Effect Of Delay Research Articles

Causal Assessments of Multilevel Social Determinant Factors on Meningioma Disparities in the US

Abstract Background Prior investigations into meningioma disparities have explored associative relationships of socioeconomic status (SES) and race-ethnicity but face gaps in the range of other social determinants/drivers of health (SDoH) factors considered and sample size. Furthermore, none have explored causal relationships between SDoH-factors and outcomes. Thus, this study aims to utilize a recent, national sampling of meningioma patients incorporating comprehensive inferential and causal-mediation approaches to delineate which SDoH-factors objectively drive care and prognostic disparities. Methods This retrospective study of a specialized Surveillance-Epidemiology-End Results 2020 dataset for community-/census tract-level (Yost-Index, a composite SES measure and Rurality-Urbanicity) and individual-level (sex, race-ethnicity) SDoH-factors performed age-adjusted multivariate cox-hazards and logistic regressions, and covariate-adjusted causal-mediation analyses to assess differences in overall survival, treatment receipt, and delay of treatment initiation. Results In age-adjusted multivariate analyses of 110,042 meningioma patients from 2010-2018, lower community-level SES significantly increased overall mortality (HR 1.31, 95%CI 1.28-1.34), decreased interventional treatment receipt (Surgery-OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.87-0.91; Radiation 0.83, 0.79-0.87), and increased treatment delay (1.13, 1.09-1.16). Minoritized race/ethnicity featured increased interventional treatment receipt (Surgery 1.18, 1.15-1.22; Radiation 1.18, 1.12-1.24) and decreased treatment delay (0.90, 0.87-0.93). In covariate-adjusted causal analyses, community-level SES showed total mediation effects of race-ethnicity in influencing overall survival and negative partial mediation effects in treatment receipt and delay. Conclusion For overall survival, community-level SES primarily drove meningioma disparities even when accounting for other SDoH-factors. For treatment receipt and delay, race-ethnicity caused greater differences that were partially affected by community-level SES. In turn, these comprehensive analyses provide definitive causes of meningioma disparities.

The impact of delay in HIV diagnosis on patient survival: analysis of HIV infection trends from 2007 to 2023

Background and purposeHIV disease is one of the major public health challenges and its early diagnosis and timely management play a vital role in reducing mortality. This study examines factors affecting the mortality of HIV patients and the effect of delay in diagnosis on survival.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, data from the ART Center of Koppal District Hospital, India, from April 2007 to August 2023 were used. Of the 11,799 patients, 8,092 with complete data were included in the final analysis. Demographic and clinical variables including age, gender, HIV status, treatment, laboratory parameters, TB infection and survival were investigated. Delayed diagnosis was defined as CD4 ≤ 350. Statistical analyzes were performed with Cox regression and survival curves (Kaplan-Meier).ResultsOut of 8092 patients, 5897 (72.8%) had delayed diagnosis. The average survival time for patients with delay was 61.55 months and without delay was 84.09 months. Delay in diagnosis increases the risk of death with HR 3.01 (95% CI: 2.67–3.40) in univariate analysis and HR 1.70 (95% CI: 1.48–1.96) in multivariate analysis. TS/TG patients had a higher risk of death than women with a HR of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.52–1.78) and patients over 45 with a HR of 2.17 (95% CI: 1.94–2.43) compared to those under 30. AIDS stage patients had a higher risk of death with HR 2.54 (95% CI: 2.34–2.75) and TB patients with HR 1.43 (95% CI: 1.31–1.56).Conclusiondelay in diagnosis, age, disease stage and the presence of TB are important factors of mortality in patients with HIV. Early diagnosis and timely management of the disease can reduce the risk of death and increase the life expectancy of patients. Programs to increase awareness and access to diagnostic and treatment services should be strengthened.

On-chip 7 GHz acousto-optic modulators for visible wavelengths

A chip-integrated acousto-optic phase modulator tailored for visible wavelengths has been developed. Utilizing the lithium niobate on sapphire platform, the modulator employs a 7 GHz surface acoustic wave, which is excited by an interdigital transducer and aligned perpendicular to the waveguide. This design achieves efficient phase modulation of visible light within a compact device length of 200 micrometers and holds the advantages of easy fabrication and high stability due to its simple unsuspended structure. In this high-frequency acoustic regime, the acoustic wavelength becomes comparable to the optical wavelength, resulting in pronounced single-sideband modulation behaviors. This observation underscores the phase delay effects in the acousto-optic interactions, and enables new opportunities for developing functional visible photonic devices and their integration with atom- and ion-based quantum platforms.

