Delegation Of Authority Research Articles

Mechanism of Strategic Decision Making in Emergency Situations of Terrorist Attacks in Indonesia

Terrorism is a global phenomenon experienced by all countries including Indonesia, manifested in terrorist attacks that involve violence as a main element with the motivation to achieve political, ideological, and certain belief goals. The threat of potential massive terrorist attacks continues to evolve to this day. Each era shows a tendency in terms of ideology and also types of terrorist attacks. In different times, it is not impossible to have the potential for attacks in different forms. Terrorist attacks that occur in a country can pose a threat to the stability of all aspects of life, thus requiring competent handling by looking at how the mechanism of strategic decision making in Indonesia faces emergency situations of terrorist attacks. Reflecting on the experience of handling the Bali Bombing I, this research was conducted with a qualitative approach based on literature studies and interviews with sources consisting of academics, practitioners, and strategic observers in the issue of terrorism using rational choice theory and criminal policy as the basis for writing. Through the study conducted, the authors found that although Indonesia has experience in handling terrorist actions, the readiness from the capacity aspect needs to be matured, especially in dealing with terrorist attacks. Therefore, a strategic and uncomplicated decision-making mechanism needs to be formulated immediately through a clear command flow or delegation of authority that applies when emergency conditions of terrorist attacks occur.

The Impact of Leadership Styles, Cultural Dimensions and Values on Academic Leaders

This study investigates the cultural dimensions, values, and leadership styles of school leaders in Indian K-12 and European schools, specifically focusing on cross-cultural differences. The objective is to explore how leadership styles and cultural orientations differ between Indian and European school leaders and to examine how these variations impact organizational culture and decision-making processes. A non-experimental quantitative research design was employed, utilizing standardized instruments such as the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-Form 6S), OCTAPACE, and the Scale of Individual Cultural Values (CV) to measure leadership styles and cultural dimensions. Data were collected from 165 Indian leaders across Punjab, Haryana, Delhi-NCR, and Uttar Pradesh, as well as 156 European leaders from Croatia, Hungary, Poland, and others, using purposive and convenience sampling methods. Independent t-tests and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) were used to compare the two regions' leadership styles and cultural orientations. The findings reveal that Indian school leaders predominantly demonstrate transformational and laissez-faire leadership behaviors, influenced by hierarchical structures prioritizing collective goals and authority delegation. Indian leaders scored higher on openness, trust, and collaboration dimensions, which align with collectivist and hierarchical cultural norms. In contrast, European leaders emphasized confrontation, authenticity, and individual autonomy, reflecting a preference for more egalitarian and individualistic decision-making approaches. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of how leadership and cultural values shape educational practices in different contexts.

Marketing analysis of consumer preferences of service quality in chain hotels

The article deals with the issues of marketing analysis of service quality in chain hotels. The results of theoretical literature have shown that the quality of service can be assessed by such an indicator as the degree of guest satisfaction. At the same time, the quality of service in the hotel depends on the specifics and type of the hotel, the standards used and the professionalism of the staff. In order to assess the quality of hotel services, marketing research in the form of a survey was conducted. The main purpose of the research is to determine what factors influence the process of hotel service quality. The results of the marketing research showed that the average index of satisfaction with the activities of chain hotels is 64%, there are certain shortcomings related to the culture of guest service. In addition, hotel staff are not always ready and able to solve problems that arise in the process of customer service.When assessing the weak areas it was revealed that a significant part of hotel customers are not satisfied with the speed of service, note the inattention of staff and emphasise the late performance of functional duties. In order to improve the quality of service, as the results of the study showed, it is necessary to improve competences in delegation of authority, service culture and effective communication. Thus, to improve the quality of service in chain hotels it is advisable to increase the level of staff training and develop competences related to the service process.

