developing posttraumatic stress symptoms following exposure to traumatic events is well documented, however, emerging research also lends support to the potential development of growth in some people. Rumination and memory have been identified as important factors in post-trauma outcomes, yet, current research in this area is limited, particularly in the context of a multidimensional view of rumination (i.e., intrusive and deliberate rumination) and metamemory beliefs. This study explored the association between rumination styles, beliefs about memory, and posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth. Participants (N = 151) who experienced a traumatic event completed relevant measures online. Path analysis showed that intrusive rumination was significantly related to higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (β = 0.19, p < 0.01), while deliberate rumination was related to higher levels of both posttraumatic growth (β = .52, p < 0.001) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (β = 0.15, p < 0.05). Additionally, negative beliefs about memory were significantly related to higher posttraumatic stress symptoms (β = 0.48, p < 0.001). No significant associations were found for positive beliefs about memory. The findings suggest that rumination may be understood as multidimensional, incorporating both adaptive and maladaptive processes. Further, the present study contributes to the limited literature concerning metamemory beliefs and may provide an increased understanding of factors contributing to stress or growth.

The Relationship Between Intrusive Rumination and Post-Traumatic Growth among University Students with Experience of Interpersonal Trauma: Focusing on the Moderated Mediation Effects of Self-Compassion and Gratitude through Deliberate Rumination

The Relationship Between Intrusive Rumination and Post-Traumatic Growth among University Students with Experience of Interpersonal Trauma: Focusing on the Moderated Mediation Effects of Self-Compassion and Gratitude through Deliberate Rumination

The Role of Emotional Creativity and Self-Disclosure in Post-traumatic Growth Among Healthcare Workers After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Previous studies have shown that healthcare workers experienced post-traumatic growth (PTG) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various factors, such as social support, coping strategies, and deliberate rumination, were also reported to positively influence healthcare workers’ PTG. This study examined the role of emotional creativity and self-disclosure in the PTG of healthcare workers handling COVID-19 patients. The study involved 186 healthcare workers recruited through convenience sampling. The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory - Expanded (PTGI-X), Revised Self-Disclosure Scale (RSDS), and Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI) were used to collect data in this study. Based on multiple regression analyses, the model consisting of emotional creativity and self-disclosure was able to predict PTG (F = 15.54; p &lt; 0.001). Partially, the results indicated that emotional creativity significantly predicted PTG (β= 0.337; 95% CI = 0.198 - 0.477), whereas self-disclosure did not (β = 0.112; 95% CI= -0.027 - 0.251). Additional analyses showed that healthcare professionals with more than 20 years of working experience had significantly higher PTG than those with 11 – 20 years of working experience. This study implies that flexibility in expressing emotions is a more preferred and impactful psychological resource in helping healthcare workers face similar traumatic events in the future.

Impact of Rumination, and Dyadic Coping on Parenting Sense of Competence Among Puerperal Women in China: A Cross-sectional Study

This study aimed to explore the potential categories of parenting sense of competence and to analyze the influence of rumination and dyadic coping on the potential categories of parenting sense of competence. A total of 199 postpartum women who met the criteria were surveyed from a tertiary grade-A hospital in Shanxi (China) from May 2023 to August 2023. The instruments included the general demographic characteristics, Chinese version of parenting sense of competence scale, Chinese event related rumination inventory, and Chinese version of dyadic coping inventory. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to classify the parenting sense of competence in postpartum women, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors. The characteristics of parenting sense of competence in postpartum women can be divided into two potential categories, namely, easy-to-satisfy group (39.3%) and strict-demand group (60.7%). Logistic regression analysis showed that years of marriage, place of residence, deliberate rumination, and dyadic coping were the influencing factors of the potential categories of parenting sense of competence in postpartum women (p<.05). Through Latent profile analysis (LPA) analysis, it was found that postpartum women's parenting sense of competence exhibits different characteristics. Clinical workers should identify the characteristics and influencing factors of different categories of women and adopt targeted intervention strategies to promote the level of parenting sense of competence.

