Deliberate Cognitive Processing Research Articles

Redefining Cognitive Domains in the Era of ChatGPT: A Comprehensive Analysis of Artificial Intelligence's Influence and Future Implications

Background and Objectives: Despite its extensive utilization, research on Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT)'s potential negative impact on specific cognitive processes is scarce. This article explores the widespread use of ChatGPT in educational, corporate, and various other sectors, focusing on its interaction with distinct cognitive domains such as attention, executive function, language, memory, visuospatial abilities, and social cognition. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, identifying 256 articles, with 29 peer-reviewed articles analyzed after screening for relevance. Results: The review emphasizes the extraordinary capabilities of the human brain, which often go unrecognized, and argues for the importance of maintaining and enhancing natural cognitive abilities using artificial intelligence tools like ChatGPT as an aid rather than a replacement. The findings highlight the advanced reasoning capabilities of ChatGPT, blending intuitive and deliberate cognitive processes. Conclusion: Building a socio-cognitive architecture for collective human-machine intelligence has significant potential. While ChatGPT offers impressive capabilities, over-reliance on it for cognitive tasks can lead to the erosion of essential skills. It is crucial to find a balance between leveraging artificial intelligence's advantages and preserving our natural cognitive abilities, ensuring continuous practice and engagement in traditional cognitive exercises.

A meta-analysis of the association between event-related rumination and posttraumatic growth: The Event-Related Rumination Inventory and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory.

Trauma can disrupt an individual's core beliefs about themselves, others, and the world. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is thought to be the outcome of a reconstruction process involving ruminative processing. This meta-analysis examined the strength of the associations between event-related intrusive and deliberate rumination and PTG. The moderating effects of variables including age, time since trauma exposure, and trauma type were examined. Eight databases were searched for English-language, peer reviewed studies examining the associations between PTG and types of event-related rumination in adults. Effect sizes (Pearson's r) were extracted and analyzed, and study quality was assessed using the Study Quality Assessment Tool for Observational and Cohort studies. In total, 46 studies were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A significant main effect was observed for the association between retrospectively reported deliberate rumination that occurred soon after a traumatic event and PTG, r = .45, 95% CI [.41, .49]. There was significant variability in effect sizes, and the strength of this association differed according to age. The association between intrusive rumination and PTG was not significant and varied in direction. Deliberate rumination that occurred relatively soon following trauma exposure was shown to be positively associated with PTG. The findings highlight the importance of supporting trauma survivors to engage in the deliberate cognitive processing of their experiences to encourage PTG. Longitudinal research is needed to further delineate the temporal role of event-related rumination in PTG development.

Motivation towards novel learning content: Perceived similarity of learning content, but not need for cognition, moderates the generalization of motivation

The generalization of established motivation hypothesis states that individuals use established motivational beliefs to predict motivational beliefs regarding novel learning content on the basis of the perceived similarity between academic domains. This study tests the generalization hypothesis by investigating the assumed moderating role of the extent of perceived similarity between known and novel learning content and need for cognition (NFC). Participants were adult students (n=576) from various study programs (Study 1) and non-students (n=628) of whom the majority held at least a bachelor's degree (Study 2). In this prospective correlational survey study, we used online self-report measures to assess participants' self-concept of ability (SCA) and intrinsic task value (ITV) regarding their established and anticipated motivational beliefs regarding a set of school subjects (known learning content) and fields of study (novel learning content), perceptions of similarity, and their NFC. Data was analysed using structural equation modelling with latent interaction variables. We found support for the generalization hypothesis and documented that the perceived similarity moderated the generalizing effect (i.e., SCA and ITV had stronger predictive validity for learning content that was perceived as more similar). However, the results obtained for the moderating effect of NFC were mostly nonsignificant. Individuals generalize established motivation regarding known learning content to anticipated motivation regarding novel learning content perceived as being similar. The extent of perceived similarity enhances this effect, whereas NFC does not. Future research should address the underlying automatic and deliberate cognitive processes of generalization.