METHODS OF MANAGEMENT IN PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF MASTERS OF PHARMACY

The article outlines the importance and role of scientific management methods as a factor in improving the mechanisms of managerial influence on pharmaceutical employees and a component of technologies for training masters of pharmacy in educational institutions to ensure the effective performance of their general and specific functions in the industry. The purpose of the study is to characterize the economic methods of pharmaceutical management, which are related to the activities of a pharmacy manager by the nature of influence and the specifics of their mastering in the process of professional training. The survey of a group of 121 students majoring in the specialty 226 «Pharmacy» has allowed us to identify the demand of future masters of pharmacy for the use of methods of studying and building economic plans in the organization (strategic, tactical, operational), developing a budget for a separate structure (its functions, production and economic processes, areas of cost savings and increased revenues, targeted use of funds, development of internal monitoring, delegation of authority, etc. Aspects of the training content are proposed to fill the gaps in the knowledge of applicants identified during the survey. At the same time, a survey of 49 teachers of pharmaceutical faculties and higher education institutions has revealed the need to apply and study administrative management methods as a set of organizational, administrative, and disciplinary methods of influence on masters of pharmacy. It has been concluded that future masters of pharmacy need to study and master the set of methods of pharmaceutical management in the process of training and practical training at the enterprise.

An Empirical Investigation of Organizational Readiness towards Hospital Autonomy.

We aimed to investigate Tehran's University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) affiliated hospitals organizational readiness toward implementing the 'Autonomous Hospitals' program as a change initiative from a managerial perspective in 2020. A census covering all eligible managers working in TUMS affiliated hospitals, Tehran, Iran (350 individuals) was carried out. Overall, 281 questionnaires were returned (a 30% non-responsiveness rate). A standard construct was adopted for data collection which was validated through a process of translation- back translation, face validity, and content validity (CVI=0.86, CVR=0.76). The reliability was acquired using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.87 and over 0.7). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to draw conclusions .SPSS 26 was used for data analysis. Total organizational readiness for change (TORC) in hospitals was 60.75%±10.11 showing a state of medium to upper-medium readiness status. Also, the 'Clear mandate and centralized leadership' theme scored the lowest mean (53.02%±15.78) for ORC. 'Hospital accreditation level' (r=-0.14, P≤0.05), 'bed occupancy rate' (r=-0.19, P ≤0.05), and 'leadership status' (r=0.26, P≤0.001), also showed significant association with TORC. In addition, 'standardized bed occuPancy rate' (P≤0.05, B=-2.41), a 'male' leader (P ≤0.05, B=3.42), and 'academic affiliation' (P≤0. 1, B=-9.52), were good Predictors of TORC based on 'Backward Multiple Linear Regression' analysis. Full support from hospital and headquarters executives, delegation of sufficient decision-making authority to hospital managers, and implementation of comprehensive performance evaluation criteria were prerequisites for robust hospital autonomy in TUMS-affiliated hospitals.

Pengaruh desentralisasi terhadap kinerja manajer yang dimediasi oleh sistem akuntansi manajemen (Studi kasus pada dealer dan showroom di Kota Manado)

Good interaction between the management accounting system and decentralization will give positive results to the manager's performance due to the alignment of information and decision-making that can improve the company's performance. The purpose of this study to find out the effect of decentralization on manager performance mediated by management accounting system on dealerships and showrooms in Manado City. This study used an extended multiple regression analysis model with an analytical path model. The results of decentralization research directly affect the significance of managerial performance. It means that the greater the degree of delegation of authority and responsibility of top management to middle and lower managers in the form of decision-making, the higher the managerial performance. Decentralization has a significant effect on the management accounting system, but the management accounting system has no significant effect on the manager's performance. From these results, the management accounting system was unable to mediate the influence of decentralization on manager performance.

Experience of Nurses in Carrying Out the Main Duties and Functions of Nurses at UPT Puskesmas Panamas, Kapuas Regency, in 2023 / 2024

This research explores the experiences of nurses in carrying out their main duties and functions at the Panamas Community Health Center. Qualitative methods with a phenomenological approach are used to gain an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with 12 nurses selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis using the Colaizzi method produced five main themes: (1) Nurses' activities in health services, (2) Tasks carried out by community health center nurses, (3) The importance of good health program management, (4) Management of duties and authority in health services, and (5) Shortage of health and non-health personnel and multifunctionality in health services. Research results show that nurses often have to take over the roles of doctors, administrative staff, and pharmacists due to limited human resources even though these tasks should not be their responsibility. This causes nurses to lose focus in carrying out their main duties, nurses feel that their main role as care providers is disturbed. Nurses also run various health programs and serve as physician assistants, although these roles often exceed their duties. The importance of good health program management was emphasized, as many participants experienced difficulties in achieving targets, reporting and patient monitoring. Management of tasks and authority includes handover of tasks, delegation of daily tasks, and delegation of authority, however socialization to staff has not been comprehensive. Lack of human resources causes nurses to carry out multiple roles which hinders their professional development. This research recommends strengthening competency and further training for nurses, increasing legal awareness regarding the delegation of authority, integrating health management education in the nursing curriculum, as well as increasing the number and qualifications of human resources in community health centers.