The Quality of Interpersonal Relationships, Intrusive and Deliberate Rumination and Adjustment to the Death of a Spouse.

The aim of the presented study was to gain a better understanding of relationships between the pre-loss quality of marriage, global attachment style, rumination, the severity of complicated grief and the level of posttraumatic growth among widowed individuals. After the researchers obtained the consent of the ethics board to conduct the study, they examined widowed individuals (n = 152) using the Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Event Related Rumination Inventory, the Inventory of Complicated Grief, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Results show a positive relationship between attachment anxiety and complicated grief via intrusive rumination, as well as a positive relationship between attachment anxiety and posttraumatic growth via intrusive and deliberate rumination. Results also show that the greater the attachment avoidance the higher the severity of complicated grief, but only in the case of perceived low quality of the marriage. The presented research provides insight into the complex associations between the quality of interpersonal relationships, rumination and adjustment to loss among individuals who experienced the death of a spouse.

The Event-Related Rumination Inventory: How Does Scale Validity Change with Time Instructions?

Two types of rumination following a traumatic event can be identified: intrusive and deliberate rumination. Intrusive rumination is defined as a series of intrusive and undesired thoughts, whereas deliberate rumination is characterized by voluntary repetitive thoughts that help make sense of the experience. The Event-Related Rumination Inventory (ERRI) is an instrument capable of assessing both types of rumination. This study aimed to define the best modality of administration for the ERRI, by comparing the two original time frame instructions (immediate vs recent) and examining its psychometric properties in an Italian sample. To achieve this goal, 601 participants who experienced a trauma at different times (subsample 1: 1 year maximum; subsample 2: more than 1 year) were recruited and asked to complete an online survey assessing the following constructs: rumination, post-traumatic growth, post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. ERRI’s reliability and validity were evaluated using the exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) method, i.e. combining the power and flexibility of traditional confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. The ESEM model for the “recent” time frame achieved the best indices in terms of goodness of fit. The correlation network revealed significant connections with related constructs, indicating the validity of intrusive and deliberate scores. Finally, the two dimensions of the scale demonstrated a significant ability to discriminate both intrusive and deliberate rumination as participants moved away from the time of the trauma. ERRI has shown very good psychometric properties and appears to be a good instrument to assess ruminative processing after a highly stressful event.

The Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Post-Traumatic Growth Among Medical Staff Three Weeks After the Policy Opening of COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Deliberate Rumination as Mediator

In the context of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, medical staff have experienced traumatic stress events. Research on post-traumatic growth (PTG) was limited. We aimed to assess the relationship between perceived social support and PTG among medical staff 3 weeks after the policy opening of COVID-19 pandemic in Nanjing, China and explore the mediating roles of deliberate rumination. A multicenter study including a total of 842 medical staff was conducted at two general hospitals from December 10, 2022, to December 25, 2022, in Nanjing, China. SPSS was used for statistical description and univariate analysis, and AMOS was used for structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the medicating effect of deliberate social support on PTG. In the SEM, the total effect of perceived social support on PTG was significant (β = .332, 95% CI [0.259, 0.408], p &lt; .001). In addition, deliberate rumination played a mediating role between perceived social support and PTG, and the indirect effect of deliberate rumination between perceived social support and PTG was −.036 (95 % CI [−0.059, −0.018], p &lt; .001). Perceived social support has significant direct and indirect effects on PTG. In the context of major public health emergencies, providing medical staff with more social support and guiding them to reflect positively could help medical staff achieve PTG after experiencing a traumatic event.