Posttraumatic Growth Among Older Adults With Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Introduction: The term “post-traumatic growth” describes positive outcomes that accrue from the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. The purpose of this study is to describe post-traumatic growth accruing from experience with vision loss caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to identify the relationships between depression, cognitive processing, social support, and post-traumatic growth. Methods: Individuals with vision loss caused by AMD completed an interviewer-administered composite questionnaire to identify elements of Tedeschi and Calhoun’s theoretical model of the process of posttraumatic growth, including measures of distress (depression), intrusive and deliberate rumination (cognitive processing), and social support (quality and quantity of social ties). Relationships were examined using path analysis. Results: Eighty-nine participants completed the questionnaire (mean age = 85.3 years, range = 74–98 years). All paths, including from depression to social support (β = –.363, p < .001), from social support to deliberate rumination (β = .233; p ≤ .01), and from intrusive rumination to deliberate rumination (β = .514, p < .01), were significant and consistent with the posttraumatic growth theoretical model. Deliberate rumination had a significant direct path to post-traumatic growth (β = .38, p = .001). Discussion: The findings may illuminate elements of the process of post-traumatic growth among those with AMD. We found that as social support increased, depression decreased. Increased social support seemed to encourage positive deliberate rumination, which led directly to post-traumatic growth. Although intrusive rumination is often associated with negative outcomes, the model demonstrates that it also stimulates engagement in deliberate attempts to process one’s experience. Deliberate cognitive processing is a direct precursor to post-traumatic growth. Implications for Practitioners: A focus on the process of growth and thriving can offer a broader view of the experience of living with vision loss. Interventions that foster post-traumatic growth among those with AMD should focus on enhancing social support and facilitating deliberate cognitive processing.

Who Thinks How? Social Patterns in Reliance on Automatic and Deliberate Cognition

Sociologists increasingly use insights from dual-process models to explain how people think and act. These discussions generally emphasize the influence of cultural knowledge mobilized through automatic cognition, or else show how the use of automatic and deliberate processes vary according to the task at hand or the context. Drawing on insights from sociological theory and suggestive research from social and cognitive psychology, we argue that socially structured experiences also shape general, individual-level preferences (or propensities) for automatic and deliberate thinking. Using a meta-analysis of 63 psychological studies (N = 25,074) and a new multivariate analysis of nationally representative data, we test the hypothesis that the use of automatic and deliberate cognitive processes is socially patterned. We find that education consistently predicts preferences for deliberate processing and that gender predicts preferences for both automatic and deliberate processing. We find that age is a significant but likely nonlinear predictor of preferences for automatic and deliberate cognition, and we find weaker evidence for differences by income, marital status, and religion. These results underscore the need to consider group differences in cognitive processing in sociological explanations of culture, action, and inequality.

The Positive Legacy of Vision Loss: Pathways to Posttraumatic Growth

This mixed method study describes posttraumatic growth (PTG) accruing form experience with vision loss caused by severe age related macular degeneration (AMD) and explores relationships between depression, social support, and cognitive processing, on the path to PTG. Research describing the psychological and social issues surrounding AMD has focused on negative outcomes. However, learning from highly challenging experiences, such as vision loss, can offer benefits. In this study, these included an increased sense of personal strength, increased spirituality, and empathy for others (all domains of PTG). 89 participants with severe vision loss (mean age = 85.3 years, age range = 74–98 years) completed the interviewer-administered composite questionnaire, which identified elements of Tedeschi and Calhoun’s model of PTG. Relationships between variables were examined using path analysis. Findings were contextualized with data from 15 qualitative interviews. Findings underscored the importance of supportive others and deliberate cognitive processing in the path to PTG.

Improving Handoff by Deliberate Cognitive Processing: Results from a Randomized Controlled Experimental Study

Although a number of successful handoff interventions have been reported, the handoff process remains vulnerable because it relies on memory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deliberate cognitive processing (i.e., analytical, conscious, and effortful thinking) on recall of information from a simulated handoff. This two-phased experiment was executed in the Netherlands in 2015. A total of 78 pediatric residents were randomly divided into an intervention group (n = 37) and a control group (n = 41). In phase 1, participants received written handoffs from 8 patients. The intervention group was asked to develop a contingency plan for each patient, deliberately processing the information. The control group received no specific instructions. In phase 2, all participants were asked to write down as much as they recalled from the handoffs. The outcome was the amount and accuracy of recalled information, calculated by scoring for idea units (single information elements) and inferences (conclusions computed by participants based on two or more idea units). Participants in the intervention group recalled significantly more inferences (7.24 vs. 3.22) but fewer correct idea units (21.1% vs. 25.3%) than those in the control group. There was no difference with regard to incorrectly recalled information. Our study revealed that deliberate cognitive processing leads to creation of more correct inferences, but fewer idea units. This suggests that deliberate cognitive processing results in interpretation of the information into higher level concepts, rather than remembering specific pieces of information separately. This implies better understanding of patients' problems.

