Deliberate Rumination Research Articles

The relationship between rumination, fatigue and psychological resilience among cancer survivors.

The study's purpose was to examine the association between rumination, fatigue and psychological resilience among cancer survivors. Cancer is a disease that causes difficult lives in individuals. Individuals can struggle with cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and ruminative thoughts during and after the disease process. However, it can also be seen that some individuals make sense out of their cancer experience and turn into stronger individuals. A cross-sectional design. This study was conducted from February through November 2020. Data were collected from 159 cancer survivors using Event Related Rumination Inventory, Cancer Fatigue Scale and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The findings showed that intrusive rumination significantly and negatively mediated psychological resilience but significantly and positively mediated with CRF. In contrast, deliberate rumination was significantly and positively mediated psychological resilience but significantly and negatively mediated with CRF. The effects of intrusive and deliberate rumination on fatigue were .431 (CI=0.042-0.635) and -.285 (CI=-0.163 to 0.491), respectively. In addition, the effects of intrusive and deliberate rumination on psychological resilience were -.253 (CI=-0.177 to 0.447) and .304 (CI=0.045-0.124), respectively. The findings underline the mediating role of rumination on CRF and psychological resilience among cancer survivors. The findings also delineate the associations between rumination, CRF and psychological resilience, which differ based on rumination type. The findings are particularly important to oncology nurses, who are the main sources of psychosocial care. To support cancer survivors and mobilise their resources, oncology nurses should be made aware of the different types and effects of rumination. With the help of this awareness, oncology nurses can enhance managing intrusive rumination, replacing intrusive ruminations with deliberate ones, mobilising resources and promoting psychological resilience.

The Relationship Between Thwarted Interpersonal Needs and Depression of University Students : Verification of the Mediating Effect of Intrusive and Deliberate Rumination

본 연구의 목적은 대학생의 좌절된 대인관계욕구와 우울 간의 관계를 살펴보고 침습적 반추와 의도적 반추의 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 전국 5개 지역의 대학교 1학년부터 4학년의 남학생 141명과 여학생 122명, 총 263명의 자료를 분석하였다. 검사도구로 대인관계욕구 질문지, 한국판 역학연구센터 우울척도, 그리고 사건관련 반추척도를 사용했다. 수집된 자료는 구조방정식 기법을 활용하여 분석하였으며 연구가설을 검증하기 위해 측정모형 분석, 구조방정식 분석이 이루어졌다. 이 연구의 주요 결과는 첫째, 좌절된 대인관계욕구는 우울에 대해 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 좌절된 대인관계욕구는 침습적 반추를 매개로 하여 우울에 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 좌절된 대인관계욕구가 의도적 반추를 매개로 하여 우울에 미치는 영향은 확인되지 않았다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 토대로 대학생 우울을 줄이기 위해 왜곡된 인지를 수정하고 침습적 반추를 줄이며 대인관계능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 상담 및 교육 프로그램이 요구된다는 시사점을 도출하였다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점 및 대학생 우울의 상담 및 심리치료에 대한 제언을 제시하였다.

The Mediating Role of Adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation in the Effect of Deliberate Rumination upon Posttraumatic Growth

In this study, the mediator role of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation in the effect of deliberate rumination upon posttraumatic growth was aimed to be analyzed. A convenience sample of 272 university students including 175 (64,3%) females and 97 (35,7%) males was recruited from a university in Denizli, Turkey. Ages of the participants ranged between 20 and 37 with an average age of 21.94 years (SD=1.69). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Event Related Rumination Inventory and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used for collecting the data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23 and Amos 22 software packages. Deliberate rumination was determined to be significantly and positively correlated with posttraumatic growth (r=,28, p<,01) and positive cognitive emotion regulation (r=,25, p<,01). Moreover, positive cognitive emotion regulation was significantly and positively correlated with posttraumatic growth (r=,27, p<,01). The results indicated that adaptive cognitive emotion regulation mediated the effect of deliberate rumination on posttraumatic growth. The results, limitations, and implications of the study were discussed.

Correlates of posttraumatic growth among spouses of newly diagnosed gynecological cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study.

