Deliberate Deception Research Articles

Governing Large Projects: A Three-Stage Process to Get It Right

Private and public megaprojects, whether new plant facilities, IT systems, skyscrapers, airports, railways, roads, or the Olympics, are frequently associated with dramatic cost and schedule overruns. The root causes are behavioral biases – such as optimism and deliberate deception – accompanied by principal-agent issues and a lack of project-related skills. Through a three-stage process – i.e., Forecasting, Organizing, and Executing (FOX) – we organize and offer solutions to mitigate the cognitive biases and agency issues planners and policymakers face in large projects. Following the three-stage FOX process and building on Behavioral Decision Theory (BDT), we first review evidence for the accuracy of Reference Class Forecasting (RCF), which considers comparable past projects to forecast a current, planned project. We provide evidence for RCF performance and recent methodological extensions such as Similarity Based Forecasting (SBF). Second, considering the principal-agent and project governance literature, we offer organizational solutions to reduce unfounded optimism and deception, including debiasing techniques and specific measures to curb principal-agent issues. Third, we suggest combining a project modular design with speedy implementation for faster, better, cheaper, and lower-risk execution. Overall, we offer an original, holistic theoretical view that deals with both behavioral and strategic elements of how to debias large projects, along with direct practical implications and advice for those who manage megaprojects with increasingly high stakes and risks.

A Survey on the Effective Machine Learning Approaches for Medical Images Forgery Detection

In today’s scenario medical image forgery has turned out to be unsophisticated because of capable PCs, propelled image editing softwares and high resolution capturing gadgets. Insurance fraud is a deliberate deception perpetrated against or by an insurance company or agent for financial gain. The only downside that the health insurance industry has faced is the rise in the number of health insurance frauds. An endeavor is prepared to review the current improvements in the research area of advanced medical image fraud detection and comprehensive reference index has been exhibited on different methods for medical forgery identification. Key Words: CNN, Forgery detection, medical images

Governing Large Projects: A Three-Stage Process to Get It Right

Private and public megaprojects, whether new plant facilities, IT systems, skyscrapers, airports, railways, roads, or the Olympics, are frequently associated with dramatic cost and schedule overruns. The root causes are behavioral biases – such as optimism and deliberate deception – accompanied by principal-agent issues and a lack of project-related skills. Through a three-stage process – i.e., Forecasting, Organizing, and Executing (FOX) – we organize and offer solutions to mitigate the cognitive biases and agency issues planners and policymakers face in large projects. Following the three-stage FOX process and building on Behavioral Decision Theory (BDT), we first review evidence for the accuracy of Reference Class Forecasting (RCF), which considers comparable past projects to forecast a current, planned project. We provide evidence for RCF performance and recent methodological extensions such as Similarity Based Forecasting (SBF). Second, considering the principal-agent and project governance literature, we offer organizational solutions to reduce unfounded optimism and deception, including debiasing techniques and specific measures to curb principal-agent issues. Third, we suggest combining a project modular design with speedy implementation for faster, better, cheaper, and lower-risk execution. Overall, we offer an original, holistic theoretical view that deals with both behavioral and strategic elements of how to debias large projects, along with direct practical implications and advice for those who manage megaprojects with increasingly high stakes and risks.

Between paradise and prison: External secrecy and visibility in terrorist organisations

AbstractThe secret is essential for terrorists. Aware of their position of political and military inferiority towards their adversary, terrorists typically have no choice but to operate clandestinely, emerging from the shadows to carry out acts of violence in order to attract attention. However, the social organisation of the secret has not been the subject of a thorough reflection in the literature on political terrorism. Following Simmel's classic investigation into secrecy and secret societies, this article intends to shed light on “external secrecy”, understood as the social practice of intentionally hiding information and knowledge from external actors that do not belong to the terrorist organisation. The paper explores how external secrecy takes the form of a sort of barrier system that can be crossed by individuals and can be built and removed by organisations. It also examines how external security in terrorist organisations can produce both opportunities for deliberate deception and risks of undesired manipulation by external actors. Finally, the article focuses on the inherent trade‐off between the need for external secrecy and the quest for visibility in terrorist organisations. Overall, this discussion suggests the opportunity to develop a research programme on the management of secrecy in terrorism.