Affordance-based altruistic robotic architecture for human–robot collaboration

This article proposes a computational model for altruistic behavior, shows its implementation on a physical robot, and presents the results of human–robot interaction experiments conducted with the implemented system. Inspired from the sensorimotor mechanisms of the primate brain, object affordances are utilized for both intention estimation and action execution, in particular, to generate altruistic behavior. At the core of the model is the notion that sensorimotor systems developed for movement generation can be used to process the visual stimuli generated by actions of the others, infer the goals behind, and take the necessary actions to help achieving these goals, potentially leading to the emergence of altruistic behavior. Therefore, we argue that altruistic behavior is not necessarily a consequence of deliberate cognitive processing but may emerge through basic sensorimotor processes such as error minimization, that is, minimizing the difference between the observed and expected outcomes. In the model, affordances also play a key role by constraining the possible set of actions that an observed actor might be engaged in, enabling a fast and accurate intention inference. The model components are implemented on an upper-body humanoid robot. A set of experiments are conducted validating the workings of the components of the model, such as affordance extraction and task execution. Significantly, to assess how human partners interact with our altruistic model deployed robot, extensive experiments with naïve subjects are conducted. Our results indicate that the proposed computational model can explain emergent altruistic behavior in reference to its biological counterpart and moreover engage human partners to exploit this behavior when implemented on an anthropomorphic robot.

Instructional Support for Intuitive Knowledge Acquisition When Learning with an Ecological Computer Simulation

Intuitive knowledge seems to influence human decision-making outside of consciousness and differs from deliberate cognitive and metacognitive processes. Intuitive knowledge can play an essential role in problem solving and may offer the initiation of subsequent learning processes. Scientific discovery learning with computer simulations leads to the acquisition of intuitive knowledge. To improve knowledge acquisition, particular instructional support is needed as pure discovery learning often does not lead to successful learning outcomes. Hence, the goal of this study was to determine whether two different instructional interventions for scientific discovery effectively produced intuitive knowledge acquisition when learning with computer simulations. Instructional interventions for learning with computer simulations on the topic ‘ecosystem water’ were developed and tested in the two well-known categories data interpretation and self-regulation using a sample of 117 eighth graders during science class. The results demonstrated the efficacy of these instructional interventions on learners’ intuitive knowledge acquisition. A predetermined combination of instructional support for data interpretation and for self-regulation proved to be successful for learners’ intuitive knowledge acquisition after a learning session involving the computer simulation. Furthermore, the instructional intervention describing and interpreting own simulation outcomes for data interpretation seems to be an effective method for acquiring intuitive knowledge.

The impact of affect on organizational justice perceptions: A test of the affect infusion model

AbstractHow individuals form justice perceptions has been a fundamental question for organizational justice research. While most researchers have treated justice perceptions as a result of deliberate cognitive processes, a limited number of studies have examined the role of affect in forming justice perceptions. Using the affect infusion model, we investigate the predictive role of affect in forming justice perceptions and consider two moderating contextual factors: personal relevance and group context. Two experimental studies, with a student sample and an employee sample, were conducted. Results confirm that participants in positive affective states perceived higher distributive and procedural justice than those in negative affective states. Moreover, personal relevance moderates the relationships between affect and both distributive and procedural justice perceptions, and the relationship is enhanced as the level of personal relevance increases. The results also suggest that group context constrains the influence of an individual participant’s affect on procedural justice.

Duration of playing bursts and redundancy of melodic jazz improvisation in John Coltrane’s “Giant Steps”

Studying musical improvisation is methodologically difficult because improvisations are hardly reproducible, and no established theory exists regarding their formation. In particular it is unclear when and if jazz musicians invent new (innovative) melodic patterns or rely on previously overlearned (redundant) phrases. Other similar goal-directed activities with high complexity are production tasks such as driving a car (Tanida & Pöppel, 2006) or producing spoken language (Fenk-Oczlon & Fenk, 2009). Trade-offs between deliberate cognitive processes and automatized execution can be expected under extreme time pressure in high speed improvisation, and pauses in the musical flow could be used by musicians to engage in generative cognitive activity. Using transcriptions of John Coltrane’s improvisation of “Giant Steps” we analyzed redundancy and innovation in melodic improvisation. Half-bar units were coded for types of melodic variants. We found motor-output units (playing bursts) of around 3 seconds’ duration with a slightly higher probability of innovative patterns appearing after longer (0.5 s) pauses. Also, a systematic curvilinear trajectory of innovation was found across the piece with a peak after three-fourths of the chorus. The discussion establishes a parallel between improvisation and conversational language production with regard to the length of utterances which seem to take into account the listener’s psychological present. The possibilities of expert improvisers to engage in deliberate problem-solving during performance are also addressed.