Despite increasing research on posttraumatic growth (PTG) of spouses of cancer patients, and the positive effects of spouses' PTG on both spouses and patients, there is little information on PTG and its correlates among husbands of gynecological cancer survivors, especially those of newly diagnosed survivors. We aimed to assess PTG among spouses of newly diagnosed gynecological cancer survivors and to examine its correlates. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 400 spouses of newly diagnosed gynecological cancer survivors were recruited and completed questionnaires with information on general characteristics, rumination, self-disclosure, locus of control, and PTG. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. The mean score of PTG among the spouses was 57.77 (SD=12.03). There were significant differences in PTG among spouses with different education levels, marriage duration, number of children, per capita monthly income, other traumatic events within 6 months, and time since diagnosis groups. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that deliberate rumination, self-disclosure, and locus of control were significantly associated with PTG. The multiple regression model revealed that 53.6% of the variance in PTG was explained by marriage duration, time since diagnosis, self-disclosure, deliberate rumination, and internality locus of control. This study was one of the early attempts in evaluating PTG among spouses of newly diagnosed gynecological cancer survivors and identified several significant, potentially modifiable factors (self-disclosure, deliberate rumination, and internality locus of control) associated with PTG, providing an important guide for the development of effective psychosocial interventions for this population.

Investigation of Structural Relationships of Factors Affecting Posttraumatic Growth in Women With Breast Cancer

Introduction: It is necessary to identify the factors affecting the posttraumatic growth of cancer patients to minimize the consequences of its psychological trauma. Objective: This study aimed to determine the structural relationships of coping styles, the collapse of core beliefs, social support, spirituality/religious coping with posttraumatic growth variables, and the mediating role of positive reassessment and deliberate mental rumination within a causal pattern. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using path analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) by convenience sampling method on 213 patients with breast cancer in Mashhad, Iran, in 2019. The pattern of variables relationships was tested in a conceptual model by SEM and used the partial least squares regression method to test the measurement pattern and research hypotheses. In the measurement model section, three convergent validity indices, i.e., Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), and the Cronbach α, and in the structural model section, two indicators of coefficient of determination (R2) and Stone-Geisser coefficient (Q²). Results: The Mean±SD age of the patients was 52±16 years. The standardized coefficients of the overall effect of core beliefs pathways, positive religious coping, search for meaning, presence of meaning, deliberate rumination over positive re-evaluation were 0.953, 0.386, -0.250, 0.248, and 0.238, respectively (P=0.001). The direct coefficient of the positive reassessment path to posttraumatic growth was 0.085 (P=0.01). Also, the coefficient of collapse path of core beliefs to intrusive rumination was 0.687, which was significant at the level of P=0.0001. Finally, the standardized coefficients of the overall effect of all paths for negative religious coping, the collapse of core beliefs, presence of meaning, problem-based coping style, search for meaning, deliberate rumination, social support, positive religious coping, emotion-based coping, intrusive rumination over posttraumatic growth were -0.481, 0.227, 0.182, 0.146, -0.136, 0.066, 0.060, 0.059, 0.056, and -0.043, respectively (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that in addition to confirming the direct paths of independent variables to the posttraumatic growth, positive reassessment had a mediating role between pathways of the presence and search of meaning, conscious rumination, religious coping, and the collapse of core beliefs in posttraumatic growth.

부모의 온정적 양육태도가 대학생 자녀의 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향: 정서인식명확성과 의도적 반추의 매개 효과

본 연구는 부모의 온정적 양육태도가 대학생 자녀의 정서인식명확성, 의도적 반추 및 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 만 24세 이하 대학생 316명을 대상으로 그들이 경험한 외상 사건과 외상 후 성장, 정서인식명확성, 의도적 반추 그리고 그들이 인식한 부모의 온정적 양육태도를 측정하였다. 구조방정식 분석 결과, 부모의 양육태도가 온정적일수록 자녀의 외상 후 성장 수준은 높게 나타났다. 또한, 부모의 온정적 양육태도는 자녀의 정서인식명확성와 의도적 반추를 통해서도 자녀의 외상 후 성장에 간접적으로 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 부모의 양육태도가 온정적일수록 자녀는 자신의 정서를 명확하게 인식하였고, 더 많은 의도적 반추를 하여 외상 후 성장이 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 자녀의 정서인식명확성, 의도적 반추 및 외상 후 성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 부모의 온정적 양육태도의 중요성을 밝힘으로써 교육 · 상담 · 돌봄 현장에서 외상을 경험한 개인의 특성을 이해하고, 적절한 지원 제공을 하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하였다는 의의를 지닌다.

The Impact of General Self-Efficacy on Psychological Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Growth and the Moderating Role of Deliberate Rumination.