The relationship between the psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a model of conditioned processes mediated by negative emotions and moderated by deliberate rumination

BackgroundThe mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic has attracted the attention of researchers. For the present study researchers constructed a mediation model to explore the relationship between psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth, the mediating role of negative emotions and the moderating role of deliberate rumination in students.MethodsThe Psychological Resilience Scale, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Event Related Rumination Inventory were used in a survey of 881 college students. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and the PROCESS plugin (version 3.3).Results(1) Psychological resilience is positively related with post-traumatic growth. Deliberate rumination is positively related to psychological resilience, posttraumatic growth, and negative emotions. Psychological resilience, post-traumatic growth and negative emotions are negatively related. (2) Negative emotions mediated the relationship between psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth. (3) Deliberate rumination plays a moderating role in psychological resilience affecting negative emotions. Deliberate rumination plays a moderating role in the extent to which psychological resilience influences PTG through negative emotions.ConclusionsPsychological resilience affects post-traumatic growth directly and also indirectly through negative emotions. With the increase of mental resilience, the level of negative emotion tended to decrease. When individuals are experiencing negative emotions, high levels of active rumination are more likely to promote post-traumatic growth. This study helps to explore the factors affecting the mental health of college students during the epidemic, thus providing guidance for appropriate mental health interventions.

The Effect of Event Centrality on Post Traumatic Growth :The Moderated Mediation Effect of Deliberate Rumination and Social Support

The Effect of Event Centrality on Post Traumatic Growth :The Moderated Mediation Effect of Deliberate Rumination and Social Support

사건 중심성과 외상 후 스트레스 장애 및 외상 후 성장의 관계: 의도적 반추와 정서인식명확성의 이중매개효과

사건 중심성과 외상 후 스트레스 장애 및 외상 후 성장의 관계: 의도적 반추와 정서인식명확성의 이중매개효과

Relationship between Insecure Attachment and Posttraumatic Growth : Multiple Mediation Effects of Deliberate Rumination and Social Support

Relationship between Insecure Attachment and Posttraumatic Growth : Multiple Mediation Effects of Deliberate Rumination and Social Support

Posttraumatic growth in women after a childbirth experience: The influence of individual characteristics and intrusive and deliberate rumination.

This study targets women who had a self-defined traumatic childbirth experience to (a) explore the differences between sociodemographic-, obstetric-, and trauma-related variables in relation to the rumination style; (b) determine differences between intrusive and deliberate rumination in relation to posttraumatic growth (PTG) dimensions, and (c) test whether intrusive rumination is associated with deliberate rumination, which in turn is associated with PTG dimensions. A cross-sectional study design was employed using a web-based survey method for data collection. In total, 202 women who identified their childbirth experience as traumatic participated in this study. Intrusive rumination and deliberate rumination were positively associated with all dimensions of PTG in women following the traumatic childbirth event. Deliberate rumination fully explained the relationship between intrusive rumination and PTG aspects of relating to others, new opportunities, and personal strength, and partially explained the relationship between intrusive rumination and PTG aspects of spiritual changes and appreciation of life. The results suggest that deliberate rumination can contribute to explain the occurrence of PTG. These findings could help develop psychosocial interventions to maximize opportunities for deliberate rumination for women with traumatic childbirth experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Meaning-making while staying connected matters in psychological adaptation during pandemic: a longitudinal moderated mediation study.

Adversity may bring about both negative and positive changes in psychological adaptation. Although there is mounting evidence regarding the psychological distress during the pandemic, the other side of posttraumatic change, posttraumatic growth (PTG) and its predictors are relatively underexamined. Moreover, there is a paucity of longitudinal investigations that examined intra- and interpersonal predictors responsible for both sides of psychological adaptation. Therefore, this study comprehensively examined the longitudinal relationship among cognitive processing, social support, and adaptation during the pandemic using a moderated mediation model. Specifically, it was tested whether two types of event-related rumination mediated the link between perceived stress and ambilateral adaptational outcomes, and whether social support moderated the mediating pathways of ruminations on adaptation. After informed consent, a representative sample of adults was followed up for over a year, and answered a package of online questionnaires. The results showed that intrusive rumination prospectively predicted greater psychological distress and less PTG in response to stress, whereas deliberate rumination led to less psychological distress and more PTG over time. As predicted, the indirect protective effect of deliberate rumination was stronger when perceived social support was higher. This longitudinal study highlighted the core factors responsible for continued suffering and personal growth during the pandemic. These results have both practical and clinical implications for mental healthcare in the post-COVID era, when the heterogeneity of psychological adaptation increases and preparation for the next pandemic is warranted.