Effects of question type, time delay, and attachment security on children’s “don’t know” responses in memory interviews

Effects of question type, time delay, and attachment security on children’s “don’t know” responses in memory interviews

Effects of variable mating opportunity, delay, and male mating experience on the lifespan, female reproductive traits, and offspring traits of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The balance between mating benefits and costs shapes reproductive strategies and life history traits across animal species. For biological control programs, understanding how mating rates influence life history traits is essential for optimising population management and enhancing predator efficacy. This study investigates the impact of mating opportunity availability, delayed mating, and male mating history (copulation frequency) on the lifespan (both sexes), female reproductive traits (duration of oviposition and of pre- and post-oviposition periods, and lifetime oviposition), and offspring quality (egg size and offspring survival) of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), an important biological control agent against spider mites. We examined three mating treatments—no mating, limited mating opportunity (24-h access), and continuous lifetime access—to assess their effects on lifespan (both sexes), female reproductive traits, and offspring quality. Further analyses examined the impact of delayed mating and male copulation history on female reproductive success and offspring traits. Our results showed a sexually differentiated response to repeated mating: females with continuous access to mates had similar lifespans in comparison with those mated for only 24 h, while males with continuous mating access exhibited significantly shorter lifespans. Both unlimited mating and delayed mating prolonged the female pre-oviposition period. However, neither varied mating opportunities, delayed mating, nor male copulation had any significant effect on other female reproductive traits or offspring quality. This suggests that repeated mating provides no reproductive advantage and imposes no observable costs on P. persimilis females.

Impact of Threonine Supply in Early Ages on Gut Tissue Morphology, Liver Histology, and the Possible Changes in Leukocyte Numbers of Broilers

Delayed feed access post-hatch negatively impacts growth and intestinal development in broilers. Threonine (Thr) is known to support epithelial tissue development. This study evaluated the effects of early feeding strategies, including in ovo Thr administration and hydrogel provision, on broiler performance, gut and liver histomorphology, and leukocyte profiles. Control birds were fed immediately post-hatch, while others experienced a 48 h feed delay. One group received in ovo Thr on day 17 of incubation, while others were given Hydrogel® with or without Thr during the first 48 h post-hatch. Immediate feed birds showed the best performance (p < 0.05), while early Thr supplementation (in ovo or hydrogel) partially mitigated the negative effects of delayed feed access. On day 21, birds treated with in ovo Thr had 4% higher body weight (BW) than untreated birds (p < 0.05). Birds given hydrogel post-hatch showed no significant BW differences compared to other groups (p > 0.05), but 48 h delayed, non-supplemented birds had 34.3% lower BW than immediate-fed birds (p < 0.05). Compensation was linked to improved gut architecture, though no significant effects were observed on leukocyte profiles or liver histology. In ovo Thr feeding is recommended to mitigate the adverse effects of a two-day delay in feed access for broiler chickens.

The Moderation of Financial Discernment In Analyzing The Effect of Audit Opinion, Management Change, and Audit Delay on Voluntary Auditor Switching In Banking Companies Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange

In Indonesia, the development of public companies is one of the influencing factors for the emergence and development of the public accounting profession. This study aims to analyze the influence of audit opinions, management changes, and audit delays on voluntary auditor switching by moderating the variables of financial difficulties. This study is focused on banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for a certain period. The research method uses moderation regression analysis with secondary data obtained from the company's annual report. The results show that audit opinions and audit delays have a significant influence on voluntary auditor switching. The change of management did not show a significant influence on the decision to replace the auditor. In addition, the variable of financial difficulties moderated the relationship between audit opinions and voluntary auditor switching, but did not moderate the relationship between audit delay or management change and voluntary auditor switching. These findings provide important insights for banking companies in making strategic decisions related to the selection of external auditors and financial management.