Purpose: This study used a moderated mediation model to explore the relationship between general self-efficacy (GSE) and psychological resilience (PR) and the associated mechanisms, the mediating role of posttraumatic growth (PTG), and the moderating role of deliberate rumination (DR) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Knowledge of the relationship between these four variables examined further understanding of the PR improvement mechanism of college students and even the general public.Methods: The college students who participated in this study came from an independent college in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 918 college students completed the survey, and the final data sample size was 881. SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS (version 3.3) were used to conduct Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical regression linear analysis on the data.Results: (1) The correlation analysis showed that GSE and PR were positively correlated and that PTG was positively correlated with GSE and PR. DR was positively correlated with GSE, PTG, and PR. (2) The results of mediation analysis showed that GSE had a direct predictive effect on DR, and PTG partially mediated the relationship between the two. (3) The results of moderating effect analysis showed that DR hindered the effect of GSE on PTG but enhanced the positive impact of PTG on PR.Conclusions: General self-efficacy can improve PR under the mediating influence of PTG. DR played a positive moderating role in the relationship between GSE and PTG, and played a negative moderating role in the relationship between PTG and PR. These results advance the understanding of the mechanism between GSE and PR.

Predictors of posttraumatic growth of intensive care unit nurses in Korea

Nurses working in intensive care units are repeatedly exposed to trauma (e.g., verbal or physical abuse by confused patients, and unexpected death). However, after experiencing traumatic events, not all intensive care unit nurses develop psychopathological issues, including posttraumatic stress disorder. Therefore, this study aims to examine the level of posttraumatic growth and psychosocial factors such as posttraumatic stress symptoms, deliberate rumination, wisdom, and self-compassion to predict posttraumatic growth in Korean intensive care unit nurses. A total of 156 intensive care unit nurses participated in this cross-sectional survey. Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress symptoms, deliberate rumination, wisdom, and self-compassion were measured using validated self-report scales, and data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Posttraumatic growth was found to be comparatively low in intensive care unit nurses, while multiple regression showed that positive self-compassion was the most significant predictor for posttraumatic growth, followed by wisdom, age, and deliberate rumination. All together four variables explained 30% of the variance in posttraumatic growth. Findings from this study suggest that intensive care unit nurses' posttraumatic growth may be enhanced by increasing positive self-compassion, wisdom, and deliberate rumination. Therefore, a paradigm shift focusing on possible positive pathways, such as development of mental health programs to improve posttraumatic growth for intensive care unit nurses is required rather than focusing on management of posttraumatic stress disorder. The results of this study could provide theoretical guidance to seek more effective and integrated intervention strategies for intensive care unit nurses.

Depression and Creativity During COVID-19: Psychological Resilience as a Mediator and Deliberate Rumination as a Moderator.

Purpose: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has had a significant impact on people’s lives, has apparently increased the incidence of depression. Although the topic of how depression affects creativity is contested, previous research has revealed a significant relationship between the two. The purpose of this study is to further investigate the relationship and the mechanisms that operate between depression and creativity.Methods: A total of 881 students at an independent college in China completed a questionnaire consisting of the Self-Reported Depression Scale, Runco Ideational Behavior Scale, Psychological Resilience Scale, Deliberate Rumination Scale and demographic information. Among the respondents, 317 (36.0%) were male and 564 (64.0%) were female, all of whom were from the same grade. Correlation analyses were conducted, and then the researchers carried out mediation analysis and developed a moderated mediation model.Results: The results indicated that (a) depression was positively related to creativity (r = 0.085, p < 0.05); (b) psychological resilience mediated the relationship between depression and creativity; specifically, psychological resilience was negatively related to depression (r = −0.462, p < 0.01), which in turn was positively related to creativity (r = 0.198, p < 0.01); and (c) deliberate rumination moderated the relationship between depression and psychological resilience, showing a significant negative correlation with depression (r = 0.138, p < 0.01), psychological resilience (r = 0.078, p < 0.05), and creativity (r = 0.288, p < 0.05); specifically, higher levels of deliberate rumination strengthened the negative correlation between psychological resilience and depression.Conclusion: The results suggest that depression is a positive predictor of creativity and may promote creativity to some extent. Further, individuals with greater psychological resilience are more creative than those with less psychological resilience, as it is a question of whether they can and to what extent they can effectively use depression as an emotional resource. Last, an individual’s level of deliberate rumination moderates the mediating process, especially at the stage where depression is associated with psychological resilience. These findings advance understanding of the mechanisms that operate between depression and creativity.