Mediating Role of Rumination in Second Victim Experience to Turnover Intention in Psychiatric Nurses.

Psychiatric nurses often face patient safety incidents that can cause physical and emotional harm, even leading to s econd victim syndrome and staff shortages. Rumination-a common response after nurses suffer a patient safety event-may play a specific role between the second victim experience and turnover intention. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for supporting psychiatric nurses and retaining psychiatric nursing resources. The study aimed to explore the associations among second victim experience, rumination, and turnover intention in psychiatric nurses and confirm how second victim experience influences turnover intention through rumination and its subtypes. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was adapted to survey 252 psychiatric nurses who experienced a patient safety incident at three hospitals in China between March and April 2023. We used the Sociodemographic and Patient Safety Incident Characteristics Questionnaire (the Chinese version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool), the Event-Related Rumination Inventory, and the Turnover Intention Scale. Path analysis with bootstrapping was employed to accurately analyze and estimate relationships among the study variables. There was a positive association between second victim experience and turnover intention. In addition, both invasive and deliberate rumination showed significant associations with second victim experience and turnover intention. Notably, our results revealed that invasive and deliberate rumination played partial mediating roles in the relationship between second victim experience and turnover intention in psychiatric nurses. The negative experience and turnover intention of the psychiatric nurse second victims are at a high level. Our results showed that invasive rumination positively mediated the relationship between second victim experience and turnover intention, and deliberate rumination could weaken this effect. This study expands the knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the effect of the second victim experience on turnover intention. Organizations must attach importance to the professional dilemmas of the psychiatric nurses' second victims. Nurse managers can reduce nurses' turnover intention by taking measures to reduce invasive rumination and fostering deliberate meditation to help second victims recover from negative experiences.

성인의 의도적 반추와 외상후 스트레스 증상 및 외상후 성장의 관계

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation(CER) in the relation-ship between deliberate rumination(DR), posttraumatic stress symptoms(PTSS) and posttraumatic growth(PTG).&#x0D; Methods 496 people completed self-reporting questionnaires: a Trauma Events Checklist, the Korean Version of Event Related Rumination Inventory(K-ERRI), the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R-K), the Korean Version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(K-PTGI), the Korean Version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(K-CERQ).&#x0D; Results The results showed significant positive correlations among deliberate rumination, maladaptive CER, adap-tive CER, PTSS and PTG, although adaptive CER was not significantly correlated with PTSS. As a result of the me-diating effect test, a significant partial mediating effect of maladaptive CER was found in the relationship between deliberate rumination and PTSS. In the relationship between deliberate rumination and PTSS, a significant partial mediating effect of adaptive CER was found. The suppression effect of adaptive CER was suggested in the rela-tionship between deliberate rumination and PTSS. In the relationship between deliberate rumination and PTG, a significant partial mediating effect of adaptive CER was found.&#x0D; Conclusions These results suggest that the experience of PTSS or PTG after deliberate rumination depends on the type of cognitive emotion regulation strategies being used.