The role of distress tolerance and delay of gratification in the health risk behaviors of females with and without ADHD

Objective This study examined the independent and joint effects of ADHD status, distress tolerance, and delay of gratification on the propensity to engage in health risk behaviors (drug use, alcohol use, disordered eating). Participants/Methods Participants included 115 female college students (41.7% with ADHD) who completed online questionnaires. Results College students with a prior diagnosis of ADHD reported significantly lower distress tolerance, decreased delay of gratification, more drug and alcohol use, and more disordered eating in comparison to those without ADHD. Main effects for delay of gratification in predicting uncontrolled and emotional eating and two significant moderation analyses emerged. For individuals with ADHD, poorer distress tolerance was associated with more drug use. Conclusion Results highlight the potential to target distress tolerance to reduce engagement in drug use among female college students with ADHD, and to target the ability to delay gratification to reduce risk for disordered eating among all college students.

Development of the NO2 ratio model for heavy-duty diesel engine two-stage SCR aftertreatment system

A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) outlet nitrogen dioxide (NO2) ratio model based on the model-based calibration (MBC) method was proposed, which is an important part of the two-stage selective catalytic reduction (SCR) control strategy for heavy-duty diesel engines. Emissions regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines around the world have become more stringent in limiting nitrogen oxide (NOx), especially when the engine is cold starting, which brings serious challenges to the aftertreatment system. The two-stage SCR system with the close coupled selective catalytic reduction-diesel oxidation catalyst-diesel particulate filter-selective catalytic reduction (ccSCR-DOC-DPF-SCR) layout has the potential to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions due to its high technology maturity, but the two-stage SCR urea injection control strategy based on the chemical reaction kinetics model presents a new functional requirement for the prediction of NO2 ratio at the DOC outlet. However, experiments show that the Euro VI method based on calibration to obtain DOC outlet NO2 ratio was not suitable for the two-stage SCR system, because of the temperature delay effect of ccSCR in transient conditions. Therefore, a quadratic polynomial model using the MBC method was constructed to predict the DOC outlet NO2 ratio in the two-stage SCR system. The proposed MBC model can predict the NO2 ratio by using exhaust mass flow rate, DOC inlet temperature, and DOC inlet NOx concentration. Experiments show that the proposed MBC model has wide applicability, for the two-stage SCR system under transient conditions, whether ccSCR urea injection is enabled will not affect the accuracy of the model’s prediction of the NO2 ratio for the DOC outlet or SCR inlet.

The Impact of Data Control and Delayed Discounting on the Public's Willingness to Share Different Types of Health Care Data: Empirical Study.

Health data typically include patient-generated data and clinical medical data. Different types of data contribute to disease prevention, precision medicine, and the overall improvement of health care. With the introduction of regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), individuals play a key role in the sharing and application of personal health data. This study aims to explore the impact of different types of health data on users' willingness to share. Additionally, it analyzes the effect of data control and delay discounting rate on this process. The results of a web-based survey were analyzed to examine individuals' perceptions of sharing different types of health data and how data control and delay discounting rates influenced their decisions. We recruited participants for our study through the web-based platform "Wenjuanxing." After screening, we obtained 257 valid responses. Regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of data control, delayed discounting, and mental accounting on the public's willingness to share different types of health care data. Our findings indicate that the type of health data does not significantly affect the perceived benefits of data sharing. Instead, it negatively influences willingness to share by indirectly affecting data acquisition costs and perceived risks. Our results also show that data control reduces the perceived risks associated with sharing, while higher delay discounting rates lead to an overestimation of data acquisition costs and perceived risks. Individuals' willingness to share data is primarily influenced by costs. To promote the acquisition and development of personal health data, stakeholders should strengthen individuals' control over their data or provide direct short-term incentives.

Performance analysis of PMD compensator using VSB modulated data

Abstract This paper investigates the performance of 40 Gb/s vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation under various second-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) models. A comparative study reveals that the planar sweep model demonstrates lower bit error rates (BER) and better eye opening compared to Bruyere and EMTY models. Key insights on received optical power and differential group delay (DGD) effects are also presented.

