Deliberate Contact Research Articles

Use of the Proboscis Extension Response Assay to Evaluate the Mechanism of House Fly Behavioral Resistance to Imidacloprid.

The house fly, Musca domestica L., is a significant human and livestock pest. Experiments used female adult house flies glued onto toothpicks for controlled exposure of their tarsi alone (tarsal assay) or their tarsi and proboscis (proboscis assay) with a sucrose solution containing imidacloprid at either a low (10 µg/mL) or high (4000 µg/mL) concentration. Proboscis extension response (PER) assays were used to characterize the response of imidacloprid-susceptible and behaviorally resistant house fly strains to contact with sucrose solutions containing either a low or high concentration of imidacloprid. In each assay, 150 female flies from each fly strain were individually exposed to sucrose solutions containing either a low or high concentration of imidacloprid by deliberate contact of the fly tarsi to the test solution. The PER for each fly was subsequently recorded at 0, 2, and 10 s following the initial tarsal contact. A significant and rapid reduction in PER was observed only for the behaviorally resistant fly strain and only following contact by the flies' proboscis with the sucrose solution containing the high imidacloprid concentration. The results suggest that chemoreceptors on the fly labellum or internally on the pharyngeal taste organs are involved in the detection of imidacloprid and discrimination of the concentration, resulting in an avoidance behavior (proboscis retraction) only when imidacloprid is at sufficient concentration. Further research is needed to identify the specific receptor(s) responsible for imidacloprid detection.

Skin Exposure to Acrylates in Nail Salons.

The nail salon industry has seen significant growth in recent years. Nail technicians provide manicures, pedicures and apply artificial nails; tasks that expose them to chemicals, including acrylates that are known skin and respiratory sensitizers. This paper reports on potential skin exposure to acrylates among nail technicians in Toronto, Canada. Hand skin wipes were collected after (i) the application of artificial nails, (ii) the application of ultraviolet cured gel nail polish, and (iii) deliberate contact with nail polish. Surface wipes were collected from work areas and surfaces contaminated with known products. Wipe samples were analysed for eight acrylates: methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Thirty-five wipe samples were collected. No acrylates were detected in skin samples (n = 8) or work surfaces (n = 6). However, MMA, EMA, EA, HEMA, and HPMA were detected in the samples of surfaces contaminated with known products. MMA was detected in 28% of products tested. HEMA and HPMA were detected where deliberate contact with nail polish occurred. These results confirm that acrylates are present in nail products. However, no acrylates were detected in skin wipes. MMA, a chemical prohibited for use in cosmetics in Canada, was detected in nail polishes. Nail technicians should continue to employ safe work practices that reduce the probability of skin contact with acrylates and other chemicals.

In the frame, road map for Australian sport on an uncertain journey through COVID-19

In the frame, road map for Australian sport on an uncertain journey through COVID-19

Tip-induced passivation of dangling bonds on hydrogenated Si(100)-2 × 1

Using combined low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we demonstrate hydrogen passivation of individual, selected dangling bonds (DBs) on a hydrogen-passivated Si(100)-2 × 1 surface (H–Si) by atom manipulation. This method allows erasing of DBs and thus provides a promising scheme for error-correction in hydrogen lithography. Both Si-terminated tips (Si tips) for hydrogen desorption and H-terminated tips (H tips) for hydrogen passivation are created by deliberate contact to the H–Si surface and are assigned by their characteristic contrast in AFM. DB passivation is achieved by transferring the H atom that is at the apex of an H tip to the DB, reestablishing a locally defect-free H–Si surface.

Special Operations Principles and Finnish Long Range Patrols during WWII

Abstract The study assessed whether the six special operations principles (simplicity, security, repetition, speed, purpose, and surprise) proposed by Admiral William McRaven could predict the degree of success among Finnish long range patrols during WWII. Eighty-four missions that included deliberate contact with the enemy were considered. Bootstrapped estimates were obtained from a LISREL path model. The result offers partial support for McRaven’s model. Significant direct and indirect effects of security, purpose and surprise were demonstrated. Limitations imposed by available data, as well as the circumstance that other principles were rarely violated, may explain the absence of further significant effects. It is furthermore suggested that the principles can be divided into “decisive” (security, purpose, and surprise) where negligence has immediate detrimental consequences, and “contextual” (simplicity, repetition, and in part, speed) that are largely case-specific and may need further precision to be analytically viable. The cause for the absence of significant effects would according to this interpretation be that the principles, as they are generally defined, fail to identify contextual circumstances that are crucial for success.