THE LAW OF SELF-EXPLOITATION OF AN WORKER

The application of the theory of marginal utility to the modern conditions of entrepreneurs’ activities, as well as to the labor of hired workers, in combination with modern research in this area, allowed the author to identify and formulate a stable pattern of “self-exploitation of an worker”, characteristic of any modern working person. The analysis of the average estimates by a modern small entrepreneur and hired worker of the marginal usefulness of the results of their labor and the burden of their acquisition (appropriation) led the author to the conclusion that there are certain stable regularities in the ratio of these estimates, which can be formulated as the law of the self-exploitation of an worker (working person): “The subjective assessment by the worker (working person) of the marginal utility of the ruble he earns will always decrease, and the marginal burden of earning this ruble will increase. At the point of intersection of these two estimates, an equilibrium state occurs, when the assessment of further efforts to earn the marginal ruble acquires a negative character and exceeds the assessment of the attractiveness of the marginal ruble earned. At this equilibrium point, the worker (working person) stops making efforts to earn the next ruble”. The author refers to a modern worker or working person as people who make certain efforts to earn money or some other results of their work, relying mainly on their own physical and mental strength and resources. These can be both self-employed citizens and small entrepreneurs, managers and other employees. The identified patterns clarify the causes and mechanism of a sharp decrease in the productivity of employees with an excessive increase in the production load, the nature of the concept of the “norm of control” (“sphere of control”) and its connection with the reasons for “delegation of authority” in organizations. The revealed features of the self-exploitation of working people in various areas of employment make it possible to take them into account in practical activities, more effectively distributing the labor load.

Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Keperawatan dalam Menerima Pelimpahan Wewenang dari Kealpaan Tenaga Medis

This paper is motivated by the implementation of an incident where nurses and midwives who received the delegation of authority could not read the writing from the Doctor which should be read on the Integrated Patient Progress Notes (CPPT) sheet but were read on the operation report sheet and the writing from the doctor was difficult to read. The purpose of this study is to analyze and find the negligence of Medical Personnel in granting delegation of authority to nursing staff and to analyze and find legal protection for Nursing personnel who carry out the delegation of authority from the negligence of medical personnel. Normative legal research, applying normative case mapping involving the results of legal actions, as well as analysis of government regulations. This study applies a qualitative approach. The results of this study have many implications for providing information on the following matters, namely; (1). Nursing personnel can be subject to criminal sanctions in carrying out the delegation of authority due to medical negligence (2) legal protection for nursing personnel who receive the delegation of authority from medical negligence. So, it is concluded that Nursing personnel can be subject to sanctions because the authority given to nursing personnel is not in accordance with their main duties and is not carried out in writing by the person giving the authority.

Implementation of Integrated Sub-District Administrative Services Policy (PATEN) in West Kelumpang Sub-District Kotabaru Regency

Human resources (HR) are a crucial element in determining the success or failure of any task. HR managers in agencies have focused on developing strategies to provide the best service to the community through direct services and administrative functions. One key policy in realizing Good Government is the District Integrated Administration Service (PATEN), designed to establish districts as community service centers. In Kelumpang Barat District, Kotabaru City, PATEN has been implemented based on the provisions of Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 4 of 2010. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method, guided by Edwards III’s Policy Implementation theory, which focuses on communication, disposition, resources, and organizational structure. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, followed by data reduction, display, and verification. The findings highlight that, in Kotabaru City, PATEN services have not yet fully delegated licensing authority to the district level. Only non-licensing services can be managed locally, and applicants must still handle licensing procedures with higher-level agencies. In Kelumpang Barat, however, PATEN has significantly improved service standards and infrastructure. The study concludes that while PATEN has improved public services, there has been no delegation of licensing authority. To avoid overlapping duties and functions, it is recommended that the government focus on a single licensing policy. This will enhance efficiency and streamline the licensing process, further strengthening the district's role as a community service center.