Procesos cognitivos y regulación emocional: aportes desde una aproximación psicoevolucionista

BackgroundEvolutionary psychology posits that there are archaic cognitive processes that our ancestors relied upon for survival. Since these processes are evolutionarily primitive, they are settled in subcortical brain structures and are automatically generated, which leads to difficulties in emotion regulation. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of automatic vs. deliberate cognitive processing in anxiety regulation. MethodStructural equation modelling was used (n=386). ResultsThe plausibility of two processing models was verified (automatic vs. deliberate), finding a direct and intense effect of automatic processing on anxiety (β=0.36), and an inverse and less intense effect of deliberate processing (β=−0.16). ConclusionsThe difficulties in emotion regulation seem to depend more upon the inability to diminish automatic processing rather than on the ability to engage in deliberative processing such as reappraisal. Thus, learning to manage automatic emotional processing may be critical to effective emotion regulation.

Non-Conscious vs. Deliberate Dynamic Decision-Making—A Pilot Experiment

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of non-conscious vs. deliberate ways of making decisions in a dynamic decision-making task. An experimental setting is used to study this question; three experimental groups are distinguished: immediate decision-making (only very limited time for deliberate cognitive processing), considerate decision-making (relatively long time for deliberate cognitive processing), and distracted decision-making (time for non-conscious cognitive processing only). As experimental stimulus, a simulator based on the Kaibab Plateau model was employed. With a sample size of more than 100 experimental participants, group differences are not significant for most data examined. Implications comprise the formulation of a framework to guide further research. The value of this paper lies in the fact that it connects to a recent discussion in psychology and transfers it to a domain in the core interest of the system community: decision-making in situations with dynamic complexity. Furthermore, it offers a range of improvement points for potential follow-up studies.

Exploring the relationship between posttraumatic growth, cognitive processing, psychological distress, and social constraints in a sample of breast cancer patients

ABSTRACTPosttraumatic growth (the perception of positive life changes after an encounter with a trauma) often occurs among breast cancer patients and can be influenced by certain demographic, medical, and psychosocial parameters. Social constraints on disclosure (the deprivation of the opportunity to express feelings and thoughts regarding the trauma) and the cognitive processing of the disease seem to be involved in the development of posttraumatic growth. Through the present study the authors aim to: investigate the levels of posttraumatic growth in a sample of 202 women with breast cancer in Greece, explore the relationships between posttraumatic growth and particular demographic, medical, and psychosocial variables according to a proposed model, and test the role of social constraints in the relationship between automatic and deliberate cognitive processing of the trauma. The results showed that posttraumatic growth was evident in the majority of the sample and was associated inversely with age at diagnosis (β = −0.174, p < .05) and psychological distress (β = −0.394, p = .001), directly with time since diagnosis (β = 0.181, p < .05), and indirectly with intrusions and psychological distress, through reflective rumination (β = 0.323, p = .001). Social constraints were found to moderate the relationship between intrusions and reflective rumination. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research and practice are outlined.

Intuitive logic revisited: new data and a Bayesian mixed model meta-analysis.

Recent research on syllogistic reasoning suggests that the logical status (valid vs. invalid) of even difficult syllogisms can be intuitively detected via differences in conceptual fluency between logically valid and invalid syllogisms when participants are asked to rate how much they like a conclusion following from a syllogism (Morsanyi & Handley, 2012). These claims of an intuitive logic are at odds with most theories on syllogistic reasoning which posit that detecting the logical status of difficult syllogisms requires effortful and deliberate cognitive processes. We present new data replicating the effects reported by Morsanyi and Handley, but show that this effect is eliminated when controlling for a possible confound in terms of conclusion content. Additionally, we reanalyze three studies () without this confound with a Bayesian mixed model meta-analysis (i.e., controlling for participant and item effects) which provides evidence for the null-hypothesis and against Morsanyi and Handley's claim.

Deliberate Cognitive Processing Mediates the Relation Between Positive Religious Coping and Posttraumatic Growth

Although many studies have detailed the maladies imposed by Hurricane Katrina, little work has examined potential benefits following the storm. Posttraumatic growth describes personal betterment or development following a traumatic event in areas such as perceived changes in self, a changed sense of relations with others, and a changed philosophy of life. Researchers have demonstrated a relation between posttraumatic growth and varying factors, including positive religious coping. The current study attempted to establish deliberate cognitive processing (or rumination) as a mediator between religious coping and posttraumatic growth in a sample of hurricane-exposed women. Results suggested that deliberate cognitive processing fully mediated the relation between religious coping and posttraumatic growth.

Exploring posttraumatic growth in Japanese youth.