The Role of Event-Related Rumination and Perceived Social Support on Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from Greater Daegu Region in South Korea.

ObjectiveResearch on psychological distress from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has increased significantly, but the factors that can exacerbate or mitigate such distress have remained underexplored. To address the research gap, this study examined whether two types of rumination and perceived social support predict psychological distress during the pandemic. MethodsParticipants were recruited from communities of the greater Daegu area (n=316) where the first massive outbreak in South Korea occurred and most residents underwent substantial disruption of daily life. They completed self-report questionnaires that included measures of psychological distress, event-related rumination, and social support. ResultsThe hierarchical regression analysis showed that maladaptive intrusive rumination and perceived social support predicted increases and decreases in psychological distress, respectively, even when subjective severity of COVID-19-related experiences was controlled. Putatively adaptive type of rumination (i.e., deliberate rumination) was not a significant predictor concurrently. ConclusionThis is among the early endeavors to comprehensively understand risk and protective factors associated with an effective coping strategy against the COVID-19 crisis. Our results indicate that intrusive rumination aggravates but social support mitigates psychological distress during the pandemic, indicating that we can better adapt by differently attending to recent experiences and maintaining perceived social support.

Activating salesperson resilience during the COVID-19 crisis: The roles of employer event communication and customer demandingness

Business-to-business (B2B) sales sector is among the business sectors severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. It is critical to understand how to help the workforce in the B2B sales sector grow resilient through such a crisis. The main aim of this study is to examine the role of employer event communication in fostering B2B salesperson resilience. The data were collected from 447 sales employees from manufacturing firms in an Asian emerging market during the pandemic crisis. The results revealed the positive link between employer event communication and salesperson resilience. Deliberate rumination was detected as a mediator for the relationship between employer event communication and resilience. However, while the significant and negative association was observed between employer event communication and intrusive rumination, the non-significant relationship occurred between intrusive rumination and resilience. Customer demandingness moderated the effects of intrusive and deliberate rumination on salesperson resilience. Discussions on theoretical and practical implications are displayed.

Burnout and posttraumatic stress symptoms in police officers exposed to traumatic events: the mediating role of ruminations

PurposePolice work carries the risk of burnout in the form of exhaustion and disengagement from work. Police officers are also exposed to traumatic events and the development of PTSD. The main aim of the cross-sectional study was to determine the mediating role played by rumination in the relationship between burnout and PTSD among police officers. It also examines whether burnout is a significant prognostic factor for PTSD symptoms.MethodsData were obtained from a sample of 120 police officers. Of these one hundred, mostly men (83%), aged 23–47 years (M = 33.06, SD = 5.61), confirmed the experience of traumatic events in connection with their professional work. Three standard measuring tools were used: The Posttraumatic Checklist for DSM-5, The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory OBI, and The Event-Related Rumination Inventory.ResultsThe introduction of intrusive ruminating as an intermediary variable made the relationship between job burnout and PTSD non-significant, which indicates full mediation. The introduction of deliberate rumination as a mediator weakens the relationship between burnout and PTSD, which indicates partial mediation. It indicates that police officers who are burnout and who additionally tend to ruminate about experienced traumatic events are more likely to PTSD than police officers who are only burned out.ConclusionIntervention programs for police officers should focus on strengthening stress management resources in the form of developing deliberate ruminations, thus allowing the experienced situations to be given a new meaning and to allow better coping.

The mediating role of rumination in the relation between self-compassion, posttraumatic stress disorder, and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake

Previous studies indicated that self-compassion can alleviate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and promote posttraumatic growth (PTG). Rumination is a cognitive process in which individuals repeatedly think about traumatic events and their consequences, which includes invasive rumination (IR) and deliberate rumination (DR). IR is a process of thoughts over traumatic event that invades the cognitive world in an undesired state, whereas DR is an individual’s conscious and repeated thinking on events. IR and DR have also been shown to have effects on PTSD and PTG. Studies have examined the relationship between self-compassion, IR, deliberate rumination DR, PTSD, and PTG, respectively, but only a few studies have examined their combined roles in PTSD and PTG among adolescents who have experienced an earthquake. In addition, recent studies have shown that the positive and negative components of self-compassion have different effects on post-traumatic stress responses, but few studies have explored the mechanisms of positive and negative self-compassion on PTSD and PTG in adolescents who experience earthquakes. This study examines the mediating roles of rumination in the relationship between self-compassion, PTSD and PTG among Chinese adolescents after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Ten months after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 621 middle school students in Jiuzhaigou county. The participants were assessed by using the following systems: Trauma Exposure Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, Event-Related Rumination Inventory, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. When we controlled for the gender, age, and trauma exposure in the direct effect model, positive self-compassion (PSC) had a negative effect on PTSD and a positive effect on PTG. Moreover, negative self-compassion (NSC) had a positive effect on PTSD, but the effect on PTG was nonsignificant. In the indirect model, PSC had an indirect and positive effect on PTSD and PTG via deliberate rumination (DR). NSC had an indirect and positive effect on PTSD and PTG via invasive rumination (IR), whereas NSC also had an indirect and negative effect on PTSD and PTG, as well as via an indirect path from IR to DR on PTSD and PTG. Findings indicated that increased PSC may reduce PTSD and be beneficial for PTG. NSC may exacerbate PTSD. Rumination plays a significant mediating role between self-compassion, PTSD, and PTG.

The Influence of Post-Traumatic Growth on College Students' Creativity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of General Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Deliberate Rumination.

Purpose: This study used a moderated mediation model to test the mediating effect of general self-efficacy on the relationship between post-traumatic growth (PTG) and creativity and the moderating effect of deliberate rumination in the second path of the indirect mediation path during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: A sample of 881 university students from Guangdong Province, China, was surveyed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Runco Ideational Behavior Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Deliberate Rumination Inventory. SPSS (23 version) and PROCESS (3.3 version) were used for correlation analyses, mediation analysis, and moderated mediation analysis.Results: (1) PTG was positively correlated with creativity, self-efficacy, and deliberate rumination. Creativity was positively correlated with self-efficacy and deliberate rumination. Deliberate rumination was positively correlated with self-efficacy. (2) Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between PTG and creativity. (3) Deliberate rumination moderated the second half of the path of “PTG → self-efficacy → creativity.”Conclusions: PTG affected creativity directly and also indirectly through self-efficacy. In particular, deliberate rumination moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and creativity, such that the association was stronger when the incidence of deliberate rumination was low. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the positive link between PTG and creativity.

성인의 침습적 반추와 외상 후 성장의 관계에서 의도적 반추 및 시간관의 이중매개효과

본 연구의 목적은 성인의 침습적 반추가 의도적 반추, 시간관 및 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 성인의 침습적 반추와 외상 후 성장 간의 관계에서 의도적 반추와 시간관의 이중매개효과를 확인하는 것 이다. 이를 위해 627명의 성인을 대상으로 질문지를 배부하였으며, 회수된 587부 중 불성실하게 응답하였 거나 문항이 누락된 질문지, 외상을 경험하지 않았거나 외상 당시의 고통이 보통 미만으로 기록된 질문지 를 제외하고 총 452부를 최종 자료로 사용하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성인의 연령, 종교 유무, 결혼 여부에 따라 외상 후 성장은 유의한 차이를 나타냈으나, 외상 경험 시기에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 의도적 반추는 외상 후 성장을 예측하는 가장 영향력 있는 변인이었으며, 그 외 미 래지향 시간관, 결혼 여부, 현재쾌락 시간관, 종교 유무, 과거긍정 시간관, 현재숙명 시간관의 순서로 외상 후 성장에 영향을 미치는 것으로 드러났다. 셋째, 성인의 침습적 반추가 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에 대 해 의도적 반추와 시간관(과거긍정, 현재쾌락, 미래지향)은 완전 이중매개효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 성인의 침습적 반추와 외상 후 성장 간의 관계에 대한 의도적 반추와 시간관의 이중매개효과를 알 아봄으로써 외상 후 성장에 대한 구체적인 개입의 근거자료를 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Understanding the Influence of Two Types of Ruminations on Posttraumatic Growth

The main purpose of the current study was twofold: (a) to examine the effects of intrusive rumination and deliberate rumination on posttraumatic growth and (b) to test the mediated moderating effect of psychological acceptance on posttraumatic growth. For this study, 334 South Korean adults completed questionnaires which included demographic information, K-ERRI, K-PTGI, and K-AAQ-II. After data cleaning, a total of 292 responses were analyzed by structural equation modeling. As a result, the initial model which hypothesized that deliberate rumination would predict present intrusive rumination was rejected. In addition, psychological acceptance had a moderating effect on the relationship between past intrusive rumination and present intrusive rumination. The implications for counselors and counseling researchers are discussed.