Legal Protection for Directors Related to Agreements with Third Parties that Cause Losses to the Company

The Board of Directors is obliged to take responsibility for its actions on the employment contract agreement of any responsibility born of any transaction or employment contract activity carried out by it in accordance with the duties and responsibilities given by the board of commissioners to it as a director of the company, with the consideration that the activity has been carried out with due regard to prudential standards and good faith from the duties and functions as a director. The research method used is normative juridical research using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials and research places, data collection techniques in this research are literature studies and document studies and interviews, data analysis is carried out by collecting, classifying, and analysing based on the results of literature study research and studies in several companies, the results of the study show that the legal protection of the Board of Directors on agreements with third parties that harm the company so that if something undesirable happens, the sanctions for violations of the Board of Directors in their position as budget users will face criminal, civil and administrative sanctions. So that directors who get authority based on applicable laws and regulations in carrying out a work contract activity either obtained through delegation of authority, then have fulfilled the criteria in each agreement.

Первенство российских практик управления персоналом на примере горнорудного дела в Республике Башкортостан

The article discusses the management activities of the first Bashkir entrepreneurs in the mining industry in the Southern Urals are considered. Social policy and work with personnel at mining factories of the 18th century are analyzed. The primacy of Russian management practices in comparison with the school of scientific management of F. Winslow Taylor is argued. The research method is a comparative analysis of approaches to management, including leadership styles, practices of motivation and stimulation of personnel. The purpose of the study is based on a comparative analysis of the main provisions of the teachings of F. Winslow Taylor, Henri Fayol (20th century) and the management practice of I. B. Tverdyshev (18th century) to show that the management activities of the miners of the Southern and Middle Urals for many decades and even centuries anticipated the scientific achievements of the classics of management theory. The practical significance of the study is the study of Russian experience in personnel management using the example of mining, a historically developing industry in Bashkortostan; research into the activities of I. B. Tverdyshev as the founder of the Bashkortostan mining plant management system, based on the structural principles of division of labor, standards of control, hierarchy, consistency and delegation of authority, socially responsible management.

THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE HUMAN RESOURCES POSITION IN REPRESENTING THE LEGAL INTERESTS OF EMPLOYERS IN THE WORK AGREEMENT BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES

Human resources positions in companies hold a strategic role in empowering and optimizing employee performance, which contributes to the company’s progress. As an employee of the company, the human resources position holds a legal position in managing employee matters and board of directors policies that represent the company’s interests. In order to carry out this role, the human resources position requires authorization in order to ensure a strong legal foundation, thus ensuring that the actions taken are not detrimental to the company. This research applies normative juridical method with secondary data collected through literature study and analyzed qualitatively normative. HR’s position is important in representing the employer’s legal interests, but is limited by company regulations. Delegation of legal authority must be regulated by law and cannot be arbitrary. Rights and obligations in the employment agreement remain with the employer unless there is an official power of attorney. Without a power of attorney, HR actions are invalid. Proper delegation provides a strong legal basis for HR, especially in employment agreements. Employment Law emphasizes the importance of official delegation for HR actions to be valid, so without a power of attorney, legal responsibility becomes personal, not corporate.

Analysis Of Decentralization Policy Implementation In Improving The Quality Of Public Services In Rural Areas

This study aims to analyze the implementation of decentralization policies and their impact on the quality of public services in rural areas. Decentralization has been implemented with the expectation of enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of public services through the delegation of authority to local governments. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study method in several villages in [Name of the Regency] Regency. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with village government officials, community leaders, and residents, as well as through the analysis of policy documents and related reports. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of decentralization policies in rural areas has brought about several positive changes, such as increased accessibility to services and greater community participation in the decision-making process. However, there are also several challenges, including limited human and financial resources and resistance to change. These findings suggest that although decentralization has the potential to improve the quality of public services, its success is highly dependent on local capacity and sustained support from the central government. Based on these findings, the study provides strategic recommendations to strengthen the implementation of decentralization policies, including enhancing human resource capacity through continuous training, ensuring adequate budget allocation, and encouraging collaboration between central and local governments. Thus, it is hoped that the quality of public services in rural areas can continue to improve, bringing greater benefits to the local community.