Despite a growing body of literature examining posttraumatic growth (PTG; positive change resulting from the struggle with trauma) in adult populations from various cultures, the emerging research base involving youth includes few studies exploring the construct in youth from Eastern cultures. This study examined PTG and perceived growth in the absence of trauma among Japanese youth. A total of 408 youth (215 boys, 193 girls), with a mean age of 13.38 years (SD .93), from one public junior high school in the suburbs of Tokyo were recruited. They reported whether they had experienced any trauma in the past year and completed measures assessing psychological growth using the Revised Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children, subjective severity, and cognitive processing using the adapted Rumination Scale. Results using one-way ANOVA showed that greater growth was reported by those who experienced trauma, and the objective severity of the adversity was reliably related to perceived growth. Chi-square tests revealed that those who did not experience adversity had more difficulty identifying growth. These results suggest that the youth-reported growth does not simply reflect normative maturation. Multiple regression analysis, using participants who reported at least one traumatic event, indicated that deliberate cognitive processing appears to play an important role in PTG. Cultural and developmental aspects of these findings, as well as implications for research and applied work are discussed.

Rejection of Unfair Offers Can Be Driven by Negative Emotions, Evidence from Modified Ultimatum Games with Anonymity

The rejection of unfair offers can be affected by both negative emotions (e.g. anger and moral disgust) and deliberate cognitive processing of behavioral consequences (e.g. concerns of maintaining social fairness and protecting personal reputation). However, whether negative emotions are sufficient to motivate this behavior is still controversial. With modified ultimatum games, a recent study (Yamagishi T, et al. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106∶11520–11523) found that people reject unfair offers even when this behavior increases inequity, and even when they could not communicate to the proposers. Yamagishi suggested that rejection of unfair offers could occurr without people’s concerning of maintaining social fairness, and could be driven by negative emotions. However, as anonymity was not sufficiently guaranteed in Yamagishi’s study, the rejection rates in their experiments may have been influenced by people’s concerns of protecting personal reputation (reputational concerns) in addition to negative emotions; thus, it was unclear whether the rejection was driven by negative emotions, or by reputational concerns, or both. In the present study, with specific methods to ensure anonymity, the effect of reputational concerns was successfully ruled out. We found that in a private situation in which rejection could not be driven by reputational concerns, the rejection rates of unfair offers were significantly larger than zero, and in public situations in which rejection rates could be influenced by both negative emotions and reputational concerns, rejection rates were significantly higher than that in the private situation. These results, together with Yamagishi’s findings, provided more complete evidence suggesting (a) that the rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions and (b) that deliberate cognitive processing of the consequences of the behavior can increase the rejection rate, which may benefit social cooperation.

The impact of receiving an HIV diagnosis and cognitive processing on psychological distress and posttraumatic growth

This study examined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a traumatic stressor, intrusive and deliberate cognitive processing, psychological distress, and posttraumatic growth. One-hundred twelve participants completed interviews on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Criterion A, Rumination Scale-Revised, Impact of Event Scale, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory; relationships were modeled using path analysis. Model 1 attempted to replicate prior empirical research, Model 2 attempted to empirically replicate part of the posttraumatic growth theoretical model, and Model 3 attempted to empirically replicate an integrated model of posttraumatic growth and traumatic stress theories. Model 3 had good fit with study data. Results suggest shared and separate pathways from traumatic stressor to psychological distress and posttraumatic growth, with pathways mediated by cognitive processing. Implications of findings are discussed.

Anxiety and explicit alcohol-related memory in problem drinkers

Anxiety is associated with increased craving following in vivo cue exposure in alcoholics. Theoretical accounts [Psychol. Rev. 97 (1990) 147.] have proposed that conscious, deliberate cognitive processes underlie increased craving in drinkers who are trying to abstain. The present study tested the hypothesis that anxiety is associated with biases in explicit (i.e., conscious, deliberate) memory that promote recall of alcohol-related concepts in response to negative affective cues. Fifty-two (seven females) outpatient problem drinkers performed a cued recall task that assessed memory for alcohol-related (ALC), negative affective (NEG), and neutral (NEU) target concepts that had been paired with NEG, ALC, and NEU cues during an incidental study phase. Higher anxiety was associated with increased recall of ALC targets paired with NEG cues. State and trait anxiety were intercorrelated, with higher levels coinciding with a higher frequency of drinking in negative mood states. These findings demonstrate a correspondence between anxiety and alcohol-related memory, and suggest that explicit memory biases may contribute to increased subjective responses (e.g., craving, expectancies) to alcohol stimuli in anxious problem drinkers.