The effect of time delay on the dynamics of a fractional-order epidemic model

This study establishes a novel time-delay fractional SEIHR infectious disease model to investigate the effects of saturated incidence rates and time delays on different populations, including susceptibles, infected individuals, recovered individuals, and latent infected individuals. First, the existence and boundedness of the model’s solutions are verified, confirming its well-posedness. Subsequently, the existence of equilibria is analyzed, and the impact of parameter variations on the system is explored by examining the equilibria ϵ0 and ϵ∗, as well as the basic reproduction number R0. Additionally, the global dynamics of the equilibria are further analyzed using the Lyapunov method, while Hopf bifurcation theory is applied to explore the conditions under which the system shifts from stability to oscillatory behavior. Numerical simulations further validate the theoretical analysis, showing that time-delay effects significantly influence the system’s responsiveness and the rate of disease transmission. Moreover, when the time delay τ crosses the critical threshold τ0, the system exhibits periodic oscillations. By predicting periodic fluctuations and incorporating memory effects and persistent influences, we can better control epidemics, emphasizing the importance of time-delay adjustments and enhancing the system’s biological realism.

Comparative analysis of eco-epidemic model with disease in prey and gestation delay in predator: implications for population dynamics

Gestation is a very significant phenomenon in predator-prey dynamics. It influences the future predation rates and the growth of species. Gestation is the period of development of an embryo or fetus in a female mammal, from conception to birth. It plays a critical role in population dynamics and reproductive strategies in ecological studies. This article presents a comparative study of eco-epidemic models with and without time delay terms. The model takes into account a prey-predator system, dividing the prey population into susceptible and infected compartments. This article incorporates a time delay into the predator growth term to represent gestation delay. This article investigates the impact of time delay as a gestation delay on the model’s dynamics and compares the results with those of the non-delay model. Our analytical and numerical studies reveal that the time delay stabilizes the model, exhibits switching behaviour, and leads to chaotic behaviour through periodic doubling. Moreover, the gestation delay destabilizes the model by causing Hopf bifurcations to emerge at multiple points. Our findings indicate that the delay model has richer dynamics than the non-delay model. The numerical simulations using MATLAB, along with the DDE-biftool and Matcont packages, illustrate the bifurcation analysis, phase portraits, and time series plots for both models. Our findings highlight the significant effects of gestation delay on the dynamics of eco-epidemic models.

Time delay effects on collective resonant behaviors in two coupled fractional oscillators with mass fluctuations

In this study, we introduce a coupled fractional system consisting of two fluctuating-mass oscillators with time delay and investigate their collective resonant behaviors. First, we achieve complete synchronization between the average behaviors of these oscillators. We then derive the exact analytical expression for the output amplitude gain, and based on this, we observe generalized stochastic resonance (GSR) in the system. We further examine how GSR behavior depends on system parameters, demonstrating that coupling strength, fractional order, and time delay are crucial in facilitating and optimizing its intensity. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to validate the analytical results.

Impact of workflow times on successful reperfusion after endovascular treatment in the late time window.

Successful and complete reperfusion should be the aim of every endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) procedure. However, the effect of time delays on successful reperfusion in late window stroke patients presenting 6-to-24h from onset has not been investigated. We pooled individual patient-level data from seven trials and registries for anterior circulation stroke patients treated with EVT between 6 and 24h from onset. We explored the impact of delays across multiple interval times, including onset to hospital arrival; hospital arrival to arterial puncture; imaging to arterial puncture; and onset to arterial puncture. Our primary outcome was successful reperfusion, defined as a modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) score of 2b-3. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between each of the interval times and successful reperfusion. We included 608 patients. The median age was 70years (IQR 58-79), and 307 (50.5%) were females. Successful reperfusion was achieved in 494 (81.2%) patients. Patients with successful reperfusion had lower NIHSS scores (median 15 [IQR11-19] vs 17 [11-21], p = .02) and significantly shorter hospital arrival to arterial puncture time (90min [60-150] vs 110min [84.5-150], p = .01) than unsuccessful reperfusion. The odds of successful reperfusion decreased by 15% for every one-hour delay in arrival-to-puncture time (adjusted odds ratio 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75-0.95). Other workflow times did not impact the rate of successful reperfusion. Faster hospital arrival to arterial puncture time is associated with higher odds of successful reperfusion in late window stroke patients.