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Dokter Umum Terkait Pelimpahan Wewenang Tindakan Medik dari Dokter Spesialis Menurut Omnibus Law Kesehatan 2023

In carrying out their duties, general practitioners have limitations both in terms of knowledge and medical facilities they possess. Furthermore, based on the Omnibus Health Law 2023, there are regulations that govern general practitioners regarding the medical procedures they can and cannot perform. Several articles that regulate referral issues are Article 19, Article 32, Article 189, and Article 360. Meanwhile, the regulation regarding specialist doctors is listed in Articles 233-235. However, it is important to emphasize that the authority of specialist doctors and general practitioners is not directly regulated in the Omnibus Law. Thus, the study that can be conducted is an interpretative study that compares it simultaneously with similar legal products. Other references that can be used are Presidential Regulation no. 31 of 2019 and Minister of Health Regulation no. 36 of 2019. Based on a comparative study and judicial analysis of the Omnibus Health Law 2023, specialist doctors have their own independence, and therefore, if they delegate authority to general practitioners, it is guaranteed by the law, including the Omnibus Health Law 2023, especially because the Omnibus Health Law 2023 opens up flexibility for specialist doctors to practice. If delegation occurs, general practitioners can be legally protected as long as the basis for this delegation is emergency for patient safety, secondly is the delegation of authority to ensure patient safety, and thirdly is part of the education for specialist doctors. Although not explicitly stated, these implications are strongly implied in the articles mentioned in the Omnibus Health Law. Nevertheless, there are certain limits that specialist doctors must follow to ensure that patients' rights are well protected, and in the future, there needs to be a strengthening of regulations so that both general practitioners and specialist doctors do not face criminalization.

Efektivitas Pelimpahan sebagian Kewenangan Bupati Kepada Kepala Distrik di Kabupaten Jayapura

Since the implementation of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, Jayapura Regency has adopted a policy of delegating authority as an effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of government administration at the district level. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the delegation of authority from the Regent of Jayapura to the District Heads based on the Jayapura Regent Regulation Number 13 of 2019 on the Delegation of Partial Authority from the Regent to the District Heads to Perform Certain Local Government Affairs. This study uses a qualitative approach with data triangulation methods, including indepth interviews, observations, and document analysis. The results show that although there are some successes in the implementation of delegated authority, various obstacles remain, such as mismatches between the delegated authority and district capacities, lack of trained and competent human resources, and budget limitations. Additionally, the delegation process often lacks adequate accountability and transparency systems. The study also found that unclear policies and regulations, as well as complex bureaucratic processes, hinder the effectiveness of the delegated authority implementation. Some district heads feel that the delegated authority is insufficient to enable them to make quick and accurate decisions to serve local community interests. Recommendations from this study include improving human resource capacity at the district level, enhancing accountability and transparency systems, and simplifying bureaucratic processes to support the effectiveness of delegated authority. Thus, it is expected that the delegation of authority from the Regent of Jayapura to the District Heads can run more optimally and contribute positively to regional development and the improvement of public service quality

Authority of the National Land Agency in Resolving Land Disputes Overlapping Certificates of Ownership

The resolution of land disputes carried out by the National Land Agency is a new breakthrough in order to avoid the accumulation of cases in the judiciary, especially the State Administrative Court. This research aims to examine and analyze the process of resolving land disputes over overlapping property rights certificates carried out by the National Land Agency and to understand and analyze the form of authority of the National Land Agency in resolving land disputes over overlapping property rights certificates. The research method is normative juridical. The type of data used is secondary data. Data analysis techniques using deductive reasoning presented descriptively. From the research results, it can be stated that the land dispute resolution process in relation to certificate cancellation can be carried out through the State Administrative Court and outside the court. Settlement of disputes outside of court, in this case the cancellation authority is given to BPN which can be divided into two, namely through the authority of the ministry and outside the authority of the ministry. Meanwhile, BPN's form of authority in resolving land disputes can be in the form of attribution authority and delegation authority.

DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AFFECT MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING EFFECTIVENESS IN PT. SOLUSI GUNA SEJAHTERA-BEKASI

This study explores the relationship between effective Delegation of authority and employee performance, highlighting the importance of clear communication, trust-building, and well-defined responsibilities in managerial decision-making. It examines the role of Delegation as a strategic tool for managers to empower employees and the impact of employee performance on management decision-making. High-performing employees can contribute valuable insights, innovative ideas, and data-based recommendations, while poor performance can lead to errors, misjudgments, and suboptimal choices. The interaction between Delegation and employee performance is analyzed, revealing a symbiotic relationship. Effective Delegation can stimulate employee engagement and motivation, leading to improved performance, while outstanding performance can strengthen managers' confidence in delegations, allowing them to entrust more responsibility to employees. On a scale of 1 to 5, the statements in the questionnaire are rated. SEM (Structural Equal Model) analysis on SmartPLS 4.0 in use the research findings indicate that (1) employee performance positively influences managerial decision-making, and (2) delegation positively influences managerial decision-making.

ANALISIS DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY DAN HUMAN RELATION PENGARUHNYA KINERJA PEGAWAI KANTOR GUBERNUR SUMATERA UTARA

The aim of this quantitative research is to find out how interactions between people and delegation of authority influence the work results of North Sumatra governor's office staff. A sample of fifty-five employees was used in all sampling techniques. This research uses Measurement Model Evaluation (Outer Model), Structural Model Evaluation (Inner Model), and Smart PLS 4.0 for Hypothesis Testing as data collection tools. Delegation of Authority has a good and significant influence on the performance of North Sumatra Governor's Office employees by 46.9%, in accordance with the results of research on hypothesis testing. Within the Office of the Governor of North Sumatra, human relations have a good and significant impact on employee performance by 49.9%.

Delegation of Medical Action Authority of Doctors to Nurses in Health Services in Emergency Departments: Empirical Legal

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the implementation of the delegation of authority of medical actions of doctors to nurses in the emergency department and explore the legal responsibility of the delegation of authority of medical actions of doctors to nurses in the emergency department in Indonesia. Theoretical Fremework: Theoretically, this research is expected to contribute intellectually and academically to the enhancement of understanding of healthcare laws for healthcare practitioners, institutional leaders, and to provide a sense of security and protection in carrying out healthcare services functions to the community, especially in the provision of medical procedures at healthcare facilities. Additionally, it is expected to provide practical insights for the goverment, hospital directors, and health departments in order to improve healthcare services to the public and ensure legal protection for healthcare workers in carrying out their professional duties. Method: The type of research method used is empirical legal research. Data primarily obtained from respondents using a list of questions (questionnaire) and direct interviews with the research object. In addition to that, it is also based on legal materials that are relevant to the discussion or problem being researched and other supplementary legal materials that can provide explanations. Results: The delegation of medical action authority from doctors to nurses in healthcare services at emergency rooms is regulated in Article 290 of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. Medical and healthcare services, consisting of both mandatory delegation. The scope of work delegated through partnership must be clearly and specifically defined in writing within the authority delegation letter and adjusted according to the level of competence of the nurse. The doctor as the delegator and the nurse as the recipient of medical authority there are also responsibilities of the hospital, as well as the central and local governments, especially in meeting the national needs for medical and healthcare personnel. In handling medical dispute cases, law enforcement agencies must prioritize the mechanism of restorative justice. If no agreement is reached, the dispute is then taken over by the professional disciplinary board under the Ministry of Health to determine whether there has been any violation of professional discipline by medical and healthcare personnel. Conclusions: 1) Delegation of authority for doctor’s medical actions to nurses in health services in emergency departments in Indonesia, regulated in Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health Article 290, Minister of Health Regulation No. 2052 of 2011 Article 23 and Minister of Health Decree No. HK.01.07-425 of 2020 concerning Nursing Professional Standards; 2) Responsibilities by doctors, nurses, and hospitals regarding the delegation of authority for doctors’ medical actions to nurses in health services in emergency departments must be carried out by laws.