Grumblers in the time of Diagnosis-Related Groups: Sand in the gear or lubricating oil?

After the change from cost allowance to a German system of Diagnosis-Related Groups there has been much public discussion about how the new terms of employment within the health sector are increasingly in conflict with individuals’original motivations for their career choice. If such criticism remains unheard a further loss of employees might occur. Two decades of professional experiences have been reviewed. The results were personally assessed and summarized in a field report. One senior physician, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital. In total, a deliberate contact approach by management to address employees’ criticisms and grumbling about the terms of employment is essential for enterprise’s success. While employees can introduce criticisms more constructively to contribute ideas that protect the enterprise’ssuccess, executives will have to position themselves in such a way as to be open to these perspectives. Constructive contact with “hospital troublemakers” should be implemented into the enterprise culture. Guidance is necessary to institute such changes.

Distribution and Correlates of Self-Reported Crimes of Trust

This study examines the distribution and correlates of a special class of property crimes, crimes of trust, using longitudinal and cross sectional self-report data from a national sample. We begin by defining crimes of trust and consider their conceptual relationship to “conventional” property crimes, which we here characterize as crimes of stealth, and to white collar crimes, which are defined in terms of the social status of the perpetrators. Crimes of trust are here defined as property crimes that typically involve deliberate contact with the victim or, where there is more than one victim, with at least one or more victims, in which there is typically more of a focus on concealing the fact that a crime has been committed than on concealing the identity of the perpetrator (as is the case in crimes of stealth), without regard to the socioeconomic status of the perpetrator (thus including but not limited to white collar crimes). The focus here is on crimes of trust committed by individuals (as opposed to corporate crime). We first examine their distribution by sociodemographic characteristics, then examine the correlation of crimes of trust with other types of illegal behavior, using data from the National Youth Survey Family Study, including (1) longitudinal self-report data from a nationally representative panel of individuals who were 11–18 years old in 1976–77 and who were followed through early middle age (ages 36–44) in 2002–2003, plus (2) cross-sectional data on these individuals plus their parents, spouses, and children age 11 and older in 2002–2003 (total age range 11–88). The results suggest that crimes of trust have a different age–crime curve from conventional crimes, and that they are not as strongly correlated with problem substance use, gender, and other socioeconomic indicators as conventional crimes.

Trust and Other‐Anxiety in Negotiations: Dynamics Across Boundaries of Self and Culture

A condition of trust between parties negotiating from positions of separate interest can make the difference between desired and undesirable outcomes, not to mention the processes leading up to them. We posit that trust is multiply determined, relational, and deeply embedded in the psychological processes of individual negotiating parties and the social psychological processes between them. How self and other are experienced, and the personal and cultural processes by which the Other Party becomes perceived as having shared boundaries such that trust is possible, is the topic of this essay. We examine an exchange of email between two members of a Russian and Argentine software joint venture, to illustrate how the sense of Otherness can escalate conflict and decrease trust. Inherent in our exposition are prescriptions for avoiding such escalation and polarizing of self and other parties, through such mechanisms as deliberate contact, respect, and awareness of one's own psychological processes in presenting self and perceiving Other.

Getting-up and lying-down behaviours of loose-housed sows and social contacts between sows and piglets during Day 1 and Day 8 after parturition

Twelve Danish Landrace×Yorkshire sows were housed in a loose system (262×233 cm) to farrow and on Day 1 after parturition a continuous 24-h video recording was made of each sow and litter. On Day 8, 7 of the sows were recorded in a similar manner. The lying-down and getting-up behaviour of the sows, the positions and behaviours of the piglets, the social contacts from sow to piglets and from piglets towards the sows, were examined in detail. This was to assess when the piglets were most likely to be crushed and to register social contacts which might further the development of the sow-piglet bond. On 81% of occasions on Day 1, the piglets were well away from the sow when she got up, but in 6% of the observations they were resting <0.5 m from the sow, which is a risk area. In 9% of the observations, the piglets were resting in the area where the sow lay down. Sows rooted vigorously in 79% of cases before they lay down on Day 1 and 70% on Day 8. They also moved around before lying down in 18% of occasions on Day 1 and 11% on Day 8. Sows lay down carefully on 59% of occasions on Day 1 and 88% on Day 8, and used the farrowing rail on 16% (Day 1) and 5% (Day 8) of observations. Nose contact behaviour, a deliberate contact of sows towards piglets, was evident on Day 1, but had decreased in frequency by Day 8. Only 7% of this behaviour was associated with lying down or lactating, so it was not an action of the sow ensuring that the piglets were out of the way. Naso-naso contact of the piglets towards the sow was absent on Day 1, but by Day 8 it had developed in all litters. Of 244 observations made of naso-naso contact when the sow was lying down on her side, 87 were associated with lactation. The remaining 199 contacts were made while the sow was lying on her front (141), standing (32) or sitting (26). Many of the behavioural sequences described can only occur if there is enough space and are not possible in a conventional, restricted farrowing crate. The question is raised as to how important these behaviours are for the development and welfare of the piglets.