SCORING/ INTERPRETATION OF THEMATIC APPERCEPTIVE TECHNIQUES (TATS): A REVIEW

This paper highlights the importance of Thematic Apperceptive Techniques (TATs) in personality assessment and emphasizes that these techniques facilitate articulation, predict behavior in real life settings, contribute to incremental validity, less prone to faking or deliberate deception, and useful in intervention. Also, some issues affecting scientific credentials of these techniques are highlighted, viz., unsystematic use, false assumptions in critical literature, false information in general psychology textbooks, and some general issues which are hindrance in development of these techniques. Need for supportive research is highlighted, and as a step in this direction, this paper presents various scoring/interpretive approaches to TATs, retrieved using two large bibliographic databases, viz., SCOPUS and Google Scholar (GS). This paper is useful for researchers and clinicians who can gain by having knowledge of approaches to TATs evaluation. No such review exists which consolidates TATs in terms of scoring/ interpretation since its introduction, i.e., 1935. Finally, some suggestions for future research are also given.

Deception in simulation-based education: a randomised controlled trial of the effect of deliberate deception on the performance of anaesthesia trainees.

The use of deliberate deception in simulation allows for a level of realism that is not normally feasible. However, the use of deception is controversial, and carries the risk of psychological harm to learners. There are currently no quantitative data on the effect of deception on learner performance, making it difficult to judge its usefulness. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of deception on learners' performance during a life-threatening scenario. In this simulation study, second-year anaesthesia residents were randomly allocated into two groups: the non-deception group was told that the participating consultant was acting a part, while the deception group was told that the consultant was a subject in the study. Learners then participated in a simulated crisis that presented them with situational opportunities to challenge the consultant regarding clearly wrong decisions. Two independent raters scored the performances using the modified advocacy-inquiry scale. Forty-four participants were analysed. The median (IQR [range]) highest scoring modified advocacy-inquiry scale was 5.0 (4.5-5.1 [4.0-5.5]) for the non-deception group and 4.0 (3.0-4.0 [2.5-5.0]) for the deception group, (p < 0.001), and the median total number of challenges per participant was 26.8 (21.0-31.1 [16.5-35.5]) and 18.0 (14.3-23.3 [7.0-33.0]), respectively (p = 0.001). Trainees exposed to deliberate deception, who thought that the consultant anaesthetist was a subject, had a less-effective best challenge, likely mimicking real-life behaviour. Deliberate deception appears to modify behaviour, particularly relating to communication involving hierarchical relationships. This technique may improve authenticity, especially with a steep power gradient, and so has demonstrable value which must be balanced against the ethical considerations.

The Truth of the Illusion: Efraim Frisch’s Imposter Novel Zenobi (1927)1

One the most remarkable descendants of the pícaro is the impostor. A societal outsider like his predecessor, the impostor uses lies to gain a higher social rank, a better professional position, or a larger fortune. And to embellish his life story he employs all kinds of narrative techniques. In his novel Zenobi (1927), the Galician-born Jewish writer and founder of the journal Der Neue Merkur Efraim Frisch (1873-1942) depicts a sympathetic impostor who appears unaware of his deceptions. Only by chance does the protagonist Zenobi discover his talent for slipping into various roles and playing other people, a skill grounded in his capacity for unconscious mimicry. Thus can he become a secret diplomat in the service of the monarchy, a highly respected neurologist, and an English lord. With the help of false titles and aristocratic appearance he acquires the favor of beautiful women and gains access to prestigious homes and societies. However, he does not perceive himself as a swindler, as he identifies completely with his roles and is therefore incapable of deliberate deception. This article explores the extent to which Zenobi’s story follows the traditional patterns of the picaresque novel, and how he transforms or parodies this genre. Ultimately, the aim is to reveal the connection between Zenobi's peculiar psychology and his deceptive tactics.

Desinformação Digital em Rede e Competência Crítica em Informação

The contemporary notion of disinformation bears some resemblance to the Augustinian concept of lying, as it carries with it the intention to deceive. Today, as in the past, several forms of deliberate deception reinforce illusions and prejudices, given that human cognition is deceptive. The novelty is the social impact resulting from the immense capacity for capturing, processing and circulating data of current sociotechnical mediations of information, which operate on the big data scale and whose reach, speed and capillarity make digital network disinformation an unprecedented and alarming phenomenon. The promotion of critical information literacy, which involves the maturation of critical sense, appears as a crucial means to mitigate the problem.