Simultaneous power, delay, and crosstalk noise reduction for the BUS encoding method of ternary LWC plus quaternary TS

ABSTRACT This paper deals with one of the potential applications of multiple-valued logic (MVL) for low-power data transmission by ternary limited-weight codes (LWCs) and quaternary transition signalling (TS). It aims for a reduction in power, delay, and crosstalk noise. Crosstalk effects cause serious problems such as long propagation delay and high power consumption for intermediate and global wires inside a chip. This paper conducts an analytical investigation into an optimal situation. In order to analyse the effects of crosstalk and delay, communication delay types are classified based on the quaternary TS. The classification is particularly given for quaternary TS to make the mathematical analysis possible. In addition, this paper considers the reduction of bus delay, dynamic power, and crosstalk noise at the same time. Our mathematical analyses reveal that a set of 16 5-digit ternary LWC codewords with the maximum weight of two is the optimal solution. The MVL bus encoding decreases the switching activity and the average voltage swing by 37.5% and 58.27%, respectively. Furthermore, the quaternary TS method can reduce the dynamic power by up to 89.12%compared to when binary-level signalling (LS) is used. Finally, the proposed model reduces the effects of crosstalk noise because it eliminates rail-to-rail transitions.

Properties of Hopf Bifurcation in a Diffusive Population Model with Advection Term and Nonlocal Delay Effect

Properties of Hopf Bifurcation in a Diffusive Population Model with Advection Term and Nonlocal Delay Effect

Enhancing circuit development and layout implementation of benchmark circuit in 0.18-µm CMOS technology

Power consumption and delay are the most critical factors in circuit development and layout implementation. It is challenging to optimize all aspects simultaneously. This research addresses this challenge by analysing the power consumption and delay effects in benchmark circuit operation, C6288, using 0.18-µm CMOS technology operating at an optimal voltage of 1.6V. Additionally, this research also contributes to developing the initial layout implementation of a benchmark circuit with a 10% area reduction. By utilizing new layout techniques and simulations, the study has proven a significant decrease in power consumption and enhanced area optimization with a moderate increase in delay at 1.6V, all while maintaining acceptable performance standards. In addition, simulation results indicate less than a 10% deviation between pre and post-layout designs. Finally, through the properties of layout design and the research conclusions, it has provided valuable insights for the design of energy-efficient digital circuits in CMOS technology.

Modeling precaution, immunity loss and dispersal on disease dynamics: a two-patch SIRS model

An SIRS model is developed to account for precautionary measures and immunity loss. The existence and stability of equilibria are studied. It is shown that precautionary measures can induce Hopf bifurcations leading to the occurrence of cyclical behavior. The model is then extended to a two-patch scenario to explore how disease spread patterns are influenced by dispersal (travel). Theoretical analyses establish the stability of the disease-free equilibrium, the basic reproduction number, and thresholds related to travel rates. The persistence of the system, as well as the existence of boundary and endemic equilibria, are also discussed. Using Hopf bifurcation theory, we further examine the interaction between nonlinear incidence functions, travel rates, and precaution delay effects in shaping the stability of the endemic equilibrium. The findings reveal a strong connection between reduced infection rates due to precaution and the emergence of Hopf bifurcations, emphasizing the importance of timely and accurate disease information in curbing the spread of diseases. Additionally, the study highlights the significant impact of different infection force functions on equilibrium stability, underscoring the critical role of precautionary measures in disease transmission mechanisms. The results also show the diverse effects of travel rates on disease spread, suggesting that restricting travel may not always lead to favorable outcomes. This underscores the necessity for governments to consider multiple factors comprehensively in their efforts to prevent and control diseases.

Complex Dynamics of a Memory‐Induced Stage‐Structured Diffusive System With Maturation Delay and Strong Allee Effect

ABSTRACTIn this work, a memory‐induced stage‐structured prey–predator diffusive system with maturation delay and strong Allee effect is proposed. First, the positivity of solutions and survival of the non‐spatial system are studied. The results indicate that strong Allee effect affects the coexistence of two populations to maintain the harmonious development of the ecosystem, and they can coexist if and only if the predator's fertility is greater than its mortality when the prey reaches its peak. The non‐spatial system can undergo Hopf bifurcation caused by the maturation delay. Then we obtain complex dynamics for the spatial system with spatial memory. On one hand, spatial memory diffusion and memory delay can bring about not only Hopf bifurcation and Turing bifurcation but also Turing‐Hopf bifurcation and Bogdanov‐Takens bifurcation with strong Allee effect. On the other hand, spatial memory delay and maturation delay could induce double Hopf bifurcation. Furthermore, we also investigate the global continuation of local periodic solutions for the spatial system without spatial memory. These interesting results may provide new clues for the investigation of the coexistence for the populations and understanding the complex dynamics of prey–predator systems.