Human responses to encounters with wildlife in urban parks

Abstract A total of 3,697 subjects at seven study sites were observed directly, and 246 were interviewed on site, to determine human responses to wildlife encounters in five urban or suburban parks in Seattle, Washington, and Denver, Colorado. Fifty‐five percent of the park visitors studied made an observable, spontaneous response to the wildlife present; 74% of these persons made a perceptible orientation to the wildlife, 20% followed up with investigation, and 6% made deliberate contact with the wildlife. More than 90% said the wildlife encounters enhanced their park visit that day. These data on responses to wildlife and the conditions associated with them provide basic information about how wildlife enhances urban park visitation.

Toward a Description of Precontact Music in Hawai'i

A series of events and circumstances in Hawai'i in the early 1970s provided the environment that sparked the revitalization of traditions, popularly called the Hawaiian Renaissance (see Kanahele 1979). From the first, the main thrust of the movement was directed toward music, and as time went on it became clear that to revitalize a tradition as acculturated as music, it was necessary to learn what music was and what it had become. Although traditional music as it was practiced in the early 20th century still had its proponents in 1970, traditional music as it was practiced in the early 19th century did not. The mystery surrounding this early music made it all the more intriguing to the revitalization movement, and so the desire to learn about it intensified. The question of whether it is possible to describe the sound of music in Hawai'i has been raised regularly and the answers have usually been negative, but I would like to discuss some ways to approach this formidable problem. The word precontact in Hawai'i usually refers to the period before 1778, the date of Captain James Cook's discovery of the island group, and thus the start of European contact with Hawai'i. For my purposes I shall extend the precontact period to 1820, the date of the first missionaries' arrival, since contact with Western music appears to have been neglible before that time. Persistent and deliberate contact with Western music began immediately upon the arrival of the missionaries, who established schools to teach Western music theory, voice production, and hymn singing (see Kanahele 1979 and Tatar, in press). It is not possible to understand a piece of music without understanding its sociohistorical context, which corresponds to the history of Western contact with Hawai'i. For example, musical items in a program are identified as chants and/or mele, hymns and/or himeni, monarchy songs, folk songs, hapa-haole (half-foreign) songs, and contemporary songs. The words chant and/or mele are presently used in Hawai'i to designate music believed to represent music. Song is used broadly to designate any

Uses of hyperimmune human gamma globulin.

THE differentiation of immune from hyperimmune gamma globulin is, of course, completely arbitrary since the antibodies present in human gamma globulin are all a result of accidental or deliberate contact with infectious agents and other antigens. In a conference on gamma globulin and its potential uses in medicine, and especially for those problems affecting the Department of Defense, one should not lose sight of the long-range view in the elimination or prevention of various diseases. In this respect gamma globulin, although providing prophylaxis of short duration or therapy, frequently yields important clues to potential methods of active immunization.Thus, the . . .

Anomalous Inactivation of Heavy Metal Antifouling Paints*

THAT ordinarily effective antifouling paints occasionally show very poor performance, or suddenly begin to foul severely after a period of satisfactory functioning, is an observation familiar to every user of marine paints. In the case of compositions carrying metallic copper, such failures have been almost universally attributed to 'galvanic coupling' with the steel hull—the implication being strong that such paints can and do act in a manner entirely analogous to a gross sheet of copper. In an effort, therefore, to establish the real truth of this matter, the phenomenon of inactivation with both metallic copper and cuprous oxide paints has been under study by us for some time. We have already shown that accidental or deliberate contact of the steel hull with either type of copper-bearing paint can lead to serious pitting at the contact point and to accelerated corrosion attack at adjacent bare areas or 'holidays'1,2. An equally if not more serious result of failure to separate properly the antifouling paint from the steel hull by adequate barrier coats is a decreased effectiveness or even complete inactivation of the antifouling coat1.