Philadelphia, Gruzino, Orenburg: on the Issue of Periodization of the Journal Activity of P. Svinyin

The system of principles and techniques of publicistic creativity of P.P. Svinin was influenced by his life events. While still in the diplomatic service in America and Europe (1806–1814), he understood the prospects of the mission of a mediator in intercultural dialogue between them and Russia, and launched a career of cultural and educational journalist. Upon his to Russia he actively participated in intercultural dialogue between Russia and the West. Later Svinin engaged in equally productive but more originally found intracultural dialogue — between Russia and the Russian reader. Regions, events, people of Russia filled the pages of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski for a whole decade. Repeated attempts to find, according to local traditions an influential patron for himself and the magazine failed, and Svinin turned to the support and protection of the "collective patron", perceiving it as a part the national-sovereign consciousness of the government supervised layers of society. P. Svinin chose the techniques so precisely that the genre, themes and style of Otechestvennye zapiski between 1820 and 1830 remained intact. The travel essay, the travelogue, developed to perfection was widely used to increase magazine’ popularity. Although vivid but inaccurate details used into the text as a result of an error or deliberate deception of the reader did a disservice to the magazine. The research focuses primarily on three of his essays, characteristic of three periods of Svin-in's journalism: Observations of a Russian in America (1812) — a foreign period, A Trip to Gruzino (1818) — a search for a genre niche in Russian journalism and "Painting of Orenburg and its environs" (op. 1828) — a period of maturity. An analysis of their style revealed the essential unity of Svinin's journalistic style in all three periods.

“Powerlessness, Impotence, Astonishment, and the Need for an Immediate Lie”: The Byproducts of Lopez Mausere

The article focuses on the question of national, gender, and religious identity in the poetry and other writings of Wojciech Stamm, also known as Lopez Mausere and Gertruda Jarząbek. Mausere’s affiliation with the Polish Failures Club (Club der Polnischen Versager) in Berlin and the relationships between his biography and literature are examined as well. The author contends that Mausere’s concept of poetry as a genre similar to a joke, anecdote, mistake or deliberate deception, as well as his use of low, slang or colloquial registers of language, reflect Stamm’s belief that the carnivalized upside-down world is more real than the illusion produced by social roles, norms, statuses, hierarchies, and identities. Thus, failure to perform one’s role or normative identity might ultimately prove more creative and meaningful than the proper observance of prevalent social mores.

Depictions of deception: A corpus-based analysis of five Shakespearean characters

Drawing on the Enhanced Shakespearean Corpus: First Folio Plus and using corpus-based methods, this article explores, quantitatively and qualitatively, Shakespeare’s depictions of five deceptive characters (Aaron, Tamora, Iago, Lady Macbeth and Falstaff). Our analysis adopts three strands: firstly, statistical keywords relating to each character are examined to determine what this tells us about their natures more generally. Secondly, the wordlists produced for each of the five characters are drawn upon to determine the extent to which they make use of linguistic features that have been correlated with, or linked to, acts of deliberate deception in real-world contexts. Thirdly, we make use of the results identified during the two aforementioned strands by using them to identify particular (sequences of) turns that are worthy of more detailed analysis. Here, we are primarily interested in (a) whether these keywords/deceptive indicators cluster or co-occur and (b) whether these interactions are the same as those identified by other scholars exploring depictions of deception in Shakespeare from a literary perspective. The findings indicate that deception-related features are indeed used collectively/in close proximity, by Shakespeare, at points where a character speaks to other characters disingenuously. They also suggest that Shakespeare’s deceptive depictions do change stylistically, from character to character, in line with those characters’ different characterisations and situations, that Shakespeare draws on atypical language features – such as self-oriented references – when it comes to some of his depictions of deception and that Shakespeare uses these various stylistic features to achieve a range of dramatic effect(s).