침습적 반추와 외상 후 성장의 관계에서 정서적 자기노출, 정서조절능력 및 의도적 반추의 매개효과

본 연구는 침습적 반추와 외상 후 성장 간의 관계에서 정서적 자기노출, 정서조절 및 의도적 반추의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 주요 결과를 살펴보면, 침습적 반추와 외상 후 성장 사이에 정서적 자기노출, 정서조절, 의도적 반추가 다중매개하는 경로를 확인하였다. 외상 후 성장 과정에서 외상 이후 침습적 반추에 대해 기존 연구에서 인지를 중심으로 성장을 다루었다면, 본 연구에서는 침습적반추가 정서에 영향을 미치고 정서조절이 의도적 반추에 영향을 주어 외상 후 성장으로 이행한다는 것을 밝혀냈다. 즉, 정서가 인지가 영향을 주어 외상 후 성장을 이끈다는 것을 확인한 데 의미가 깊다. 본 연구는 외상경험자들이 고통을 호소할 때 정서를 회피하지 않고 정서적 자기노출을 통해 정서를 활성화하고 정서의 의미를 알아가며 정서조절을 경험시킬 수 있다는 상담 개입의 기초자료를 제공하는 것에 의의가 있다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 후속 연구를 위한 제언에 대해 논의하였다.

Core belief challenge, rumination, and posttraumatic growth in women following pregnancy loss.

Pregnancy loss is thought to impact women's perceptions of the world around them. Despite the growing recognition that this loss can have a differential impact on an individual's mental health, research focused on women's positive psychological change and factors contributing to it following pregnancy loss is scarce. This study explored relationships among core belief challenge, rumination, and women's experience of posttraumatic growth following miscarriage or stillbirth. Specifically, this study investigated whether deliberate rumination mediated the relationship between core belief challenge and posttraumatic growth. Women who had experienced miscarriage or stillbirth (n = 476) were recruited via social media and completed an online survey that assessed core belief challenge, event-related rumination, and posttraumatic growth. Loss context factors and demographics were also collected. Hypotheses were tested via hierarchical multiple regression and the PROCESS macro. Change in beliefs about the world and rumination predicted posttraumatic growth. Moreover, deliberate, but not intrusive, rumination mediated the relationship between core belief challenge and posttraumatic growth. Findings suggest that core belief challenge and rumination play a significant role in positive posttrauma outcomes related to pregnancy loss. This study contributes to the literature by validating the applicability of posttraumatic growth theory to women who have experienced pregnancy loss. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Post-traumatic stress, growth, and depreciation during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Turkey

ABSTRACT Background: A worldwide health threat, the COVID-19 pandemic, has highlighted the need to focus on its mental health impact. However, literature on mental health effects including post-traumatic consequences of the pandemic is scarce. Objective: The current study examined post-traumatic stress (PTS), growth (PTG), and depreciation (PTD) during the pandemic, and explored factors associated with these mental health outcomes in an adult community sample from Turkey. Method: A total of 685 participants responded to an online survey that gathered data on sociodemographic characteristics, financial loss during the pandemic, time spent at home and frequency of social media use, perception of COVID-related risks, stress, and event-related rumination. Data analysis included correlation and regression analyses. Results: Results showed that PTS, PTG, and PTD were positively correlated with each other. Younger age and being single were associated with higher PTS and PTD, and lower education levels predicted all three outcomes. Experiencing financial loss during the pandemic, more frequent social media use to follow COVID-related news and posts, and longer time spent at home during the pandemic were associated with higher PTS. Anticipating financial risks during the pandemic were associated with all outcomes while anticipating health-related risks due to COVID-19 and perceived stress levels predicted PTS and PTD but not PTG. Both intrusive and deliberate rumination were associated with higher levels of PTS and PTD, and PTG was predicted solely by deliberate rumination. Moreover, provisional PTSD was indicated in 47.9% of the participants. Membership to the provisional PTSD group was predicted by age, level of education, time spent on social media, anticipating COVID‐19–related health risks, perceived stress, and event-related rumination. Conclusions: The current study provides empirical evidence for the short-term post-traumatic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related factors, which can help to guide mental health services during the pandemic.

A Structural Analysis of Gender among Adult Attachment, deliberate rumination, Dating Violence for College Students

A Structural Analysis of Gender among Adult Attachment, deliberate rumination, Dating Violence for College Students