Mediating mechanism of posttraumatic growth as buffers of burnout and PTSD among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The study aims to investigate factors that prevent burnout (BO) and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while facilitating posttraumatic growth (PTG) among nurses combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with the purpose of validating the mediating effects of PTG. A total of 247 nurses who provided patient care during the COVID-19 pandemic were enrolled, and a questionnaire was used to measure BO, PTSD, and PTG, data on deliberate rumination, emotional expression, adaptive cognitive emotion regulation (CER), maladaptive CER, and social support. The mediation path models for the effects of the predictors on BO and PS through the mediation of PTG were analyzed using the R Lavaan package. The results showed that deliberate rumination, emotional expression, and adaptive CER significantly increased PTG, while PTG significantly reduced BO and PTSD symptoms (PSs). However, maladaptive CER did not have a significant effect on PTG and only had significant direct effects on BO and PS. Bootstrapping confirmed that PTG significantly mediated the effects of all predictors. It partially mediated the effects of deliberate rumination and adaptive CER and completely mediated the effects of emotional expression. Based on the results, it has been supported that deliberate rumination, emotional expression, and adaptive CER should be addressed as important variables in psychological interventions addressing nurses' adversities during the pandemic. These variables can prevent BO and PS by facilitating PTG.

Longitudinal associations between post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among older adults 11 years after a disaster.

Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and post-traumatic growth (PTG). Three major issues could account for this inconsistency: (1) the lack of information about mental health problems before the disaster, (2) the concept of PTG is still under scrutiny for potentially being an illusionary perception of personal growth and (3) the overlooking of PTS comorbidities as time-dependent confounding factors. To address these issues, we explored the associations of PTS and PTG with trauma-related diseases and examined the association between PTS and PTG using marginal structural models to address time-dependent confounding, considering pre-disaster covariates, among older survivors of the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Seven months before the disaster, the baseline survey was implemented to ask older adults about their health in a city located 80km west of the epicentre. After the disaster, we implemented follow-up surveys approximately every 3 years to collect information about PTS and comorbidities (depressive symptoms, smoking and drinking). We asked respondents about their PTG in the 2022 survey (n=1,489 in the five-wave panel data). PTG was protectively associated with functional disability (coefficient -0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.82, -0.12, P<0.01) and cognitive decline assessed by trained investigators (coefficient -0.07, 95% CI -0.11, -0.03, P<0.01) and physicians (coefficient -0.06, 95% CI -0.11, -0.02, P<0.01), while PTS was not significantly associated with them. Severely affected PTS (binary variable) was associated with higher PTG scores, even after adjusting for depressive symptoms, smoking and drinking as time-dependent confounders (coefficient 0.35, 95% CI 0.24, 0.46, P<0.01). We also found that an ordinal variable of the PTS score had an inverse U-shaped association with PTG. PTG and PTS were differentially associated with functional and cognitive disabilities. Thus, PTG might not simply be a cognitive bias among survivors with severe PTS. The results also indicated that the number of symptoms in PTS had an inverse U-shaped association with PTG. Our findings provided robust support for the theory of PTG, suggesting that moderate levels of psychological struggles (i.e., PTS) are essential for achieving PTG, whereas intense PTS may hinder the attainment of PTG. From a clinical perspective, interventions that encourage social support could be beneficial in achieving PTG by facilitating deliberate rumination.

Trajectories of intrusive and deliberate rumination in young and middle-aged stroke survivors: A growth mixture modeling approach.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between intrusive and deliberate rumination, to identify distinct trajectories of intrusive and deliberate rumination, and to examine their predictors in young and middle-aged stroke survivors. This study employed a longitudinal design in which 200 young and middle-aged stroke survivors were investigated at 1-week pre-discharge (T0), 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3) post-discharge. The Event-Related Rumination Inventory, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Perceived Social Support Scale were used for data collection. The results showed that intrusive rumination was positively correlated with deliberate rumination at T0 and T1, and negatively correlated with deliberate rumination at T3. Growth mixture modeling identified three classes of intrusive rumination: Stable-low, Declined, and Elevated group, and two classes of deliberate rumination: High-level and Low-level group. Furthermore, number of children or dysfunctions, type of stroke, family history of stroke, negative coping, and social support were found to predict intrusive rumination. These findings can help healthcare providers timely intervene on survivors in the Elevated and Stable-low intrusive rumination groups, and the Low-level deliberate rumination group.