Finding a vaccine for misinformation

With deliberate deception a growing threat online, social scientists are devising ways to fight back with “cognitive inoculations” In early March, after a wave of coronavirus cases struck a Muslim congregation in India, the hashtag #CoronaJihad went viral on Indian Twitter, and Islamophobic messages began to surge on social media. In one case, a false video showed purportedly Muslim men licking plates—allegedly to spread the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). In reality, these men belonged to a community that strongly discourages wasting food. No one knows who crafted these false messages, or why. But anti-Muslim attacks increased after their release. Hoping to fight an epidemic of misinformation, some researchers have demonstrated the promise of “inoculating” people with training videos and games even before those people are exposed to misinformation. Image credit: Dave Cutler (artist). It’s hardly an isolated example. Misinformation has been rife during the pandemic—ranging from rumors about the virus being an escaped bioweapon to specious reports of a miracle cure doctors won’t tell you about. Of course, this is only the latest flavor of fakery, which includes high-profile efforts such as climate-change denialism, antivaccine agitation (1), and Russian attempts to erode trust in the 2016 election. In every case, says Emma Spiro, a sociologist who is studying coronavirus misinformation at the University of Washington in Seattle, the risk is that “people may use the false information as the basis for decision making and actions that endanger themselves and others.” Experts sometimes distinguish between mis information, which is simply wrong and may even be an honest mistake, and dis information, which is formulated with an intent to deceive. Whatever the name, stemming the onslaught can seem like a losing battle. Researchers, tech companies, journalists, and fact checkers have been trying to debunk misinformation for years. But researchers have found that this …

Covert administration of medication in food: a worthwhile moral gamble?

The covert administration of medication occurs with incapacitated patients without their knowledge, involving some form of deliberate deception in disguising or hiding the medication. Covert medication in food is a...

Public View on Capacity to Contract in Case of Occurrence of Fraud

This Study is all about Capacity to Contract in Case Of Occurrence Of Fraud. The main aim of the study is to create awareness about Mer silence would amount to fraud. A man or woman is believed to have the potential to go into right into a contract. An intoxicated person, minor, or mentally incapable character has options to be had to them after getting into an agreement which influences the validity of the agreement into which they've entered. The first alternative they have got is to disaffirm a agreement. For the purpose of the study, descriptive research is used. Descriptive research helps to portray accurately the characteristics of particular individual, situation or group. Convenience sampling method is used in this study to collect the samples. When population elements are selected for inclusion in the sample based on access is called convenience sampling. The statistical tool used is percentage analysis, which includes Independent sample t test, Chi-square, Correlation. The total number of responses collected in the survey is around 1669 .It was found that constitution makes it mandatory for the Government to protect and promote freedom , and to assure every citizen a decent standard of living. In this study I concluded that Contract is nothing but enter into a formal and legally binding. It is a written or spoken obligation. And fraud, it's deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain.

Substance Use in Registered Nurses: Where Legal, Medical, and Personal Collide

Introduction Registered Nurses (RNs) who are reported by their employer, or interface with the criminal justice system due to substance use, will typically appear before a board of nursing. In some states, this appearance becomes a legal record with documentation available to the public. Objective The purpose of this study is to qualitatively analyze the court documents of RNs whose licenses were placed on probationary, suspended, or revoked statuses by the Indiana State Board of Nursing (ISBN). Methods A descriptive content analysis was conducted on 236 court documents associated with 51 RNs. The study presents the typical paths of RNs appearing before the ISBN. Results From the qualitative data, five themes emerged: (a) critical junctures experienced by RNs during the disciplinary process; (b) emerging groups who appear before the ISBN; (c) individual contexts versus standardized discipline; (d) deliberate diversion, deceit, and deception; and (e) significant threat to public safety and quality health care. Conclusion Understanding regulatory oversight of substance use in RNs in Indiana offers potential directions for targeted interventions. These include identifying periods of vulnerability and understanding the dynamics of appearances before the ISBN across time.

How Algorithms Interact: Goffman's ‘Interaction Order’ in Automated Trading

In a talk in 2013, Karin Knorr Cetina referred to ‘the interaction order of algorithms’, a phrase that implicitly invokes Erving Goffman's ‘interaction order’. This paper explores the application of the latter notion to the interaction of automated-trading algorithms, viewing algorithms as material entities (programs running on physical machines) and conceiving of the interaction order of algorithms as the ensemble of their effects on each other. The paper identifies the main way in which trading algorithms interact (via electronic ‘order books’, which algorithms both ‘observe’ and populate) and focuses on two particularly Goffmanesque aspects of algorithmic interaction: queuing and ‘spoofing’, or deliberate deception. Following Goffman's injunction not to ignore the influence on interaction of matters external to it, the paper examines some prominent such matters. Empirically, the paper draws on documentary analysis and 338 interviews conducted by the author with high-frequency traders and others involved in automated trading.

Symptom Validity Testing

Abstract Symptom validity testing (SVT), also known as forced-choice testing, is a means of assessing the validity of sensory and memory deficits, including tactile anesthesias, paresthesias, blindness, color blindness, tunnel vision, blurry vision, and deafness. The common feature among these symptoms is a claimed inability to perceive or remember a sensory signal. SVT comprises two elements: a specific ability is assessed by presenting a large number of items in a multiple-choice format, and then the examinee's performance is compared to the statistical likelihood of success based on chance alone. These tests usually present two alternatives; thus the probability of simply guessing the correct response (equivalent to having no ability at all) is 50%. Thus, scores significantly below chance performance indicate that the sensory cues must have been perceived, but the examinee chose not to report the correct answer—alternative explanations are not apparent. SVT also has the capacity to demonstrate that the examinee performed below the probabilities of chance. Scoring below a norm can be explained by fatigue, evaluation anxiety, inattention, or limited intelligence. Scoring below the probabilities of chance alone most likely indicates deliberate deceptions and is evidence of malingering because it provides strong evidence that the examinee received the sensory cues and denied the perception. Even so, malingering must be evaluated from the total clinical context.

40 years of fabricated or induced illness (FII): where next for paediatricians? Paper 1: epidemiology and definition of FII

It is 40 years since the seminal description of ‘Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy’ (MSbP) by UK Paediatrician Professor Sir Roy Meadow.1 There have been a number of developments since, which...

Unwilling Nation

In Western historiography, the Soviet natsionalizatsiia and korenizatsiia programmes of the 1920s have usually been interpreted in one of two ways: either as a deliberate deception and exploitation of non-Russian national sentiments aimed at their ultimate overcoming or as an experiment which eventually failed due to its own success. In the case of Soviet Belorussia, neither of these two explanations applies. On the contrary, this article argues that Belarusisation was abandoned for its lack of success. Designed to win over the local population and thus ensure Soviet rule in the Western borderland, Belarusisation ultimately failed to mobilise people through preconceived national categories. In daily use, many Belarusians and Jews preferred the Russian language, which offered assimilation and upward mobility, to the languages they had been assigned by the Communist Party. Modernisation and Belarusisation proved to be mutually exclusive: The large-scale influx of Belarusian peasants to the towns did not lead to the emergence of a distinct Belarusian urban culture but rather to their rapid Russification. Besides, most national minorities were anxious not to become second-class citizens, and therefore, despite party assurances to the contrary, suspicious of Belarusisation. Ultimately, the nation-building campaign run counter to the Sovietisation of the society. When the first Five-Year Plan led to a paradigm shift in Soviet policy in the late 1920s, Belarusisation gradually came to a halt and its intellectual proponents were removed from power.

Motivated explanation.

Although motivation is a well-established field of study in its own right, and has been fruitfully studied in connection with attribution theory and belief formation under the heading of “motivated thinking,” its powerful and pervasive influence on specifically explanatory processes is less well explored. Where one has a strong motivation to understand some event correctly, one is thereby motivated to adhere as best one can to normative or “epistemic” criteria for correct or accurate explanation, even if one does not consciously formulate or apply such criteria. By contrast, many of our motivations to explain introduce bias into the processes involved in generating, evaluating, or giving explanations. Non-epistemic explanatory motivations, or following Kunda's usage, “directional” motivations, include self-justification, resolution of cognitive dissonance, deliberate deception, teaching, and many more. Some of these motivations lead to the relaxation or violation of epistemic norms; others enhance epistemic motivation, so that one engages in more careful and thorough generational and evaluative processes. We propose that “real life” explanatory processes are often constrained by multiple goals, epistemic and directional, where these goals may mutually reinforce one another or may conflict, and where our explanations emerge as a matter of weighing and satisfying those goals. We review emerging evidence from psychology and neuroscience to support this framework and to elucidate the central role of motivation in human thought and explanation.